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the middle class, typically with reference to its perceived materialistic values or conventional attitudes.

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French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of the French Romantic school.

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a meeting of intellectuals or other eminent people at the invitation of a celebrity or socialite.

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the government of France from the fall of the Directory in the coup of Brumaire in 1799 until the start of the Napoleonic Empire in 1804.

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1. any of the popular French intellectuals or social philosophers of the 18th century, as Diderot, Rousseau, or Voltaire.

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How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

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How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin American independence movements?

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• Slaves in Haiti rebelled, abolished slavery, and won independence.

• Father Miguel Hidalgo started the Mexican independence movement.

• French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies gained independence.

Selected countries that gained independence during the 1800s

• Mexico

• Haiti

• Colombia

• Venezuela

• Brazil

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What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?

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What improved technologies and institutions were important to European economies?

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All-weather roads improved year- round transport and trade.

• New designs in farm tools increased productivity (agricultural revolution).

• Improvements in ship design lowered the cost of transport.

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Who were some composers, artists, philosophers, and writers of the period?

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Who were some composers, artists, philosophers, and writers of the period?

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Johann Sebastian Bach: Baroque composer

• Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart:Classical composer

• Voltaire: Philosopher

• Miguel de Cervantes: Novelist

• Eugène Delacroix: Painter (transition to the Romantic School of the nineteenth century)

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How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies?

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How did the Enlightenment promote revolution in the American colonies?

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Political philosophies of the Enlightenment fueled revolution in the Americas and France.

• Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

• The Constitution of the United States of America and Bill of Rights incorporated Enlightenment ideas.

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How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution? 

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How did the ideas of the Enlightenment contribute to causing the French Revolution? 

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Causes of the French Revolution

• Influence of Enlightenment ideas

• Influence of the American Revolution

Events of the French Revolution

• Storming of the Bastille

• Reign of Terror

Outcomes of the French Revolution

• End of the absolute monarchy of Louis XVI

• Rise of Napoleon

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How did the philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues?

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How did the philosophers of the Enlightenment influence thinking on political issues?

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Thomas Hobbes’ Leviathan: Humans exist in a primitive “state of nature” and consent to government for self-protection.

• John Locke’s Two Treatises on Government: People are sovereign and consent to government for protection of natural rights to life, liberty, and property.

• Montesquieu’s The Spirit of Laws: The best form of government includes a separation of powers.

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s The Social Contract: Government is a contract between rulers and the people.

• Voltaire: Religious toleration should triumph over religious fanaticism; separation of church and state.