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Berklee Jimenez
Anwar Garcia
Branden Applewhite
Quenton Stokes

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The Council of Chalcedon
Second Vatican Council
The Reformation
The Crusades
The Great Schism

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1. How much information is there on the 'historical' Jesus?

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1. How much information is there on the 'historical' Jesus?

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There is a lot of information about Jesus from non-Christian sources. He is mentioned in an abundant amount of writings from the Romans and other scholars from that time. One example is how Josephus, a Roman scholar, noted that many Jews and Gentiles followed a man named Jesus. Another example is that Cornelius Tacitus, a Roman Senator, wrote about how Jesus was crucified under Pontius Pilate.

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Christians have been persecuted since the religion was founded. The Emperor Nero in the years 58-64, when he ruled the Roman Empire, started a fire which burned the city and blamed it on the Christians. Christians were also killed for their beliefs in the Roman Empire since they didn't believe in the many pagan gods that the Romans do, these people were called martyrs. In the year 250 Emperor Decius ordered the execution of Christians everywhere, Pope Fabian and the bishops of Antioch and were among the martyrs. Those are just a couple of examples of the persecutions that early Christians had to face since they went against the common beliefs of their empire.

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Scholars argue whether if the Council of Jerusalem or if the Council of Nicea was the first Christian council. The Council of Jerusalem was in 51 AD and it dealt with the fact that Christians now didn't have to follow the Mosaic Law of the Jews. The Council of Nicea, the one which is usually counted as the first council, was in the year 325 and it dealt with trying to solve the problems of early heresy in the Church.

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4. What do you think was the most important Church council and why?

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4. What do you think was the most important Church council and why?

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7. What was the intention of the Protestant Reformation?

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7. What was the intention of the Protestant Reformation?

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According to the catholic church the Protestant Reformation was a combination of newly formed nation states, such as France, trying to take power away from the church, and pockets of the Catholic Church who felt that the was too powerful and too involved in political nonsense. Although the parts of the Church split away to form their own form of Christianity (such as Calvinism), the Protestant Reformation was successful in a sense that through the Council of Trent the church was able to unify itself, and fix and banish all corruptions from within the church. The Council of Trent also defined critical church doctrine such as, indulgences, and set rules that would stand the test of time.

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Schism is the rupture of ecclesiastical union and unity. Several major schisms have occurred throughout the history of the catholic church, most notably the “Great Schism”. The Great Schism divided the church into the eastern and western church in 1054. The main cause of the Great Schism was a power struggle between the western churches Pope and the Eastern churches four patriarchs. Today the Catholic preaches against schism, and stresses unity among the church in order to prevent another Great schism from ever happening again.

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8. What was the purpose of the Crusades? Were they successful? 

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8. What was the purpose of the Crusades? Were they successful? 

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The Crusades were religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in medieval times. The goal of these wars was to overthrow the muslims ruling Syria and take back the Holy Land of Jerusalem. The First Crusade was considered successful because it was organized and many Muslims and Jews were killed, which was justified as not sinful due to those people not being Christian. The Second Crusade didn’t go well at all because the enemies were prepared, and the Third Crusade ended in a compromise between the Christians and Muslims.

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Constantine was a ruler in the Roman Empire who deiced to stop the persecution of Christians. This became the turning point of early Christianity. He is known as "The First Christian Emperor."

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The mendicants, or mendicant orders, were specific Christian orders that adopted a life of poverty and living in urban areas to preach to the poor. The “Mendicant Movement” was a movement which came about in the 13th century in Europe. Before this time monasteries brought not only monks and nuns, but many riches and buildings which contradicted the view of the Church as the church of the poor.

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Views on Homosexuality

Lev 18:22 You must not have sexual intercourse with a male as one has sexual intercourse with a woman; it is a detestable act.

According to the Catholic Church, we must reject sin to become a child of God, which includes homosexual behavior. Popes in the past years have had very widespread views, like Pope Francis calling all Catholics to be more accepting of gays and Pope Benedict’s view of homosexuality as a moral evil

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https://www.thoughtco.com/roman-catholic-churchs-position-on-homosexuality-712610

http://www.cnn.com/2016/04/08/europe/vatican-pope-family/index.html

http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10183c.htm

http://www.historyrocket.com/World-War/crusades/What-Was-The-Goal-Of-The-Crusades.html

http://www.teenink.com/nonfiction/academic/article/364661/To-What-Extent-Were-The-

http://www.theopedia.com/great-schism

https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/schism
https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/renaissance-and-reformation/protestant-reformation/a/an-introduction-to-the-protestant-reformation

http://www.alisachilders.com/blog/10-historical-facts-about-jesus-from-non-christian-sources

http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-27/persecution-in-early-church-christian-history-timeline.html

http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-27/persecution-in-early-church-did-you-know.html

https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Nicaea-Christianity-325

https://www.britannica.com/event/Council-of-Jerusalem
http://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/rulers/constantine.html