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There are alot constellations, aka groups of stars, that you can see only in the Southern Hemisphere. One of them is Crux. Its bright stars are important to sailors. Since ancient times, they have used the Crux to find their way in the South Pacific.

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Scientists divide Earth's atmosphere into layers. The lowest layer has the air we breathe. The next layer contains a gas called ozone. You cannot see ozone. But without it, there would be no life on Earth.Ozone keeps ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun from reaching Earth.

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Australia was separated from the rest of the continents a long time ago. Its plants and animals were left alone.And They developed without contact with others. This is a perfect place for red kangaroos. Kangaroos are marsupials.

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Australia is in the Southern Hemisphere. Its seasons are the opposite of the northern half of the world. Summer there starts in December and runs through March.

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33.4 New Relationships with Near Neighbors

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33.4 New Relationships with Near Neighbors

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After independence, Australians adopted a “white Australia” immigration policy. The effect of that policy was to keep people of color from entering the country. An official read aloud a 50-word statement in a European language. The newcomer had to write it down word for word. Those who could not were turned away.

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In 1770, a British captain  James Cook found Australia while going through the South Pacific. He got  the land for Britain. At that time, Britain was having trouble with its American people . Nothing was done with Australia until after the Americans won their freedom in 1783.

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million years ago, all the land was joined into one supercontinent. Over time, this huge pice of land broke apart into a number of tectonic plates. Then they formed the continents we know today.

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Its latitude tells us that Canberra is in the Southern Hemisphere. This location explains why its seasons are the opposite of  the United States. Its longitude tells us that Canberra is in the Eastern Hemisphere.