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1. Click on the link below.
2. Click on "Open in a new window".
3. Save the file under your name.

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-Use the website below to research your dream job, and to complete the worksheet.
-This research will be used to create your Dream Job slides presentation.
-If you cannot find certain information, use Google.

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Doing career research? Get in-depth profiles for almost 1,000 occupations!

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Click on the link and complete the reading comprehension activity in your composition book.

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4/25 - Poet Bio: Edgar Allan Poe

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Edgar Allan Poe - Poems, Biography, Quotes

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Famous Poets and Poems: Home | Poets | Poem of the Month | Poet of the Month | Top 50 Poems | Famous Quotes | Famous Love Poems

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"Dream Job" - Slides Presentation Directions

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"Dream Job" - Slides Presentation Directions

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4/24 - Poet Bio: Shel Silverstein

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Shel Silverstein - Poems, Biography, Quotes

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Famous Poets and Poems: Home | Poets | Poem of the Month | Poet of the Month | Top 50 Poems | Famous Quotes | Famous Love Poems

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4/23 - Poet" Maya Angelou

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By Maya Angelou

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4/22 - Poet: Robert Frost

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by Robert Frost

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4/18 - Poet Bio: Emily Dickinson

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Read the poem 2 times and write a paragraph (7-9 sentences), explaining what you think Langston Hughes is trying to say.

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FOLLOW ALL OF THE DIRECTIONS ON THE TEMPLATE!

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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4/16 - Poet Bio: Langston Hughes

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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4/15 - Poet, A.A. Milne Biography

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A A Milne Books - Biography and List of Works - Author of 'A a Milne'

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A A Milne Biography - A a Milne . - A A Milne Biography and List of Works - A A Milne Books

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4/11 - "Teens and Adults Say They Feel Tethered to Phones"

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Parents lament their teenagers' noses constantly in their phones. However, they might want to take stock of their own screen time habits.

A study out last week from the Pew Research Center found that two-thirds of parents are concerned about the amount of time their teenage children spend in front of screens. But more than a third of parents expressed concern about their own screen time.

Meanwhile, more than half of teens had an observation. They said they often or sometimes find their parents or caregivers to be distracted when the teens are trying to have a conversation with them. The study calls teens' relationship with their phones at times "hyperconnected." It notes that nearly three-fourths check messages or notifications as soon as they wake up. Parents do the same, but at a lower if still substantial rate - 57 percent.

Big tech companies face a growing backlash against the addictive nature of their gadgets and apps, the endless notifications and other features created to keep people tethered to their screens.

Many teens are trying to do something about it: 52 percent said they have cut back on the time they spend on their phones and 57 percent did the same with social media.

Experts say parents have a big role in their kids' screen habits and setting a good example is a big part of it.

"Kids don't always do what we say but they do as we do," said Donald Shifrin. He is a professor of pediatrics at the University of Washington School of Medicine. He was not involved in the Pew study. "Parents are the door that kids will walk through on their way to the world."

The study surveyed 743 U.S. teens and 1,058 U.S. parents of teens from March 7 to April 10. The margin of error is 4.5 percentage points.
Source URL: https://www.tweentribune.com/article/tween78/teens-and-adults-say-they-feel-tethered-phones/

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Teens and adults say they feel tethered to phones

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Parents lament their teenagers' noses constantly in their phones. However, they might want to take stock of their own screen time habits. A study out last week from the Pew Research Center found that two-thirds of parents are concerned about the amount of time their teenage children spend in front of screens.

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4/10 - "The Farm Boy Who Invented Television"

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Philo Taylor Farnsworth was just 14 when he had the idea that would shape the rest of his life.

Farnsworth, had aspired to be an inventor since the age of six, writes Evan I. Schwartz for the MIT Technology Review. By the end of his life, he would hold more than 300 patents related to television and other matters. On August 26, 1930, he received a patent for the first totally electronic television system, about a decade after first having the idea that underlaid his invention.

Farnsworth wasn't the first person to dream up television-but, importantly, he was the first person to find a way to make it work without a mechanical aspect. The biggest problem that inventors faced was how to transmit image data. Farnsworth's central innovation was to imagine a way of doing it that relied on electronic technology alone, and so wasn't slowed down by the abilities of a mechanical image-transmitting system like the ones used by earlier television developers. Schwartz, who went on to write a book about Farnsworth, explains how it happened:

According to surviving relatives, Farnsworth dreamed up his own idea for electronic-rather than mechanical-television while driving a horse-drawn harrow at the family's new farm in Idaho. As he plowed a potato field in straight, parallel lines, he saw television in the furrows. He envisioned a system that would break an image into horizontal lines and reassemble those lines into a picture at the other end. Only electrons could capture, transmit and reproduce a clear moving figure. This eureka experience happened at the age of 14.

There were many things between this vision and Farnsworth's television patent. He and his wife, Elma Gardner Farnsworth, moved from Utah to California to be closer to the motion-picture community and keep working on their innovation. In 1927, Philo and Elma watched as he made the first transmission: a horizontal line, transmitted to a receiver in the next room, wrote The New York Times in Elma Farnsworth's 2006 obituary. Two years later, Farnsworth transmitted an image of Elma and her brother, making her the first woman on TV.

Brilliant, young and backed by "wildcat investors," Schwartz writes, Farnsworth presaged the tech innovators of Silicon Valley. "On September 3, 1928, a photograph of him appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle alongside bold type hailing the 'young genius' who was 'quietly working away in his San Francisco laboratory' on his 'revolutionary light machine,'" Schwartz wrote for Wired. "Just 22 years old, he had recently grown a mustache to mask his youth."

The parallel to modern-day Silicon Valley extended to Farnsworth's ownership of his work. Explaining his invention to the Times in 1930, Farnsworth said it would work with existing broadcast technology, which was central to its appeal and also made TV commercially viable. But that also got the attention of RCA, which had a near-monopoly on radio broadcast technology and which sued him for patent infringement. Schwartz writes that the David and Goliath battle had similar parallels to the modern-day case between Microsoft and Netscape (although that story ends with a large settlement from Microsoft).

Also like the tech innovators of Silicon Valley, Farnsworth thought his invention had utopian prospects. "If we were able to see people in other countries and learn about our differences, why would there be any misunderstandings?" he asked. "War would be a thing of the past."

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Philo Taylor Farnsworth was just 14 when he had the idea that would shape the rest of his life. Farnsworth, had aspired to be an inventor since the age of six, writes Evan I. Schwartz for the MIT Technology Review. By the end of his life, he would hold more than 300 patents related to television and other matters.

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4/9 - "Eat Your Heart Out at the Museum of Pizza"

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There is now a museum for pizza lovers everywhere. It has popped-up in arguably America's pizza capital, New York City.

The Museum of Pizza is dedicated to all things cheese and sauce, but there's more to it than meets the tongue.

"It's often that the simplest ideas are the best. And we wanted to use pizza's ubiquitous appeal to get people through the door and looking at art and hearing about history in a different format," said Alexandra Serio, Chief Content Officer at Nameless Network. It is the group that baked the Museum of Pizza idea.

"Our approach to this Museum of Pizza is a fine art approach. So we went out to multiple artists contemporary in many mediums. We asked them for their interpretation of pizza," said Serio. "And what we got back ranges the gamut. Let's just say that - that's an understatement."

The museum is located on the street level of Brooklyn's William Vale hotel and is an expansive, one-floor space. It houses a wide variety of art, ranging from giant photographs to sculptures to large installations that engulf visitors. And the pop-up museum, also known as "MoPi," has already drawn a lot of interest. More than 6,000 people came through the doors when they opened this month.

Another instantly recognizable attribute of the space is the bright colors that are weaved throughout the exhibits. They are perfect for taking social media-ready pictures.

"Honestly, I thought it would be like more of a museum like at the beginning, with the pizza boxes and it kinda tells you when it was developed and stuff like that," said Nene Raye, visiting from New Jersey. "Then I was kinda hoping they had something artsy in it because I love taking pictures. So this is a mashup of everything - so you get a little bit of education and then some fun, which I love."

Serio said selfie-friendly exhibits are becoming a priority for museums as they try to get younger legs to walk through their doors.

"It's a kind of paradigm shift with museums," she said. "You'll see, I think in the next few years because of museums like the Museum of Ice Cream, and multiple pop-ups of this ilk, museums kind of courting a younger audience and seeing how they can make their exhibitions more tactile, touch and photography friendly."

Lydia Melendez, a self-described "pizza aficionado," bought her tickets in April. For her, this experience was worth the wait.

"I thought it was going to be kinda boring, like I'm going to walk in and there's just going to be a book about pizza and how to make it. But this is definitely one for the books."

While pizza may be the hook that draws those interested to the museum, the focus of MoPi is to expose visitors to the fine art world - even if the education is fed one slice at a time.

"The Museum of Pizza's target demographic isn't necessarily the same type of people that are making a quarterly trips to the MoMA or the Frick collection or the LACMA (Los Angeles County Museum of Art) ", said Serio. "We're really putting fine art in a place that's easily accessible for a wide range of people."

The pop-up museum, which costs $35 for adults but is free for kids under 5 and seniors, closes Nov. 18.

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There is now a museum for pizza lovers everywhere. It has popped-up in arguably America's pizza capital, New York City. The Museum of Pizza is dedicated to all things cheese and sauce, but there's more to it than meets the tongue. "It's often that the simplest ideas are the best.

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4/8 - "Plant a Tree: Milan's Ambitious Plans to be Cleaner, Greener"

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Milan is Italy's fashion capital. If it has a predominant color, it is gray. This is not only because of the blocks of neoclassical stone buildings for which the city is celebrated, but it also due to its often-gray sky, which traps pollution.

But Milan now wants to shift its color palette toward green.

The city has ambitious plans to plant 3 million new trees by 2030, a move that experts say could offer relief from the city's muggy, sometimes tropical weather.

Some ad-hoc projects have already contributed to environmental improvements. Architect Stefano Boeri's striking Vertical Forest residential towers aim to improve not only air quality but the quality of life for Milan residents. They were completed in 2014 and are near the Garibaldi train station.

Boeri created a small island of greenery in the heart of Milan. Brimming from each of the balconies of his pair of high-rises are shrubs and trees. They absorb carbon dioxide and PM10 particles. These particles are a pollutant with links to respiratory ailments and cancer.

"I think the theme of forestation is one of the big challenges that we have today. It is one of the most effective ways we have to fight climate change. It is like fighting the enemy on its own field," Boeri said. "It is effective and it is also democratic because everyone can plant trees."

The U.N. climate summit recently took place in Poland. It urged cities and regions to help achieve the goals of the 2015 Paris agreement on curbing global warming. The goals include limiting the increase in the planet's temperature to 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit this century.

Also, the World Economic Forum's global agenda council has put extending the tree canopy among its top urban initiatives. They recognize that small-scale changes can have a major impact on urban areas. This includes helping to lower city temperatures, creating more comfortable microclimates and mitigating air pollution.

The program will boost the number of trees by 30 percent in the broader metropolitan area. Milan officials estimate it will absorb an additional 5 million tons of carbon dioxide a year - four-fifths of the total produced by Milan. The program will reduce harmful PM10 small particulates by 3,000 tons over a decade. Significantly, it would also reduce temperatures in the city by 2 degrees Celsius, according to officials.

Boeri said the current green canopy of the Lombardy region's capital is just 7 percent of the urban area - well below northern European cities. For instance, Germany's Frankfurt is 21.5 percent while Amsterdam is at nearly 21 percent. The Lombardy region is closer to Paris at nearly 9 percent, according to the World Economic Forum's Green View Index. The French capital itself has been battling for years to fight rising air pollution.

By 2030, Milan hopes to increase that green canopy number to between 17 and 20 percent.

Damiano Di Simine is the scientific coordinator in Lombardy for the environmental group Legambiente. He said potentially the biggest impact of the green Milan project will be to lower temperature. It is a city where the nighttime temperature can be 10.8 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in the surrounding area. City statistics show that Milan endures 35 tropical nights a year.

Milan gets very little wind to clear the pollutants that become blocked in by temperature inversions - when a layer of cool air is trapped by a layer of warmer air. That's because the city lies close to the Alps.

"The lack of wind also accentuates the urban heating," Di Simine said. "It means the discomfort from thermic inversions is terrible, because the climate is very stationary. Planting trees will help this."

The project to make Milan greener includes an ambitious plan to transform a disused freight railway network into a series of seven parks, with 25,000 new trees every year. It also includes planting greenery on 10 million square meters (108 million sq. feet) of flat rooftops and planting trees in 2,300 school courtyards.

Other new green spaces already inaugurated include Boeri's Library of Trees, near the Vertical forest, which includes 450 trees and 90,000 plants on nearly 10 hectares (24 acres). It features a children's playground and a dog park. The Fondazione Feltrinelli also plans to create a park of 3,300 square meters (35,520 sq. feet) near its new headquarters. It will be home to plantain, magnolia, cherry and pear trees.

The Vertical Forest has attracted more than 20 species of birds, which Boeri said they did not expect. And the shade provided by the 800 trees, 4,500 shrubs and 15,000 plants mean that residents rarely have to put on air conditioning, even during the peak of Milan's clammy summers. The Vertical Forest's total greenery has the capacity to absorb 30 metric tons of carbon dioxide every year, Boeri said.

"There are also other advantages that are less measurable but I believe that the presence of green and trees has a very important effect on health and psychological state of mind, as it has been proved," said Boeri.

The architect is taking the award-winning concept to other cities, including Paris, Nanjing in China and the Dutch city of Eindhoven.

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Plant a tree: Milan's ambitious plans to be cleaner, greener

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Milan is Italy's fashion capital. If it has a predominant color, it is gray. This is not only because of the blocks of neoclassical stone buildings for which the city is celebrated, but it also due to its often-gray sky, which traps pollution. But Milan now wants to shift its color palette toward green.

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4/4 - "World Hunger is On the Rise..."

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For decades, improvements in agricultural practices and food distribution have steadily decreased hunger rates in nations across the globe. According to Jason Beaubien reporting for NPR, progress has been bumped off the tracks. New data has been put together by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.) and other agencies. It found that hunger has increased across the world for the third year in a row.

The recent report is somewhat surprising. As of 2015, the rate of undernourishment in the developing world had decreased from 23.3 percent of people between the years 1990 to 1992 to 12.9 percent. But just as that percentage dropped by almost half, the numbers began to reflect global hunger on the rise. From 783.7 million people affected by hunger in 2014, that number increased to 784.4 in 2015. And it increased to 804.2 in 2016. The latest report bumps the number of those affected to 820.8 million.

So what's causing the increase in hunger? The report points to two main culprits: conflicts around the globe and extreme weather events likely powered by climate change. The interminable conflicts in Yemen, Afghanistan, Syria and Somalia have led to food issues for millions of people. The drop in crude oil prices has led to economic problems in South America. This is particularly true in Venezuela. There, more than 2.3 million people have fled the country mainly due to food issues.

In Africa, some of the worst droughts ever seen have occurred in the last decade affecting nations all over the continent including parts of West Africa, the Horn of Africa and Southern Africa. They have decimated agriculture and impacting food availability in the region.

"[T]he underlying problem with hunger and why we see so much hunger is also poverty, income inequalities and the marginalization of populations," editor Cindy Holleman, senior economist for food security and nutrition at the F.A.O. told Zipporah Nyambura at Deutsche Welle.

"But what's new is we're seeing increasing climate variability. Africa has been hard hit. In the last 10 years, Africa has been especially hit with climate variability and extremes."

The impacts of hunger can be severe. For instance, according to the report, 151 million children under the age of 5 experience stunted growth due to malnourishment. And 50.5 million experience wasting, or being severely underweight. Paradoxically, hunger also leads to increased rates of obesity. This leads to other health problems like diabetes.

According to an F.A.O. press release, in 2016, the global percentage of obese people had reached 13.2 percent, even in nations where hunger was on the rise. The reasons for this are complex-because fresh food is often expensive, people gravitate toward fat and sugar-filled processed foods. This creates a "feast-or-famine" style of eating, in which people gorge when food is available and go hungry when it is not. This is also believed to lead to metabolic changes that could cause unwanted weight gain.

The reversal in hunger rates isn't just a temporary blip and experts don't see the trend reversing on its own and, in fact, fear that it will get worse without intervention. The report suggests that efforts to end global conflicts, stop climate change and make nations more resilient against natural disasters like flood and drought are needed to get things back on track.

If the trend continues, the UN will fail to achieve one of its most important sustainable development goals, an agenda of projects like ending poverty and improving health and education by 2030. This agenda was ratified in 2015.

"The alarming signs of increasing food insecurity and high levels of different forms of malnutrition are a clear warning that there is considerable work to be done to make sure we 'leave no one behind' on the road towards achieving the SDG goals on food security and improved nutrition," the study's authors write.

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World hunger is on the rise for the third year in a row

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For decades, improvements in agricultural practices and food distribution have steadily decreased hunger rates in nations across the globe. According to Jason Beaubien reporting for NPR, progress has been bumped off the tracks. New data has been put together by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.) and other agencies.

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4/3 - "Southern California Will Soon See Another Superbloom"

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In the next few weeks, parts of Southern California may experience a superbloom. This is when the desert landscape comes alive with flowers. According to Evan Nicole Brown at Atlas Obscura, these include blossoming wild poppies, verbena and lilies. It includes primroses and prickly pear. It also includes dozens of other species of ephemeral native spring wildflowers.

Eleanor Imster at EarthSky explains that the term superbloom is used to describe years when excess rain causes chaparral and desert landscapes to produce more flowers than normal. Carpets of wildflowers sometimes cover entire landscapes for a brief period.

The seeds of desert wildflowers are made to last. They often have thick or waxy coatings and are able to survive in a dormant state for years or decades. The best superblooms occur after extended drought has had time to kill off invasive weeds that compete with native wildflowers for sunlight, followed by above average rainfall. When the excess rain soaks and softens the seed coats the plants germinate en masse. This produces acres and acres of blossoms. According to Tiffany Camhi at KQED, this happened before in 2017.

In some desert areas, rare species that only bloom every few years, or even decades, can pop up.

"In super blooms you can get flowers, which in some cases, are thought to be extinct." That's according to Richard Minnich. He is a professor of earth sciences at University of California, Riverside.

The massive Woolsey Fire burned 96,949 acres in Los Angeles and Ventura. It scorched 88 percent of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. It will also help to produce a bumper crop of flowers in southern California. That's because many wildflower species only germinate under these exact conditions. This includes poppy, popcorn-flower, lily, lupine, snapdragon, and some sunflowers. According to Mark Mendelsoh, a National Park Service biologist in the Recreation Area, circumstances are right for a unique superbloom in the region.

"Either the heat or the smoke physically causes the seed to germinate," he says. "Steady, but not necessarily heavy, rains throughout our normal wet season of November through March ... encourage most of our species to bloom in a given year... We are at ~100 to 150 percent (maybe even 200 percent) our normal rainfall up to this point."

Jenna Chandler at Curbed Los Angeles has been fielding reports from around the region. So far all signs point to conditions favorable for a massive bloom. Casey Schreiner, editor of Modern Hiker tells Chandler that the burned areas from the Woolsey fire are full of new growth. Paramount Ranch, Circle X Ranch, Chesebro Canyons and other burned areas are ripe for greenery. Joshua Tree National Park has greened up too and already has some early species blooming.

"Malibu Creek State Park will be really, really hot, because it burned quite a bit, and there's a high diversity of species there," Mendelsohn says. "That will be the crème de la crème."

That is, if the rain continues on and it doesn't get too hot too quickly. That flush of growth could wither away without blooming if the weather changes for the worse.

But flower lovers are remaining optimistic that the blossoms will arrive shortly. In 2017, the superbloom began in desert areas in early March and ran through April. According to J. Harry Jones at The Los Angeles Times, the bloom, which could be seen from space, brought with it hundreds of thousands of extra tourists to small towns, like Borrego Springs. But they weren't prepared for the influx of people. This year, however, restaurants and area stores are stocked up and ready to serve petal peepers if and when the blooms show up for "Flowergeddon 2."

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Southern California will soon see another booming superbloom

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In the next few weeks, parts of Southern California may experience a superbloom. This is when the desert landscape comes alive with flowers. According to Evan Nicole Brown at Atlas Obscura, these include blossoming wild poppies, verbena and lilies. It includes primroses and prickly pear.

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4/2 - "Trash Pollutes Lebanon's Mediterranean"

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Plastic bottles, soft drink cans and blue garbage bags. An old television, discarded vegetables and coffee cups. These are some of the random things that can be seen floating in the sea along Lebanon's coastline.

The country's Mediterranean coastline has become a source of shame. For many Lebanese, that is due to the swirling trash that pollutes its shores. The coastline was once a source of pride.

Fisherman Ahmad Obeitri has been a fixture at Lebanon's corniche for the past 30 years. It is popular seaside promenade in central Beirut. He says the trash is killing off what's left of marine life.

"These days if a fish comes our way it will only find nylon bags, garbage and sewage to feed on." he said. He laments the people who eat and drink as they walk on the corniche and then toss their cans, tins and other containers in the sea.

"You can open a cafe under water and invite your friends," he added sarcastically.

Littering is not Lebanon's only problem. The country has a long-running solid waste management problem that caused summer riots in 2015 as trash piled in the streets. The government solved the problem. They simply shifted the trash to landfills and coastal dumps that often run into the Mediterranean.

Environmentalists say thousands of tons of trash and untreated waste is getting dumped directly into the sea.

Abdullah Absi, a 56-year-old civil engineer, said as a swimmer, the open sewage running into the sea was his biggest problem.

A group of 50 swimmers, including Absi, recently organized a 4.6-kilometer (2.9-mile) swim to highlight the problem. They also promoted the idea that the sea is for all.

"We see the violations are increasing and there is no deterrent," he said.

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Trash pollutes Lebanon's Mediterranean coastline

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Plastic bottles, soft drink cans and blue garbage bags. An old television, discarded vegetables and coffee cups. These are some of the random things that can be seen floating in the sea along Lebanon's coastline. The country's Mediterranean coastline has become a source of shame.

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4/1 "Tootsie Rolls Were WWII Energy Bars"

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1. Click on the file.
2. Click "File" and "Make a Copy"
3. Rename the file.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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3/22 - Serena Williams Biography

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Serena Williams, (born September 26, 1981, Saginaw, Michigan, U.S.), American tennis player who revolutionized women's tennis with her powerful style of play and who won more Grand Slam singles titles (23) than any other woman or man during the open era.

Williams grew up in Compton, California. The family included her parents-Oracene Price, a nurse, and Richard Williams, who founded a security service-and Venus Williams, her older sister. Price also had three daughters from a previous marriage. While both parents encouraged Serena and Venus Williams to play tennis, it was Richard Williams who largely taught them the sport, taking the two girls to the public courts in the area. He was known as a strict coach, and the sisters spent long hours practicing. In 1991 the family moved to Florida so that Serena and Venus Williams could attend a tennis academy. Serena Williams turned professional in 1995, one year after her older sister. Possessing powerful serves and ground strokes and superb athleticism, they soon attracted much attention. Many predicted that Venus would be the first Williams sister to win a Grand Slam singles title, but it was Serena who accomplished the feat, winning the 1999 U.S. Open. At that tournament the sisters won the doubles event, and, over the course of their careers, the two teamed up for 14 Grand Slam doubles titles.

At the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia, Serena and Venus Williams won gold medals in the doubles event. After several years of inconsistent play, Serena Williams asserted herself in 2002 and won the French Open, Wimbledon, and the U.S. Open, defeating Venus Williams in the finals of each tournament. At the latter tournament, Serena Williams also garnered attention by wearing a catsuit. Long interested in fashion, Williams became noted for bold outfits that highlighted her strength and challenged traditional-and typically conservative-dress codes. Displaying her trademark tenacity, Williams won the Australian Open in 2003 and thus completed a career Grand Slam by having won all four of the slam's component tournaments. Later that year she was also victorious at Wimbledon; both of her Grand Slam wins in 2003 came after she had bested her sister in the finals. In 2005 Williams won the Australian Open again. Beset by injury the following year, she rebounded in 2007 to win her third Australian Open. Serena and Venus Williams won their second doubles tennis gold medal at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing. Later that year Serena Williams won the U.S. Open for a third time. In 2009 she captured her 10th Grand Slam singles title by winning the Australian Open. Later that year she won her third Wimbledon singles title, once again defeating her sister. Williams defended her titles at the Australian Open and Wimbledon in 2010. She subsequently battled various health issues that kept her off the court for almost a year.

In 2012 Williams captured her fifth Wimbledon singles title. A month later at the London Olympic Games, she won a gold medal in the singles event, becoming the second woman (behind Steffi Graf) to win a career Golden Slam. She also teamed with her sister to win the doubles event. Later that year Williams claimed her 15th Grand Slam singles title with a victory at the U.S. Open. In 2013 she won her second French Open singles championship and fifth U.S. Open singles title. Williams successfully defended her U.S. Open championship in 2014, which gave her 18 career Grand Slam titles, tying her with Chris Evert and Martina Navratilova for the second highest women's singles total of the open era. The following year she captured her sixth Australian Open. Williams then won the 2015 French Open-her 20th total Grand Slam singles championship. She continued her torrid streak at Wimbledon, winning a straight-set final to capture her sixth career Wimbledon singles title. Williams again won Wimbledon in 2016, giving her 22 career Grand Slam singles titles, which tied her with Graf for the most Slams in the open era for both women and men. Williams broke Graf's record at the 2017 Australian Open, where she defeated her sister in the final.

In April 2017, Williams announced that she was pregnant (she had gotten engaged to Alexis Ohanian, cofounder of the website Reddit, in December 2016) and would miss the remainder of the 2017 season. In September she gave birth to a daughter, and two months later she married Ohanian. Williams returned to tennis in March 2018. She failed to win a tournament that year, though she reached the finals at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. The latter loss proved controversial as Williams was penalized a game after arguing with the chair umpire over a code violation. In 2019 she was again defeated in the finals at both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open. At the 2020 ASB Classic in Auckland, New Zealand, Williams won her first singles event in some three years.

Williams reached the semifinals of the 2021 Australian Open but lost to Naomi Osaka. Later that year she was forced to withdraw from both Wimbledon and the U.S. Open because of injuries. After missing the first half of the 2022 season, Williams competed at Wimbledon but was defeated in the first round. She later was interviewed for Vogue magazine and revealed that she would be retiring after the upcoming U.S. Open. Williams stated that she was "evolving away from tennis, toward other things that are important to me."

Williams's activities outside of tennis include ventures relating to fashion, beauty, and accessories. Her autobiography, On the Line (written with Daniel Paisner), was published in 2009.

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Serena Williams | Biography, Titles, & Facts

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Serena Williams is an American tennis player who revolutionized women's tennis with her powerful style of play and who won more Grand Slam singles titles (23) than any other woman or man during the open era. Learn more about Williams's life and career, including her various titles.

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3/21 - Michelle Obama Biography

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Michelle Obama: Michelle Obama, American first lady (2009-17), the wife of Barack Obama, 44th president of the United States. She was the first African American first lady, and during her time in that post she notably supported military families and promoted healthy eating. Learn more about her life and career.

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3/20 - Marie Curie Biography

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Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) was a Polish scientist who won a Nobel prize in both Chemistry and Physics. She made ground-breaking work in the field of Radioactivity, enabling radioactive isotypes to be isolated for the first time. During the First World War, Curie developed the practical use of X-Rays; she also discovered two new elements, polonium and radium. Her pioneering scientific work was made more remarkable because of the discrimination which existed against women in science at the time. She was the first female professor at the University of Paris and broke down many barriers for women in science.

"Humanity needs practical men, who get the most out of their work, and, without forgetting the general good, safeguard their own interests. But humanity also needs dreamers, for whom the disinterested development of an enterprise is so captivating that it becomes impossible for them to devote their care to their own material profit."

- Marie Curie

Short Bio Marie Curie

Marya Sklodowska was born on 7 November 1867, Warsaw Poland. She was the youngest of five children and was brought up in a poor but well-educated family. Marya excelled in her studies and won many prizes. At an early age she became committed to the ideal of Polish independence from Russia - who at the time were ruling Poland with an iron fist, and in particular, making life difficult for intellectuals. She yearned to be able to teach fellow Polish woman who were mostly condemned to zero education.

Unusually for women at that time, Marya took an interest in Chemistry and Biology. Since opportunities in Poland for further study was limited, Marya went to Paris, where after working as a governess she was able to study at the Sorbonne, Paris. Struggling to learn in French, Marya threw herself into her studies, leading an ascetic life dedicated to education and improving her scientific knowledge. She went on to get a degree in Physics and finished top in her school. She later got a degree in Maths, finishing second in her school year. Curie had a remarkable willingness for hard work.

"Life is not easy for any of us. But what of that? We must have perseverance and above all confidence in ourselves. We must believe that we are gifted for something, and that this thing, at whatever cost, must be attained."

It was in Paris that she met Pierre Curie, who was then chief of the laboratory at the School of Physics and Chemistry. He was a renowned Chemist, who had conducted many experiments on crystals and electronics. Pierre was smitten with the young Marya and asked her to marry him. Marya initially refused but, after persistence from Pierre, she relented. Until Pierre's untimely death in 1906, the two become inseparable. In addition to co-operation on work, they spent much leisure time bicycling and travelling around Europe together.

Marie Curie work on Radioactivity

Marie pursued studies in radioactivity. In 1898, this led to the discovery of two new elements. One of which she named polonium after her home country.

There then followed four years of extensive study into the properties of radium. Using dumped uranium tailings from a nearby mine, very slowly, and with painstaking effort, they were able to extract a decigram of radium.

Radium was discovered to have remarkable impacts. In testing the product, Marie suffered burns from the rays. It was from this discovery of radium and its properties that the science of radiation was able to develop. It was found that radium had the power to burn away diseased cells in the body. Initially, this early form of radiotherapy was called 'curietherapy.

The Curries agreed to give away their secret freely; they did not wish to patent such a valuable element. The element was soon in high demand, and it began industrial scale production.

For their discovery, they were awarded the Davy Medal (Britain) and the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Marie Curie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.

In 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident, leaving Marie to look after the laboratory and her two children. Her two children were Irène Joliot-Curie (1897-1956) and Ève Curie (1904-2007). Irene won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, jointly with her husband.

In 1911, she was awarded a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of actinium and further studies on radium and polonium.

The success of Marie Curie also brought considerable hostility, criticism and suspicion from a male-dominated science world. She suffered from the malicious rumours and accusations that were spread amongst jealous colleagues.

The onset of World War I in 1914, led to Marie Curie dedicating her time to the installation of X-ray machines in hospitals. Marie understood that X-ray machines would be able to locate shrapnel, enabling better treatment for soldiers. By, the end of the First World War, over a million soldiers had been examined by her X-ray units.

At the end of the First World War, she returned to the Institute of Radium in Paris. She also published a book - Radiology in War (1919) which encompassed her great ideas on science. Curie was also proud to participate in the newly formed League of Nations, through joining the International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation in August 1922.

"I believe international work is a heavy task, but that it is nevertheless indispensable to go through an apprenticeship in it, at the cost of many efforts and also of a real spirit of sacrifice: however imperfect it may be, the work of Geneva has a grandeur that deserves our support."

Letter to Eve Curie (July 1929)

Marie Curie was known for her modest and frugal lifestyle. She asked any financial prizes to be given to research bodies rather than herself. During the First World War, she offered her Nobel Prizes to the French Treasury.

Marie Curie died in 1934 from Cancer. It was an unfortunate side effect of her own ground-breaking studies into radiation which were to help so many people.
Legacy
Marie Curie pushed back many frontiers in science, and at the same time set a new bar for female academic and scientific achievement.

Her discovery of radium enabled Ernest Rutherford to investigate the structure of the atom, and it provided the framework for Radiotherapy for cancer.

Curie also played a leading role in redefining women's role in society and science.

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. "Biography of Marie Curie", Oxford, UK - www.biographyonline.net. Published 15th June 2012. Last updated 13th Feb 2018.

The Inner World of Marie Curie

The Inner World of Marie Curie at Amazon.com

The Inner World of Marie Curie at Amazon.com

Women who changed the world - Famous women who changed the world. Features female Prime Ministers, scientists, cultural figures, authors and royalty. Includes; Cleopatra, Princess Diana, Marie Curie, Queen Victoria, and Joan of Arc.

Scientists - Famous scientists from Aristotle and Archimedes to Albert Einstein and Charles Darwin. Including mathematicians, biologists, physicists and chemists.

Famous Polish figures - including Marie Curie, Pope John Paul II, Lech Walesa, Frederick Chopin.
External links

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Marie Curie (1867 - 1934) was a Polish scientist who won a Nobel prize in both Chemistry and Physics. She made ground-breaking work in the field of Radioactivity, enabling radioactive isotypes to be isolated for the first time. During the First World War, Curie developed the practical use of X-Rays; she also discovered two new elements, ...

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J.K Rowling was born in Chipping Sodbury, July 31st, 1965. Her childhood was generally happy, although she does remember getting teased because of her name, "Rowling" - She recalls often getting called "Rowling pin" by her less than ingenious school friends. J.K. Rowling says she never really warmed to her own name, although, she does [...]

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3/18 - Audrey Hepburn Biography

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Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993) British actress and humanitarian. Hepburn was a major Hollywood star of the 1950s and 1960s, starring in classic films such as Roman Holiday (1956), The Nun's Story (1956) and Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961). Audrey Hepburn later retired from acting and served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

Short biography of Audrey Hepburn

Audrey Hepburn was born to an English father and Dutch mother in Belgium, May 4th, 1929. Her father's job as an insurance agent meant the family often moved between England, Holland and Belgium. In 1935, her parents divorced; one reason for this was that her father was a Nazi sympathiser. The divorce was very traumatic for six-year-old Audrey; she would later say it was the most traumatic incident of her life. After the war, despite suffering under the Nazi occupation, Audrey later tracked down her father to Dublin and supported him financially. From 1935-38, Audrey went to boarding school in Kent; in 1939 her mother moved the family to Arnhem in the Netherlands, where she thought it would be safe from Nazi invasion.

However, in 1940, the Netherlands was overrun, and the country fell under Nazi occupation until liberation in 1945. During this time, Audrey went to school at the Arnhem conservatory where she also studied ballet. At one time she considered taking ballet as a career. During the occupation, it was said she would often dance in various locations, helping to raise money for the underground movement.

Towards the end of the war, the occupation of Netherlands became increasingly brutal. After the D-Day landings of 1944, the Germans took most of the pitiable rations of the Dutch, leaving many to starve or freeze to death. Reprisals and shootings against the local population were common. As a young girl, Audrey saw her uncle and mother's cousin shot in the street by the Germans. She also recalls seeing a trainload of Jewish children being herded into cattle trucks for deportation.

"I have memories. More than once I was at the station seeing trainloads of Jews being transported, seeing all these faces over the top of the wagon." (5)

The harrowing experiences of war left a profound mark on Audrey; it was one reason for her later commitments to the UNICEF children's charity.

"I can testify to what UNICEF means to children, because I was among those who received food and medical relief right after World War II" (4)

She felt a natural empathy and sympathy for children who were the victims of war and starvation. During the war Audrey suffered anaemia, respiratory problems and oedema (swelling of the limbs) Audrey later noted a similarity between her wartime experience and that of Anne Frank. She read her diary in 1946, and said it "left her feeling devastated." However, despite the ongoing horrors of the occupation, Audrey passed her time through drawing and practising ballet.

After the war, Audrey went to London where she continued to practise ballet. She had great talent, but her height and malnutrition during the war meant that she was unable to become a really great ballerina, and so decided to seek work as an actor.

Audrey Hepburn Acting

After several minor roles in films such as The Lavender Hill Mob, Audrey was chosen to play Gigi, a hit West End play. She was given an award by the theatre world for the best debut performance. Her first film was Secret People in 1952; a film about a prodigy ballerina, which was a natural choice for Audrey to play. It was during the filming for this that she was spotted by director William Wyler. He was producing a film "Roman Holiday", and he felt the innocence and elfin beauty of Audrey Hepburn would make a perfect choice for the English Princess, who spends a day in Rome in the company of Gregory Peck. The film was a great hit, and on the advertising, Audrey Hepburn was given the same billing as Gregory Peck. In many respects, Audrey outshone her more illustrious lead Gregory Peck; as Peck predicted, it was Audrey who would be given an Oscar for her performance.

This film established her place in Hollywood's elite and allowed her to play against many of the leading men of the time. For example, Sabrina with Humphrey Bogart and opposite Fred Astaire in Funny Face.

Enduring Appeal of Audrey Hepburn

The enduring popularity and appeal of Audrey Hepburn can be attributed to many factors. She had a natural beauty and elegance; she has often been voted the most beautiful woman of the century (2). However, she also had an aura of childlike innocence which portrayed a natural charm and humour. She was held in high regard by many in the film industry; she avoided conflict, and many of the top actors said how much they enjoyed working with Audrey. As Cary Grant once said,

"...all I want for Christmas is another picture with Audrey Hepburn." (5)

Although she was one of Hollywood's great stars of the 1950s and 1960s, she didn't allow her fame to go to her head; often she would be quite happy to stay at home with her family. Her son wrote a moving tribute to his mother in his book Audrey Hepburn, an Elegant Spirit: A Son Remembers (1999).

In 1961, Audrey played one of her most demanding roles, the extrovert Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany's. She said of her role that it was "one of the jazziest of my career," contrary to her introverted nature and thus quite difficult to pull off. However, her performance was one of the most iconic roles of the 1960s. The film has retained an enduring popularity to this day. In 2006, the "little black dress" from the film was sold at auction for just under half a million pounds. (3) The proceeds were given to one of Audrey's charities.

In 1959, she stared in The Nun's Story - quite different to her other roles, this was a challenging portrayal of a young nun, Sister Luke, who trained to be a novice nun before spending time as a missionary in the Congo. Sister Luke also faces a painful spiritual dilemma as she returns to Belgium and the Nazi occupation. With some parallels to her own life, the film showed the multifaceted acting talents of Audrey Hepburn.

Audrey Hepburn UNICEF Charity Work

From 1967, after 15 years in film, Audrey acted only occasionally. She spent more time with her family and also working with UNICEF. She was appointed as a special ambassador to UNICEF and became actively involved in campaigns to improve conditions for children around the world.

In 1988 she visited Ethiopia at a camp for children. On seeing the poverty and starvation she remarked:

"I have a broken heart. I feel desperate. I can't stand the idea that two million people are in imminent danger of starving to death, many of them children, and [sic] not because there isn't tons of food sitting in the northern port of Shoa."

(1) - Audrey Hepburn

She also visited street children in South America and was appalled to see children living in such conditions. She later reported to Congress how UNICEF had been able to make a difference:

"I saw tiny mountain communities, slums, and shantytowns receive water systems for the first time by some miracle - and the miracle is UNICEF. I watched boys build their own schoolhouse with bricks and cement provided by UNICEF."

Death of Audrey Hepburn

After returning from Somalia in 1992, Audrey Hepburn developed cancer of the colon. The disease proved to be untreatable, and in January 1993 she died in Switzerland aged 63.

Citation: Pettinger, Tejvan. "Biography of Audrey Hepburn", Oxford, UK. www.biographyonline.net , 24th Mar. 2007. Updated 26 June 2017

Recommended Books on Audrey Hepburn

Audrey Style at Amazon

Audrey Hepburn Treasures at Amazon. In this illustrated biography, Audrey's own words are given centre stage to create a unique personal narrative. Highly Recommended
Related
Women who changed the world - Famous women who changed the world. Features female Prime Ministers, scientists, cultural figures, authors and royalty. Includes; Cleopatra, Princess Diana, Marie Curie, Queen Victoria, and Joan of Arc.

Actors - Famous actors, including Alec Guinness, Michael Caine, Katherine Hepburn, Audrey Hepburn and Grace Kelly.

Audrey Hepburn Links

References

(1) Audrey Hepburn - UNICEF

(2) Audrey Hepburn tops beauty poll

(3) Audrey Hepburn dress

(4) Audrey Hepburn Quotes

(5) Audrey Hepburn - Wikipedia
Other Sources

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Audrey Hepburn (1929-1993) British actress and humanitarian. Hepburn was a major Hollywood star of the 1950s and 1960s, starring in classic films such as Roman Holiday (1956), The Nun's Story (1956) and Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961). Audrey Hepburn later retired from acting and served as an ambassador for UNICEF.

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3/15 - Jane Goodall Biography

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Biography for Kids: Scientist - Jane Goodall

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Kids learn about Jane Goodall’s biography. She was a scientist who studied chimpanzees in the wild for many years discovering that they used tools and ate meat.

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3/14 - Sonia Sotomayor Bio

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Supreme Court Justice, Lawyer(1954-)

IN THESE GROUPS

"Although I grew up in very modest and challenging circumstances, I consider my life to be immeasurably rich."

"Personal experiences affect the facts that judges choose to see."

"I would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn't lived that life."

"I want to state up front, unequivocally and without doubt: I do not believe that any racial, ethnic or gender group has an advantage in sound judging. I do believe that every person has an equal opportunity to be a good and wise judge, regardless of their background or life experiences."

Citation Information

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Sonia Sotomayor Biography.com

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"I am an ordinary person who has been blessed with extraordinary opportunities and experiences. Today is one of those experiences."

Synopsis

Sonia Sotomayor was born on June 25, 1954, in the Bronx borough of New York City. Her desire to be a judge was first inspired by the TV show Perry Mason. She graduated from Yale Law School and passed the bar in 1980. She became a U.S. District Court Judge in 1992 and was elevated to the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals in 1998. In 2009, she became the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history.

Early Life

Federal judge Sonia Sotomayor was born as the elder of two children in the South Bronx area of New York City, on June 25, 1954. Parents Juan and Celina Baez Sotomayor, who were of Puerto Rican descent, moved to New York City to raise their children. Sotomayor's family functioned on a very modest income; her mother was a nurse at a methadone clinic, and her father was a tool-and-die worker.

Sotomayor's first leanings toward the justice system began after watching an episode of the television show Perry Mason. When a prosecutor on the program said he did not mind losing when a defendant turned out to be innocent, Sotomayor later said to The New York Times that she "made the quantum leap: If that was the prosecutor's job, then the guy who made the decision to dismiss the case was the judge. That was what I was going to be."

When her husband died in 1963, Celina worked hard to raise her children as a single parent. She placed what Sotomayor would later call an "almost fanatical emphasis" on a higher education, pushing the children to become fluent in English and making huge sacrifices to purchase a set of encyclopedias that would give them proper research materials for school.

Higher Education

Sotomayor graduated from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx in 1972 and entered the Ivy League, attending Princeton University. The young Latina woman felt overwhelmed by her new school; after she received low marks on first mid-term paper, she sought help, taking more English and writing classes. She also became highly involved with the Puerto Rican groups on campus, including Acción Puertorriqueña and the Third World Center. The groups, she said, provided her "with an anchor I needed to ground myself in that new and different world." She also worked with the university's discipline committee, where she started developing her legal skills.

All of Sotomayor's hard work paid off when she graduated summa cum laude from Princeton in 1976. She was also awarded the Pyne Prize, which is the highest academic award given to Princeton undergraduates. That same year, Sotomayor entered Yale Law School, where she was an editor for the Yale Law Journal. She received her J.D. in 1979, passed the bar in 1980 and immediately began work as an assistant district attorney in Manhattan, serving as a trial lawyer under District Attorney Robert Morgenthau. Sotomayor was responsible for prosecuting robbery, assault, murder, police brutality and child pornography cases.

Legal Practice & Judicial Appointments

In 1984, Sotomayor entered private practice, making partner at the commercial litigation firm Pavia & Harcourt, where she specialized in intellectual property litigation. She moved from associate to partner at the firm in 1988. While she climbed the ladder there, Sotomayor also served on the board of the Puerto Rican Legal Defense and Education Fund, the New York City Campaign Finance Board and the State of New York Mortgage Agency.

Sotomayor's pro bono work at these agencies caught the attention of Senators Ted Kennedy and Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who were partially responsible for her appointment as U.S. District Court Judge for the Southern District of New York City. President George H.W. Bush nominated her for the position in 1992, which was confirmed unanimously by the Senate on August 11, 1992. When she joined the court, she was its youngest judge. On her 43rd birthday, June 25, 1997, she was nominated for the U.S. Second Circuit Court of Appeals by President Bill Clinton. She was confirmed by the Senate that October.

In addition to her work in the Court of Appeals, Sotomayor also began teaching law as an adjunct professor at New York University in 1998 and at Columbia Law School in 1999. She has also received honorary law degrees from Herbert H. Lehman College, Princeton University and Brooklyn Law School. And she served on the Board of Trustees at Princeton.

First Latina Supreme Court Justice

On May 26, 2009, President Barack Obama announced his nomination of Sotomayor for Supreme Court Justice. The nomination was confirmed by the U.S. Senate in August 2009 by a vote of 68 to 31, making Sotomayor the first Latina Supreme Court Justice in U.S. history.

In June 2015, Sotomayor made history again (twice) when she was among the majority in two landmark Supreme Court rulings. On June 25, she was one of the six justices to uphold a critical component of the 2010 Affordable Care Act-often referred to as Obamacare-in King v. Burwell. The decision allows the federal government to continue providing subsidies to Americans who purchase health care through "exchanges," regardless of whether they are state or federally operated. Sotomayor is credited as a key force in the ruling, having presented cautionary arguments against the potential dismantling of the law. The majority ruling, written by Chief Justice John Roberts, thus further cemented the Affordable Care Act. Conservative justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Antonin Scalia were in dissent, with Scalia presenting a scathing dissenting opinion to the Court.

On June 26, the Supreme Court handed down its second historic decision in as many days, with a 5-4 majority ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges that made same sex marriage legal in all 50 states. Sotomayor joined Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer and Elena Kagan in the majority, with Roberts, Alito, Scalia and Thomas dissenting.

Utah v. Edward Joseph Strieff, Jr. Dissent

In June 2016, Sotomayor made headlines when she wrote a scathing dissent in the case of Utah v. Edward Joseph Strieff, Jr., a case involving civil liberties in regards to preventing unlawful search and seizures protected by the U.S. Constitution's Fourth Amendment. The court ruled in its 5-3 decision "that evidence found by police officers after illegal stops may be used in court if the officers conducted their searches after learning that the defendants had outstanding arrest warrants," according to the New York Times. Justice Clarence Thomas wrote the majority opinion, which is considered a major victory for the police.

"We must not pretend that the countless people who are routinely targeted by police are "isolated." - Sonia Sotomayor

In her dissent, Sotomayor stated, "The mere existence of a warrant not only gives an officer legal cause to arrest and search a person, it also forgives an officer who, with no knowledge of the warrant at all, unlawfully stops that person on a whim or hunch." She continued, citing racial unrest and protests that lasted for weeks after a white officer shot and killed Michael Brown, an unarmed black teenager in Ferguson, Missouri.

"The Department of Justice recently reported that in the town of Ferguson, Missouri, with a population of 21,000, 16,000 people had outstanding warrants against them," she continued, "By legitimizing the conduct that produces this double consciousness, this case tells everyone, white and black, guilty and innocent, that an officer can verify your legal status at any time. It says that your body is subject to invasion while courts excuse the violation of your rights. It implies that you are not a citizen of a democracy but the subject of a carceral state, just waiting to be cataloged."

The Court insisted in its opinion that this incident was isolated, but Sotomayor emphatically challenged this assertion and said this decision not only chisels away at protections under the Fourth Amendment, but also will affect minorities and low-income individuals disproportionately.

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Supreme Court Justice, Lawyer(1954-) IN THESE GROUPS "Although I grew up in very modest and challenging circumstances, I consider my life to be immeasurably rich." "Personal experiences affect the facts that judges choose to see."

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3/13 - Ruth Bader Ginsburg Biography

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Who Is Ruth Bader Ginsburg?

Ruth Bader Ginsburg graduated from Columbia Law School, going on to become a staunch courtroom advocate for the fair treatment of women and working with the ACLU's Women's Rights Project. She was appointed by President Carter to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1980 and was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Clinton in 1993.

Early Life and Education

Ruth Joan Bader Ginsburg was born Ruth Joan Bader on March 15, 1933, in Brooklyn, New York. The second daughter of Nathan and Celia Bader, she grew up in a low-income, working-class neighborhood in Brooklyn. Ginsburg's mother, who was a major influence in her life, taught her the value of independence and a good education.

Celia herself did not attend college, but instead worked in a garment factory to help pay for her brother's college education, an act of selflessness that forever impressed Ginsburg. At James Madison High School in Brooklyn, Ginsburg worked diligently and excelled in her studies. Sadly, her mother struggled with cancer throughout Ginsburg's high school years and died the day before Ginsburg's graduation.

Personal Life and Husband

Ginsburg earned her bachelor's degree in government from Cornell University in 1954, finishing first in her class. She married law student Martin D. Ginsburg that same year. The early years of their marriage were challenging, as their first child, Jane, was born shortly after Martin was drafted into the military in 1954. He served for two years and, after his discharge, the couple returned to Harvard, where Ginsburg also enrolled.

At Harvard, Ginsburg learned to balance life as a mother and her new role as a law student. She also encountered a very male-dominated, hostile environment, with only eight other females in her class of more than 500. The women were chided by the law school's dean for taking the places of qualified males. But Ginsburg pressed on and excelled academically, eventually becoming the first female member of the prestigious Harvard Law Review.

Arguing for Gender Equality

Then, another challenge: Martin contracted testicular cancer in 1956, requiring intensive treatment and rehabilitation. Ginsburg attended to her young daughter and convalescing husband, taking notes for him in classes while she continued her own law studies. Martin recovered, graduated from law school, and accepted a position at a New York law firm.

To join her husband in New York City, Ginsburg transferred to Columbia Law School, where she was elected to the school's law review. She graduated first in her class in 1959. Despite her outstanding academic record, however, Ginsburg continued to encounter gender discrimination while seeking employment after graduation.

After clerking for U.S. District Judge Edmund L. Palmieri (1959-61), Ginsburg taught at Rutgers University Law School (1963-72) and at Columbia (1972-80), where she became the school's first female tenured professor. During the 1970s, she also served as the director of the Women's Rights Project of the American Civil Liberties Union, for which she argued six landmark cases on gender equality before the U.S. Supreme Court.

However, Ginsburg also believed that the law was gender-blind and all groups were entitled to equal rights. One of the five cases she won before the Supreme Court involved a portion of the Social Security Act that favored women over men because it granted certain benefits to widows but not widowers.

On the Supreme Court

In 1980 President Jimmy Carter appointed Ginsburg to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. She served there until she was appointed to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1993 by President Bill Clinton, selected to fill the seat vacated by Justice Byron White. President Clinton wanted a replacement with the intellect and political skills to deal with the more conservative members of the Court.

The Senate Judiciary Committee hearings were unusually friendly, despite frustration expressed by some senators over Ginsburg's evasive answers to hypothetical situations. Several expressed concern over how she could transition from social advocate to Supreme Court Justice. In the end, she was easily confirmed by the Senate, 96-3.

As a judge, Ginsburg favors caution, moderation and restraint. She is considered part of the Supreme Court's moderate-liberal bloc presenting a strong voice in favor of gender equality, the rights of workers and the separation of church and state. In 1996 Ginsburg wrote the Supreme Court's landmark decision in United States v. Virginia, which held that the state-supported Virginia Military Institute could not refuse to admit women. In 1999 she won the American Bar Association's Thurgood Marshall Award for her contributions to gender equality and civil rights.

'Bush v. Gore'

Despite her reputation for restrained writing, she gathered considerable attention for her dissenting opinion in the case of Bush v. Gore, which effectively decided the 2000 presidential election between George W. Bush and Al Gore. Objecting to the court's majority opinion favoring Bush, Ginsburg deliberately and subtly concluded her decision with the words, "I dissent" - a significant departure from the tradition of including the adverb "respectfully."

On June 27, 2010, Ginsburg's husband died of cancer. She described Martin as her biggest booster and "the only young man I dated who cared that I had a brain." Married for 56 years, the relationship between Ginsburg and Martin was said to differ from the norm: Martin was gregarious, loved to entertain and tell jokes while Ginsburg was serious, soft-spoken and shy.

Martin provided a reason for their successful union: "My wife doesn't give me any advice about cooking and I don't give her any advice about the law." A day after her husband's death, she was at work on the Court for the last day of the 2010 term.

Historic Rulings

In 2015, Ginsburg sided with the majority in two landmark Supreme Court rulings. On June 25th she was one of the six justices to uphold a critical component of the 2010 Affordable Care Act - often referred to as Obamacare - in King v. Burwell. The decision allows the federal government to continue providing subsidies to Americans who purchase health care through "exchanges," regardless of whether they are state or federally operated. The majority ruling, read by Chief Justice John Roberts, was a massive victory for President Barack Obama and made the Affordable Care Act difficult to undo. Conservative justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito and Antonin Scalia were in dissent, with Scalia presenting a scathing dissenting opinion to the Court.

On June 26, the Supreme Court handed down its second historic decision in as many days, with a 5-4 majority ruling in Obergefell v. Hodges that made same-sex marriage legal in all 50 states. Ginsburg is considered to have been instrumental in the decision, having shown public support for the idea in past years by officiating same-sex marriages and by challenging arguments against it during the early proceedings of the case. She was joined in the majority by Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, with Roberts reading the dissenting opinion this time.

Recent Years

Ginsburg notably opposed the potential of a Donald Trump presidency in 2016, at one point calling him a "faker," before apologizing for publicly commenting on the campaign. In January 2018, after the president released a list of Supreme Court candidates in preparation for the looming retirement of elderly justices, the 84-year-old Ginsburg signaled she wasn't going anywhere by hiring a full slate of clerks through 2020.

The issue of her staying power loomed large later in the year when Justice Kennedy, who often sided with the court's liberal bloc, announced he was stepping down at the end of July, though Ginsburg at that time revealed that she hoped to stick around for at least five more years.

Book and 'RBG' Movie

In 2016 Ginsburg released My Own Words, a memoir filled with her writings that date as far back as her junior high school years. The book became a New York Times Best Seller.

In January 2018 Ginsburg appeared at the Sundance Film Festival to accompany the premiere of the documentary RBG. Touching on the #MeToo movement, she recalled an earlier time when she had to put up with the advances of a Cornell University professor. She also gave her seal of approval for Kate McKinnon's sassy portrayal of her on Saturday Night Live, noting, "I would like to say 'Ginsburned' sometimes to my colleagues."

In an interview with Poppy Harlow at Columbia University in February, Ginsburg expanded on her thoughts regarding the #MeToo movement, saying its "staying power" would enable it to survive a backlash. She also defended the importance of a free press and an independent judiciary, both of which had been challenged during the Trump administration.

In April 2018, Ginsburg notched another career milestone by assigning a majority opinion for the first time in her 25 years with the court. The ruling for Sessions v. Dimaya, which drew attention for conservative Neil Gorsuch's decision to vote with his liberal colleagues, struck down a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act that allowed the deportation of any foreign national convicted of a "crime of violence." Holding seniority among the majority, Ginsburg ultimately assigned the task of penning the opinion to Elena Kagan.

Health

Ginsburg has endured several health scares since being appointed to the bench, undergoing surgery for colon cancer, pancreatic cancer and lung cancer. She was hospitalized in November 2018 after falling in her office and fracturing three ribs.

In May 2020, one day after the Court heard arguments via teleconference for the first time due to the coronavirus pandemic, it was announced that the senior justice had again been hospitalized, to undergo a nonsurgical treatment for a gallbladder infection.

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg graduated from Columbia Law School, going on to become a staunch courtroom advocate for the fair treatment of women and working with the ACLU's Women's Rights Project. She was appointed by President Carter to the U.S. Court of Appeals in 1980 and was appointed to the Supreme Court by President Clinton in 1993.

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3/12 - Oprah Winfrey's Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Oprah Winfrey including her childhood, early career as a news anchor, becoming famous as a talk show host, and her work as an actress.

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3/11 - Malala Yousafzai Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Nobel Peace Prize winner Malala Yousafzai including her early life in Pakistan, work as an activist for the education of women, being shot by the Taliban, and interesting facts.

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3/5 - Amelia Earhart Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Amelia Earhart, aviator and first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.

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3/4 - Susan B. Anthony Biography

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Kids learn about Susan B. Anthony's biography. Woman's rights activist for suffrage.

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Do Now #92 - WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH! 
Option #1

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Do Now #92 - WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH! 
Option #1

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3/1 - Mary Jackson's Biography

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Mary Jackson - NASA, Hidden Figures & Facts

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Mathematician Mary Jackson was one of a small group of African American women who worked as aeronautical engineers, called “human computers,” at NASA during the Space Age.

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Do Now #92 - WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH! 
Option #2

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Do Now #92 - WOMEN'S HISTORY MONTH! 
Option #2

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3/1 - Dorothy Vaughan

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Dorothy Johnson Vaughan - Education, Early Life & Family

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Dorothy Johnson Vaughan worked as a mathematician on the SCOUT Launch Vehicle Program that sent America’s first satellites into space.

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2/28 - Count Basie Biography

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Count Basie: Count Basie, American jazz musician noted for his spare, economical piano style and for his leadership of influential and widely heralded big bands. Basie studied music with his mother and was later influenced by the Harlem pianists James P. Johnson and Fats Waller, receiving informal tutelage on

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2/27 - Marian's Revolution

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2/26 - The Tuskegee Airmen

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The Tuskegee Airmen were a group of African-American fighter pilots and bomber pilots, including their support crew, who flew for the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II. Despite facing racial discrimination, their missions were some of the most successful in the American military.

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2/25 - Katherine Johnson Biography

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2/21 - Nelson Mandela Biography

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Kids learn about Nelson Mandela's biography. A great civil rights leader from South Africa.

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Use the rhyming dictionary if you need assistance with finding words to rhyme in your poetry.

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Rhyming Dictionary - Kenn Nesbitt's Poetry4kids.com

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2/20 - Thurgood Marshall

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Kids learn about the biography of Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American Supreme Court Justice who argued the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education for the NAACP.

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2/19/19 - Ida B. Wells Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Ida B. Wells, a former enslaved person who became a journalist and wrote about racial discrimination in the South. She ran a major campaign against lynching.

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Jackie Robinson Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Jackie Robinson, the first African-American to play Major League Baseball. He was a Hall of Fame player for the Brooklyn Dodgers who wore number 42.

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Complete #3-4 in your composition book; also do #1-2 if you didn't finish it on Monday.
Each answer should have two parts. Please write the following starter sentence for EACH question:
-The narrator's point of view is...
-I know this because...

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Little Rock Nine Biography

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Kids learn about the history of the Little Rock Nine, African-American students who fought to end segregation by attending an all-white high school.

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1. Click on "File".
2. Click on "Make a Copy".
3. Name your file your First Last Names.

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Use this Google doc to type your paper in MLA format.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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PIN: 0496274
Study for Vocabulary Quiz #3

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PIN: 0227954
Study for Vocabulary Quiz #2

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5/8-5/10 - Author's Point of View Practice: USE YOUR NOTES!

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5/8-5/10 - Author's Point of View Practice: USE YOUR NOTES!

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Wed., 5/8 - Complete #1-4
Thurs., 5/9 - Complete #5-9
Fri., 5/10 - Complete #10-15

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PIN: 0384113
Study for Vocabulary Quiz #1 (Thursday, 8/23)

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Get access to files anywhere through secure cloud storage and file backup for your photos, videos, files and more with Google Drive.

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PIN: 0590674
Study for Vocabulary Quiz #4
(Quiz: Friday, 11/2)

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A storm is brewing. Help keep it under control by reading each passage and selecting the correct main idea. This game is designed to build reading comprehension skills.

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Read the passage and select the main idea. Can you answer enough questions correctly to earn $1,000,000? This game helps improve reading comprehension skills.

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Review

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This site has been updated and relocated under a new name to International School Tutors.

If you are unable to find what you are looking for on the new site, send an email to the webmaster via the Contact page.

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This site has been updated and relocated under a new name to International School Tutors. If you are unable to find what you are looking for on the new site, send an email to the webmaster via the Contact page.

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2/11 - Ruby Bridges Biography

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Kids learn about the biography of Ruby Bridges, the first African-American child to attend an all white elementary school in the South.

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1. Click on the link below.
2. Complete the research worksheet.
3. When you are finished, SHARE it with Miss Correa by sending it to correae@lifesourcecharterschool.org.

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.