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a United States Supreme Court case dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly

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a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant

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All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

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In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law

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Speech directed at the overthrow of a government

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People have the right to a speedy and public trial

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Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of citizenship

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No person shall be forced to go to war for our country; No quartering troops

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Racial segregation that happens "by fact" rather than by legal requirement

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized

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People have the right to bear arms

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Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances

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the Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion

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judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this

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people have the right to represent a religion as individuals

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default standard of review that courts apply when considering constitutional questions, including due process or equal protection questions under the Fifth Amendment or Fourteenth Amendment

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Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution requires the states to provide defense attorneys to criminal defendants charged with serious offenses who cannot afford lawyers themselves

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U.S. Supreme Court case from 1896 that upheld the rights of states to pass laws allowing or even requiring racial segregation in public and private institutions such as schools, public transportation, restrooms, and restaurants

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A controversial ruling made by the Supreme Court in 1857, shortly before the outbreak of the Civil War. Dred Scott, a slave, sought to be declared a free man on the basis that he had lived for a time in a “free” territory with his master

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a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion, the Court resolved this balancing test by tying state regulation of abortion to the third trimester of pregnancy

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US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

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laws that enforced segregation against African Americans

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admission policies that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities

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Southern state legislatures employed literacy tests as part of the voter registration process starting in the late 19th century. Literacy tests, along with poll taxes and extra-legal intimidation, were used to deny suffrage to African Americans

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Supreme Court case that decided that any illegal evidence obtained may not be used in court

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part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws"

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the Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination

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a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional

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1962 court case: no state-sponsored, recited prayer in public schools

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a constitutional doctrine through which selected provisions of the Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

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Symbolic speech is a legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it

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Allan Bakke, a white man, was denied admission to a medical school that had admitted black candidates with weaker academic credentials. Bakke contended that he was a victim of racial discrimination

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Authorities may not search an individual or individuals without reasonable evidence that the person is committing a crime.

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Laws that enforce segregation

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Any group of individuals that have been historically subject to discrimination

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Using pictures, objects, and actions to express an idea or belief (no words are actually said)

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A person that goes on trial twice for committing the same crime

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Congress must follow constitutional procedures when dealing with trials and cases

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Congress can not establish a religion for the United States

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A law stating that illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in federal court