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1. B.F. Skinner's theory examined behaviorism by focusing on the process of operant conditioning. Skinner believed that if a behavior is then rewarded with a positive reinforcement, the chances of the behavior being repeated would increase. However, if the reinforcing stimulus is then denied to the behavior, that action will decrease in probability of it reoccuring.
Operant Conditioning: An organism is naturally "operating" in the environment, and then is taught to do tricks and actions not naturally occuring, based on a reinforcement schedule.
2. Define the following:
-Continuous Reinforcement: the basic scenario, the organism behaves appropriately and recieves reinforcement.
-Fixed Ratio Schedule: (the first of discovery by Skinner), there is a fixed ratio, "x" between behaviors and reinforcers.
-Fixed Interval Schedule: factor of time is introduced, for "x" amount of seconds. If the action is performed within this time frame, a positive reinforcement is given.
-Variable Schedules: the "x" value is changed after each reinforcer is given, being either time or number of actions necessary.
3. Define the following:
-Shaping and Behavior Modification: shaping is "the method of successive approximations", meaning that a behavior vaguely resembling that of the desired action is rewarded. Then you continue rewarding actions that begin to closer resemble the wanted behavior until the desired behavior is achieved. Behavior modification, "b-mod", is a therapy technique developed from Skinner's principles. It is a simple concept of eliminating an unwanted behavior and replacing that said behavior with a more desirable action by positively reinforcing it.
-Token Economy- similar to behavior modification, used mainly in psychiatric institutions, juvenile disciplinary facilities, and prisons. Specific rules are set in place at these types of buildings, and if the behaviors are respected, tokens are recieved, which can be exchanged for other items not regularly recieved in these facilities. However, tokens may be lost if the expectations are not met. This type of system is good for achieving desired behaviors, and rewarding them, however it may be easily taken advantage of or ignored.

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1- B. F. Skinner's theory was based on operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is an organism "operating" on the environment.
2- Continuous Reinforcement: Every time that the rat does the behavior, he gets a rat goodie.
Fixed ratio schedule: Its the ratio between how many times the rat presses the bar to get the reward.
Fixed Interval: Uses a timing device of some sort. If the rat presses the bar within a certain amount of time he gets a goodie.
Variable Schedules: You change the "X" each time. You keep changing the variables.
3- Shaping: Reinforcing a behavior only vaguely similar to the one desired.
Behavior Mod: is the therapy technique based on Skinner's work.Extinguish an undesirable behavior by removing the reinforcer.
Token Economy: Used mainly in institutions such as psychiatric hospitals, juvenile halls, and prisons. Behaviors are rewarded with poker chips, tickets, funny money, recorded notes, etc.
Advantages: Promotes good behavior and is very effective at maintaining order.
Disadvantage: The environment that reinforces the kinds of behavior is one the environment they get released back into.

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1) B.F. Skinner's theory was that if an organism is left to do what it does in its environment when they preform a specific task are offered a reinforcer with it increases the probability of it happening again.
2)Continuous reinforcement- every time the organism does the behavior it gets a reward. Fixed ratio schedule-depending on how many times the organism does the behavior is how much the organism is rewarded in the ratio of rewards. Fixed interval schedule-if the organism does the behavior in a certain time frame they get a reward if not they don't. Variable schedule-you change the time period of which the behavior has to be completed for the organism to get a reward.
3)Shaping-reinforcing to get the behaviors that are desired that do not occur in regular life. Behavior modification-extinguishing an undesirable behavior and replacing it with one that is desirable with reinforcement. Token economy- you are given tokens or something like tokens when you show desirable behavior and when you show undesirable behaviors these tokens are taken away. Advantages are that they are effective in maintaining order in difficult institutions. Disadvantages include that the environment that they are in might be the one that they were sent to that institution in the first place, and it might not just work the same as it did in different places.

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1. B.F. Skinner's theory was that if an organism is allowed to be left to its own devices to do what it does in its environment and when they perform a specific task are offered a reinforcer along with that task he believed they will be more likely to repeat that task.
2. Continuous reinforcement- Every time the task is performed the reward is also given. Fixed ratio schedule- Every time the task is performed a certain set number of times the reward is given. Fixed interval schedule- A certain time frame is given to complete the task and if it is completed during that time frame the reward is given. Variable schedule- Each time the task is performed a certain number of times the required number of times changes in order to get the reward.
3. Shaping is when first a behavior that is vaguely similar to the desired one is performed the organism is rewarded and thereafter every time they come closer to the desired behavior they are reinforced until they are performing the desired task. Behavior modification is when you extinguish an undesired behavior by replacing it with a desired behavior by reinforcement. Token economy is when a certain set of acceptable behaviors result in the receiving of token and a certain set of undesirable behaviors result in the taking away of tokens and they can be sued to trade in for desirable things. the draw back is that when you go back into the real world you often return back to your old ways because you are not receiving the reinforcement you were when you behaved appropriately. The advantage is it reinforces good behavior and often keeps order.

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1.) B.F Skinner's entire system or theory is based on operant conditioning. He had believed that a behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future. Operant conditioning is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments.
2.) Continuous reinforcement is the original scenario: every time that rat does the behavior, he gets a rat goodie
Fixed ratio schedule was the first one that Skinner had discovered: if the rat presses the pedal three times, say, he gets a goodie, or as many times as the rat chooses to press the pedal.
Fixed interval schedule uses a timing device of some sort.
Variable schedules is where the variable changes like how many times the rat would have to press the pedal in order to get the goodie.
3.) Skinner had tried to get different types of behaviors and decided to shape them. Shaping involves first reinforcing a behavior only vaguely similar to the ones desired and once that is established, you look out for variations that come a little closer to what you want.
The token economy is used primarily in institutions such as psychiatric hospitals, juvenile halls, and prisons. Certain rules are made explicit in the institution, and behaving yourself appropriately is rewarded with a token.The draw back would be when they leave the hospital area or prison or juvenile hall, they return to the real world that ends up reinforcing the kinds of behaviors that got them into the institution in the first place.

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1-An organism is influenced by the consequences that are produced by its own actions/behavior.
-A behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in a increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
-The organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does.
2-
Continuous Reinforcement-every time the rat does the behavior(such as pedal-pushing), he gets a rat goodie
Fixed Ratio Schedule- If the rat pushes the pedal three times, say, he gets a goodie. Or five times. Or twenty times. Or "X" times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers: 3 to 1, 5 to 1, 20 to 1, etc. This is  a little like "piece rate" in the clothing manufacturing industry: You get paid so much for so many shirts.
Fixed Interval Schedule-If the rat presses the bar at least once during a particular stretch of time (say twenty seconds), then he gets a goodie. If he fails to do so, he doesn't get a goodie. But even if he hits the bar a hundred times during that twenty seconds, he still only gets one goodie. One strange thing that happens is that the rats tend to "pace" themselves: They slow down the rate of their behavior right after the reinforcer, and speed up when the time for it gets close.
Variable Schedules-Variable ratio means you change the "X" each time -- first it takes three presses to get a goodie, then ten, then 1, then seven and so on. Variable interval means you keep changing the time period -- first twenty seconds, then five, then thirty five, then ten and so on.
3-
Shaping- "The method of successive approximations." Basically, it involves first reinforcing a behavior only vaguely similar to the one desired. Once that is established, you look out for variations that come a little closer to what you want, and so on, until you have the animal performing a behavior that would never show up in ordinary life.
Behavior Modification- often referred to as b-mod -- is the therapy based on Skinner's work. It is very straight forward: Extinguish an undesirable behavior (by removing the reinforcer) and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement. It has been used on all sorts of psychological problems -- addictions, neuroses, shyness, autism, even schizophrenia -- and works  particularly well with children.
Token Economy- Used primarily in institutions such as psychiatric hospitals, juvenile halls, and prisons. Certain rules are made explicit in the institution, and behaving yourself appropriately is rewarded with tokens -- poker chips, tickets, funny money, recorded notes, etc. Certain poor behavior is also often followed by a withdrawal of these tokens. The tokens can be traded in for desirable things such as candy, cigarettes, games, movies, time out of the institution, and so on.
Advantages- Will work to get the "psychotics" to be polite and behave correctly
Disadvantage- When released the "psychotic" is going back into a world that doesn't reward them for being polite or acting correctly so they often return to the behaviors that got them into the institution in the first place.

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1) Skinner"s theory is that if a behavior is followed by a reinforcing stimulus it results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future, called operant conditioning. He believed that if a rat stepped on a lever and was rewarded with food right away that the rat would do it again and again.

2) Continuous reinforcement-Every time an organism does the desired behavior it gets rewarded.
Fixed ratio schedule-Similar to the first thing, but instead of every time its every other time or every 5 times the organism does what its suppose to.
Fixed interval schedule-This makes it so that the organism can only receive a reward a select number of times in a certain time frame and then when that time frame is up it resets.
Variable schedule-This makes it so that it takes a random different number of times that the organism must do the desire behavior before getting a reward.

3)Shaping-This is giving a reward to an organism if it does something relatively similar to the desired behavior and then slowly increasing the tolerances and being more and more specific till you reward the organism till its doing the desired behavior.
Behavior modification-This removes an undesired behavior by taking away the reward for that behavior and then replacing that bad behavior with a good one.
Token economy-You get rewarded with tokens or something for good behavior and bad behavior removes these tokens or currency. the currency can then be traded for desirable things like candy games movies free-time and cigarettes.
this is then very effective and when you punish them your effectively taking nothing away because its a currency but it still has the effect on the mind that they are loosing and then they want to stop that loss.

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1)  Operant conditioning is when an organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, like bouncing around in its environment. B.F Skinner believed increased probability of a behavior came from the behavior occuring then receiving a reinforcing stimulus. Also that when the behavior isn't followed by a reinforcing stimulus it will result in a decrease in the behavior. His theory was that if an organism like a rat was held in a cage or a "Skinner box" while moving around when it were to hit a bar and a pellet of food were produced it would learn to repeat the behavior to keep getting the food.
2) Continuous reinforcement is that every time the rat presses the bar he'd receive a treat. A fixed ratio schedule is when there's a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers like every 3 presses of the bar he'd get one treat. Fixed interval schedule is if the rat presses the bar within a certain amount of time he'd get a treat. Variable schedules is when you keep changing the time period the rat must press the bar in to get a treat.
3) Shaping is when you first reinforce the behavior only vaguely similar to the desired behavior, then you look for behaviors more similar to what you want and reward them when they get closer and closer to that desired behavior. Behavior modification is when you get rid of the undesired behavior and replace it with a desired behavior by reinforcement. Token economy is when certain rules are made explicit in an institution and behaving well gets you a token and poor behavior gets them taken away. The tokens can be traded in for desirable things. It's been found to be very helpful in the institutions. When an inmate leaves the institution they are back to an environment that reinforces the behavior that got them in there in the first place. No one will be rewarding them with anything to make them behave properly.

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1. BF Skinner's study was based on operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is when an organism is "operating on the environment, like bouncing around in its environment." Skinner put a rat in the "Skinner Box", which included a bar which let food dispense. The rat was conditioned to the idea that when he presses the bar he will receive food. Due to this reinforcer the rat becomes conditioned. Skinner believed that a behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of the behavior recurring.
2. Continuous Reinforcement includes a obtaining a reward or a "goodie" for a certain behavior.
Fixed ratio schedule was described as if the rat presses the button he gets a treat. or if he presses it 3 times he gets a treat. or "x" amount of times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers.
Fixed Interval schedule includes something like a time limit. If the rat presses for a goodie 100 times in the 20 seconds he only receives one and if the rat doesn't press it within the 20 seconds it will not get anything.
Variable schedules means you are changing the "x" each time. For example, this means you continuously change the time period that the rat can obtain a goodie.
3. Shaping includes beginning by reinforcing a desired behavior and then continuously, but slowly changing the behavior to get a different and unique behavior.
Behavior modification is a therapy technique. This includes taking the undesired behavior and changing it with a desired behavior.
Token Economy is used hospitals and prisons. This may include giving rewards, such as tickets, to enhance positive behavior and take away rewards to stop bad behavior. This is shown to be good do to its effectiveness, but the drawback includes when the person goes into a real life situation they don't receive the reward. This may bring back the negative behavior.

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1. B.F Skinner's theory was based on operant conditioning. He believed that an organism operates on the environment. For example if a rat in a cage presses a lever that gives him food pellets this will reinforce the rat to keep pressing the lever to get the food. Operant conditioning is a behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus that results in an increased chance of the behavior reoccuring.
2. Continuous reinforcement- original scenario: Every time that the rat does the behavior he gets a rat goodie. Fixed ratio schedule- If the rat presses it 3 times then gets a goodie. Or 5 times. Or 20 times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers: 3 to 1, 5 to 1, 20 to 1, etc. Fixed interval schedule- uses a timing device of some sort. If the rat hols the bar for a particular time then gets a treat then if he fails to do it he gets no treat. Even if he presses the bar 20 times he will only get one goodie. They slow down the rate of their behavior right after the reinforcer, and speed up when the time for it gets close. Variable structures- you change the number of times they have to hit the bar each time--first it takes 3 presses to get the treat, then 10, then 1, then 7 and so on. Basically you change the time period each time.
3. Shaping- method of successive approximations. Basically you try to reinforce a behavior close t the desired one. Once as you do this you look for little variations that come close to what you want until it eventually performs a behavior you never thought would happen. Behavior modification- therapy technique based on Skinners work. Extinguish an undesirable behavior and replace it with a desirable behavior by reinforcement. Token economy- Certain rules are made explicit in the institution and behaving yourself approximately is rewarded with tokens, poker chips tickets, funny money,etc. This has been found effective in maintaining order in these difficult institutions. The drawback is once they get out of the environment of the institution which reinforces the behavior that go them to the institution in the first place.

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1) B.F Skinner's system is based on the operant conditioning. Skinner put a rat in a box with a bar that every time the rat pushed on it then some food would fall out in. After that the rat found that the bar released food then it kept pushing it.
2) Operant conditioning is conditioning in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus.
3) Shaping and behavior modifications is watching the normal behavior then slowly changing the behavior to the desired behavior. Token Economy is when you give people a reward when they are doing something right like a ticket. They use it in hospitals and prisons. Bad behavior is normally  followed by the tokens getting taken away. The tokens can be traded for things they want like candy, games, movies and cigarettes.

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Operant Conditioning; Organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, meaning it's doing what it wants.
B. F Skinner's theory is based on operant conditioning.  He conducted an experiment with rats. Skinner put them in his box ( Skinner's Box), and the rats realized that if they pressed a pedal, food would disperse. He concluded that the behavior followed by reinforcing stimulus result in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future. Also, concluded that a behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a decreased probability of behavior that occurs in the future.
Continuous Reinforcement; is an original scenario, such as every time the rat presses the pedal, he gets a reward
Fixed- Ratio Schedule;  This is based on luck, and every 1 out of 10, or 1 out of 20, you receive a reward. Meaning that there is a fixed ratio between a variables behaviors and reinforcers.
Fixed interval schedule; This uses a timing device during a stretch of time to get a reward. Ex, the rat will pace itself and slow down the rat of their behavior right after the reinforcer.
Variable Schedules; This means you change the " x" each time. You could get a reward every 4 pushes of the pedal, to every 7 pushes of the pedal. This keeps the rat aware because they can't detect a pattern.
Shaping; the method of successive approximations. It means that it involves the first reinforcing behavior to one that is similar to the one wanted.
Behavior Modification: the therapy technique based on Skinner's work. You need to find the undesired behavior, and replace it by a desired one by reinforcement.
Token Economy; is used hospitals and prisons. This is used but not limited to by giving rewards, such as tickets to reinforce the positive behavior and take away rewards to stop bad behavior. This is shown to be a good technique due to the repeat in behavior, but the consequences that may happen is when the person goes into a real life situation they don't receive the reward. This could bring about the negative behavior that they first had.

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1) A behavior followed by a reinforced stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future.
2)
Continuous reinforcement: original part of study, every time they do a behavoir they get rewarded.
Fixed ratio schedule: you can reinforces the amount of time they do this behavior before they get a reward.
Fixed interval Schedule: this is timing say you have 20 seconds to present this behavior if you succeed yo get a reward if you don't succeed you don't get a reward.
Variable schedules: this means you change they amount of times they have to do something before you can receive the reward.
3)Shaping: this is where you reward an animal for going something similar to the intended outcome then you slowly move closer to the intended outcome.
Token economy: this is mostly used in psychiatric hospitals, juvenile halls, and prisons. basically if you follow the rules you can get a token but if you break the rules you have to give up a token. using the tokens you can get things that you want such as candy, cigarettes,games,movies,time out of the institution, and so on.

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1) B. F Skinner's theory essentially focuses on operant conditioning. Skinner believes that, 'a behavior followed by a reinforcing stimulus results in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future."  Operant conditioning is when a type of behavior is controlled by certain consequences or rewards.
2) Continuous Reinforcement- the original scenario, every time said individual does the behavior they are rewarded.
Fixed-ratio schedule- The fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers: 3 to 1, 5 to 1, 20 to 1, etc.
Fixed Interval Schedule- This uses a timing device, while the individual is timed doing a task. If the individual succeeds they will be rewarded, if failed to do so they will not obtain the reward. Often times during this schedule said individuals will often pace themselves.
Variable Schedules- This schedule means you change the "x" each time, say it takes 3 tasks to be rewarded, then another "x" and so on. You essentially keep changing the time period.
3) Shaping and Behavior modification-  Shaping is the "the method of successive approximations." It involves Skinner teaches animals to do out of the ordinary things. For example he and his students taught pigeons how to bowl.
Token Economy- Token economy is primarily used in mental hospitals, juvenile halls, and prisons. Certain rules are applied and if you behave appropriately a rewarded is given to the individual, often referred to as a "token." Bad behavior gets these tokens taken away, this if often effective in maintaining individuals in places such as difficult institutions.Though its effective it also has the drawback in which it reinforces the behavior that got them into said place in the beginning.

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1.)B. F Skinner's theory is based on operant conditioning. He conducted an experiment that included the use of rats and a box, also known as skinners box. Skinner put these rats in the box and they soon realized that if they pressed a pedal, food would disperse. He concluded that the behavior followed by reinforcing stimulus result in an increased probability of that behavior occurring in the future. Also, concluded that a behavior no longer followed by the reinforcing stimulus results in a decreased probability of behavior that occurs in the future.
Operant Conditioning:
2.)Continuous Reinforcement:is the original scenario: Every time that the rat does the behavior it gets the treat.
Fixed Ratio Schedule:if the rat presses the button hes gets a treat. or if he presses it 3 times he gets a treat. or "x" amount of times. There is a fixed ratio between behaviors and reinforcers.
Fixed Interval Schedule: uses a timing device of some sort, he has to weight for that specific time even if he presses the button it before he wont get a treat.
Variable Schedule: variable rate means you change the "x" each time--the first time the rat hits the button it gets a treat the second time it takes a different amount of times hitting the button to get a treat.
3.)Shaping: also known as "the method of successive approximations". It basically includes beginning by reinforcing a desired behavior and then keep doing that, but slowly changing the behavior to get a different behavior.
Behavior modification: is a therapy technique. This includes taking the undesired behavior and changing it with a desired behavior.
Token Economy can be used at hospitals and prisons. This includes giving out rewards, such as tickets, to enhance positive behavior and take away rewards to stop bad/unwanted behavior. This is shown to be a good and effective, but the negative side is when the person goes into a real life situation they don't receive the reward. This may bring back the negative behavior.

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Answer the three (3) questions based on your packet on B.F. Skinner, Operant Conditioning, and ratios in a Padlet. Create a Padlet and post your responses.