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- Also known as the sponge
- Multicellular organism that stays still in the environment.
- Cylindrical and asymmetrical

- Three major groups: Calcarea mainly of calcareous spicules, Hexactinellida mainly of siliceous spicules, and Demospongiae mainly of spongin fibres which may be my together with spicules. They all have different functions.

- Body contains one or more openings called oscula through which water passes out from the body.

Life cycle: Sponges are hermaphroditic, they function as either male or female for reproduction. They can produce eggs and sperm. An adult sponges can either produce offspring asexually or sexually.

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- Also known as flatworms, tape worms, and flukes
- Mostly parasitic, few are living in sea water or fresh water.
- Bilateral symmetry and body is dorso-ventrally flattened.

Major Groups:
- Turbellaria

Mostly Free-living fresh water organism

Body: dorso-ventrally flattened

- Trematoda

Mostly parasitic

Body: dorso-ventrally flattened leaf like

- Cestoda

Exclusive parasitic

Body: dorso-ventrally flattened tape like

Life cycle:
The life cycles of the free-living forms are relatively simple. Fertilized eggs are laid singly or in batches. Frequently they are attached to some object or surface by an adhesive secretion. After a period of embryonic development, free-swimming larvae or minute worms emerge.

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- Jellyfish, coral, and anemones
- Radially symmetrical
- Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth
- Carnivorous or filter feeders

Major Groups:
They all are physically different and have different functions.
- Hydrozoa are solitary or colonial and permanently still when an adult
- Scyphozoa are solitary and swims free.
- Anthozoa solitary or colonial and permanently still when an adult.

- Body contains an internal cavity and a mouth.

Life cycle: There are two life cycles, one being a free swimming jellyfish medusa stage and the second being an attached polyp stage.

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- Also known as starfish, sea urchins, brittle stars, etc.
- The shape of the body is flat, star like, spherical or elongated.
- Head is absent
- Presence of tube feet and water vascular system

Major Groups:
- Asteroidea

Body is flattened star shaped with five arms

They possesses tube feet with a sucker

Presence of calcareous plates and movable spines.

Respiratory organ: papulae

- Ophiuroidea

Body is flat with pentamerous disc

They possess a long arm which is sharply demarcated from the central disc.

They possesses tube feet without sucker

Anus and intestine are absent

Respiratory organ: Bursae

- Echinoidea

Body is disc-like hemi-spherical

They are devoid of arms or free-rays.

They possesses tube feet with a sucker.

They possess compact skeleton and movable spines

- Holothuroidea

Body is elongated in the oral-aboral axis and it is like cucumber.

They have no arms, spines and pedicellariae.

The tube feet are sucking type which is modified into tentacles and form a circle around mouth.

Respiratory organ: cloacal respiratory tree

- Crinoidea

Body is star shaped

Some of the forms were extinct and living forms.

Arms bifurcated, with two pinnules.

They have tube feet without suckers

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- Also known as ringed worms or segmented worms.
- Bilaterally symmetrical and vermiform
- Body cavity is a true coelom, often divided by internal septa.
- Body possesses a through gut with mouth and anus.
- Body possesses 3 seperate section, a posomium, a trunk and a pygidium.

Major Groups:
- Polychaeta are the most diverse and most speciose group of the Annelida.
- Aelosomata live in the intersitial zone of both fresh and brackish water environments.
- Oligochaeta are normally hermaphrodites, and possess a clitellum as adults, an organ which looks like a bandage of skin wrapped around the animal.

Life Cycle: Earthworms are hermaphrodites, which means that each animal has both male and female reproductive organs in the same body. Earthworms lay their eggs in a cacoon that is then deposited in the soil. On hatching the young worms resemble small adults and will grow continually until they reach maturity.

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- Also known as roundworms
- Bilaterally symmetrical, and similar shape to a worm.
- Body cavity is pseudocoel, body fluid under high pressure.
- Body covered in a complex cuticle.

Major Groups:
- Adenophorea contains sub classes.
- Secernentea contains sub classes.

Life cycle: There are four stages of a nematodes life: egg stage , four larval or juvenile stages, and an adult stage.

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- Also known as octopus, squid, gastropods, etc.
- Large phylum of invertebrate animals whose members are known as molluscs.
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Lives in most environments
- Has an open circulatory system

Major Groups: Amphineura, Monoplacophora, Gastropoda, Scaphopoda, Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda. They are all physically different.

Life Cycle: Eggs and sperm are released into the water by members of some (primitive) species, and fertilization occurs there.

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- Also known as crabs, lobster, cray fish, etc.
- Body have jointed appendages or legs.
- Bilaterally symmetrical
- Body is covered with chitinous exoskeleton.

Major Groups:
- Chelicerata, Crustacea, Uniramia, and Trilobita. They are all their own species. They have different life spans and different environments that they live in.

Life Cycle: Arthropods reproduce sexually. Male and female adults produce gametes. If fertilization occurs, eggs hatch into offspring.

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- Also known as fish and reptiles.
- Backboned animals.
- Presence of dorsal hollow nerve cord.
- Bilateral symmetry body.
- Presence of gill slits.

Major Groups:
Physically different
- Hemichordata
- Urochordata
- Cephalochordata
- Vertebrata or Craniata

Life Cycle: The chordate life cycle begins with fertilization (the union of sperm and egg). In its primitive form, fertilization occurs externally, in the water. Asexual reproduction takes place in tunicates and in some vertebrates (females of some fish and lizards can reproduce without fertilization). Hermaphroditism (possessing both male and female reproductive organs) is found in tunicates and some fishes, but otherwise the sexes are separate.