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IGCSE ESL Speaking Test | Top Tips (2024-2028)

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0510/1 0991/3 e2l specimen speaking tests (2024) | online learning area

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Teacher/examiner: Thank you. The second assessed part of the test is a short talk. I will give you a card and you will have one minute to read it and think about what you want to say. You should talk about the points on the card.

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Explore a comprehensive range of educational resources from Cambridge University Press & Assessment. Ideal for both teachers and students.

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Antico e Moderno è una delegazione 'tematica' di AICC, che nasce nel 2018 con l'obiettivo di promuovere iniziative sulla continuità dell'antico, in un quadro di collaborazione tra ricerca, insegnamento e aggiornamento. Negli ultimi anni, il mondo è diventato più piccolo grazie alle nuove tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione: AICC Antico e Moderno ha adottato gli strumenti più efficaci per portare avanti i propri progetti.

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https://it-content.pearson.com/products/be7df054-83f3-47db-92fb-bd97eda843c1/videogra1/media/grammar_map11.mp4

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Introduce yourself:

1.  My name, age, and family

2. Hobby, sports, interests

3. Summer holidays

4. Why I chose Liceo Scientifico Cambridge IGCSE

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https://www.gruppoeli.it/libri-digitali/

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Libri digitali ELI - Libri digitali La Spiga - Libri digitali PLAN - Gruppo editoriale ELI

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Libri digitali ELI - Libri digitali La Spiga - Libri digitali PLAN

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Seven tips for English language learners
Check out these seven tips to help you learn English from the winner of our TeachingEnglish blog award, Larissa Albano. Click here to read the full blog: http://bit.ly/2zhzcEm Neil
Posted by LearnEnglish – British Council on Wednesday, December 27, 2017

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https://ruralindiaonline.org/articles/theraikasof-rajasthan

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For centuries, the Raika community in Sadri village of Rajasthan's Pali district, has been herding camels. The camel was declared the state animal of Rajasthan in 2014, and represents what many people associate with this colourful state: the desert. Camels are essential to pastoralists because they can survive the heat, require little water, and offer their milk and hair in return.

Today, however, the herders' way of life is in jeopardy. The Raikas find themselves struggling to survive in the face of disdain for, and often active hostility towards, their migratory traditions.

Jogaramji Raika is a senior herder in his community, as well as a spiritual leader - or Bhopaji. He communes with the gods whom the Raikas worship - their primary god is Pabuji. Bhopajis often go into a trance while they commune with the spirits.

When I first met Jogaramji, he was in the midst of speaking with members of the community while concocting a mixture of opium oil. He smokes or ingests some of it at various intervals during the day. His wife was busy making breakfast.

Members consult their Bhopaji for advice on various matters, both personal and community-related. He is also entrusted with the responsibility of making decisions regarding land issues, or representing the community at public gatherings.

Jogaramji spoke about the problems in the community, and about his family. Formal education is important nowadays, he said, at least in perception, and he will ensure that his daughter, Rekha, goes to school. "School seems to earn respect," he explained. "We didn't go to school so people don't respect us because they think we don't understand the ways of the world. Moreover, she's a girl. She needs more ways of protecting herself."

At the same time, Jogaramji will also pass on his traditional wisdom to Rekha. As a girl growing up in a herding community, she has freedoms that are denied to many others - a glimpse of her playing with a camel shows how much she is at ease with animals.

The Raikas are with their animals from the time they are born until they die - although with a lifespan of almost 50 years, an animal may well outlive its owner. Some of the Raikas even grow up surrounded by more animals than people.

The Raikas are among the last people to shear designs on the camels' sides - this is possible only because of the deep trust between a herder and his animal. For an onlooker from outside the community, the animal may look like it is in pain during the shearing. But the Raikas are able to communicate with their camels with the slightest tilt of the head or hand, and thereby avoid inflicting cuts. Camel hair is used to make carpets, and shearing also keeps the animal cool.

I accompanied Fuyaramji, another experienced herder, on a chadiye - when the animal is taken out for grazing. Usually, this lasts all day.

He leaves in the morning, tucking provisions for tea and food inside his turban, and returns late in the evening. Despite the searing heat of Rajasthan summers, and with 20 camels to look after, he still makes and shares his tea with me.

Previously, the Raikas only sold young male camels to earn an income. That isn't enough anymore. They now sell camel products to supplement their earnings. But it is difficult, said Fuyaramji. Rich in nutrients, camel milk is considered the next "super food." But its sale in India has not taken off because of numerous restrictions enforced by government dairies. Without such sales, the Raikas' ability to sustain themselves is on the decline. As a result, many leave the community looking for alternative livelihoods.

According to Ilse Koehler-Rollefson, veterinarian, activist and author of the 2014 book Camel Karma , "The next generation is interested in trying to maintain some of their traditions, but their hands are tied. Try finding a bride for a herder: it is impossible to get one. Many of the Raikas have now become labourers."

Fuyaramji seemed to be aware that no one in his family was going to follow in his footsteps. As we walked through one of the few pieces of land to which the pastoralists still have access, he told me how the Raikas once wandered freely in jungles and farmlands in Sadri, forging long-lasting relationships with those they met along the way.

Twenty years ago, the pastoralists and farmers were linked economically and socially. When the herder took his flocks on a long trek, he would often have to cross farmlands. Here, the pastoralists provided the farmer with premium fertiliser and fresh milk from the camel. The farmer, in turn, would provide the pastoralist with food. Since the herder's route seldom changed, an association was formed between the two, which could span generations. Now, many farmers don't allow herders on their lands fearing they will destroy the fields or the camels will eat their crops.

New laws and policies, supported by some environmentalists and animal rights' groups, have curtailed the movement and altered the lifestyle of the Raikas. National parks like Kumbhalgarh in Rajsamand district now restrict access to pastoralists, limiting their centuries-old migration patterns.

With the new restrictive laws making it difficult for camel herders to access land and resources, some Raikas have been forced to sell female camels at the Pushkar festival. They had never done this before the year 2000 - until then, only male camels were sold. The sale of female camels is the ultimate sign of resignation for a Raika: without these animals, there is no chance of increasing the herd.

In reaction to this, other Raikas had asked the government to ban female slaughter to try to preserve the species. Instead, in March 2015 the state government called for a blanket ban on the slaughter of both male and female camels - thereby eliminating a steady source of income for the Raikas.

"Most of the time, these blanket policies miss the nuances of the realities of these communities," Hanwant Singh Rathore, chief executive of Lokhit Pashu Palak Sansthan, a non-governmental organisation in Sadri, said. "The government is not even interested in listening to the Raikas, although they are the ones who understand best the fragile balance of their ecosystem. Their knowledge has been passed down from one generation to the next, which makes it invaluable. They know their land well, and know how to care for the animals."

Even as you read this, the Raika community is being forced out of more of its grazing lands by the forest department. "The more powerful communities are actively trying to take away the grazing rights of the Raikas," Rathore said. "They think that the camels frighten their buffaloes, and they've asked forest officials to guard the entrances of the grazing spaces. The camels will starve to death if this continues.

"The upper caste communities have called on a social boycott of the Raikas, to isolate them from everyone else. We are trying to get the attention of our political representatives to stop this. The Raikas will cease to exist if this continues. And in five years, there might be no more camels in Rajasthan."

The very fabric of the Raika community is tied to its animals, and any challenge to their grazing rights is a challenge to their way of life. "We'll try our best to keep it alive," Jogaramji said, "but if no one thinks we 'deserve' these rights, what are we fighting for?"

The author would like to thank the Raika community, the Lokhit Pashu-Palak Sansthan and Harsh Wardhan, assistant photographer, for their help and contribution to this article.

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For centuries, the Raika community in Sadri village of Rajasthan's Pali district, has been herding camels. The camel was declared the state animal of Rajasthan in 2014, and represents what many people associate with this colourful state: the desert. Camels are essential to pastoralists because they can survive the heat, require little water, and offer their milk and hair in return.

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Regular: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-regular-verbs

Irregular: https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/grammar/beginner-grammar/past-simple-irregular-verbs

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Definition of archaeopteryx noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary. Meaning, pronunciation, picture, example sentences, grammar, usage notes, synonyms and more.

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Look at these examples to see how the past continuous and past simple are used.

When I woke up this morning, it was snowing.
I was sleeping when you called me.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Grammar test 1

Past continuous and past simple: Grammar test 1

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

The past continuous and the past simple help us to show how two past actions or situations are connected.

Past simple

The past simple shows us that an action was in the past, not in the present. Regular past simple verbs have - ed at the end (e.g. called, played, arrived). Irregular verbs have a different form, usually with a different vowel sound (e.g. wake → woke, break → broke, feel → felt).

My parents called me yesterday.
I woke up early this morning.
Sam played basketball when he was at university.

We make the negative with didn't and the infinitive verb.

My parents didn't call me yesterday.
I didn't wake up early this morning.

We make the question form with did and then the subject and infinitive verb.

Did you wake up early this morning?
Did Sam play basketball when he was at university?

Past continuous

The past continuous shows us that the action was already in progress at a certain time in the past.

What were you doing at 8 p.m. last night? I was studying.

This means that I started studying before 8 p.m. and I continued after 8 p.m.

The past continuous can also show that an activity was in progress for some time, not just for a moment.

We were cleaning the house all morning.

We make the past continuous with was or were and the - ing form of the verb.

She couldn't come to the party. She was working.
Three years ago, we were living in my home town.
I tried to give him some advice, but he wasn't listening.
What were you doing this time last year?

Past continuous and past simple

When we use these two tenses together, it shows us that the past simple action happened in the middle of the past continuous action, while it was in progress.

While I was studying, I suddenly felt sleepy.

We often use these tenses to show an action interrupting another action.

I broke my leg when I was skiing.
As I was going to work, I saw an old friend.
We were watching television when the power went off.

Can you see a difference in the meaning of these two sentences?

When the guests arrived, Jane was cooking dinner.
When the guests arrived, Jane cooked dinner.

In the first one, Jane started cooking dinner before the guests arrived. We know that because it uses the past continuous. In the second sentence, the guests arrived first and then Jane started cooking.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Grammar test 2

Past continuous and past simple: Grammar test 2

Language level

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Look at these examples to see how the past continuous and past simple are used. When I woke up this morning, it was snowing. I was sleeping when you called me. Try this exercise to test your grammar. Grammar test 1 Past continuous and past simple: Grammar test 1 Read the explanation to learn more.

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Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used.

If you freeze water, it becomes solid.
If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car.
If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often.

Try this exercise to test your grammar.

Read the explanation to learn more.

Grammar explanation

Conditionals describe the result of a certain condition. The if clause tells you the condition ( If you study hard) and the main clause tells you the result ( you will pass your exams). The order of the clauses does not change the meaning.

If you study hard, you will pass your exams.
You will pass your exams if you study hard.

Conditional sentences are often divided into different types.

Zero conditional

We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are generally true, especially for laws and rules.

If I drink too much coffee, I can't sleep at night.
Ice melts if you heat it.
When the sun goes down, it gets dark.

The structure is: if/w hen + present simple >> present simple.

First conditional

We use the first conditional when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible.

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we'll go to the beach.
Arsenal will be top of the league if they win.
When I finish work, I'll call you.

In first conditional sentences, the structure is usually: if/ when + present simple >> will + infinitive.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as or in case instead of if.

I'll leave as soon as the babysitter arrives.
I don't want to stay in London unless I get a well-paid job.
I'll give you a key in case I'm not at home.
You can go to the party, as long as you're back by midnight.

Second conditional

The second conditional is used to imagine present or future situations that are impossible or unlikely in reality.

If we had a garden, we could have a cat.
If I won a lot of money, I'd buy a big house in the country.
I wouldn't worry if I were you.

The structure is usually: if + past simple >> + would + infinitive.

When if is followed by the verb be, it is grammatically correct to say if I were, if he were, if she were and if it were. However, it is also common to hear these structures with was, especially in the he/ she form.

If I were you, I wouldn't mention it.
If she was prime minister, she would invest more money in schools.
He would travel more if he was younger.

Do this exercise to test your grammar again.

Language level

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Look at these examples to see how zero, first and second conditionals are used. If you freeze water, it becomes solid. If it rains tomorrow, I'll take the car. If I lived closer to the cinema, I would go more often. Try this exercise to test your grammar.

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https://www.esleschool.com/exercise-4-travel-writing/

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Words that can replace IF, like UNLESS, AS LONG AS, AS SOON AS, etc,

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Words that can replace IF, like UNLESS, AS LONG AS, AS SOON AS, etc,

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I’ll never go unless you take me. (= If you don’t take me, I’ll never go.)

You can borrow my surfboard as long as you get it back to me by five o’clock. (=if you agree to what I say, you can borrow my surfboard)

As soon as the weather gets better, we'll go to the beach (=if the weather gets better, we'll go to the beach)

Also: After, Before, Until, When.