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Definition: A joking use of a word sounding the same as another.
Effects: Engages the readers attention through the use of humor. Can be used to highlight an Important idea.Often an interesting way of starting a text.
Examples: Deciding where to bury him was a grave decision.

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Definition: Brackets, dashes or commas are used to separate phrases from the main sentence.
Effects: Shows the writers personal views. Can be used to create irony or humor.
Example: Most teenagers in the survey said they didnt like homework.

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Definition: Ideas are presented in a way that seems opposite to what is really meant.
Effects: Create humor. Can over-exaggerate a situation. Engages the reader on a personal level.
Example: "What a lovely day" when it is pouring with rain.

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Definition: Language that is used to create a particular emotional response in the reader.
Effects: Can create strong feelings such as anger, guilt, joy, concern. empathy, hope, ect. Involves the reader in a text.
Example: This disastrous situation will only get worse unless we do something about it.

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Definition: The writer uses superlatives and adjectives to make make a situation much worse/ better than it actually is.
Effects: Shows the writers strong feelings. Can be used in humorous or ironic ways.
Example: Many schools have become like learning factories.

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Definition: types of imagery- Metaphor- one abject is said to be the same as another. Simile- objects are compared to each other- look for ´like´ or ´as´
Effects: makes the writing more interesting and imaginative for the reader.

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Definition: the knowledge of an expert is referred to by the writer.
Effects: can show an alternative point of view. The reader trusts what the writer is saying. Quotations are very persuasive.

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Definition: information and data, that can  be proved to be true.
Effects: There are a range of specific effects, including to shock, surprise, support the writers view etc.

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Definition: the writer involves the reader by relating the subject to their lives.
Look for ´you´/´we´/´us´/´our´
Effect: makes the reader care about the subject. Establishes a relationship between the reader and writer. The writing is less intimidating.

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Definition: the writer incorporates aspects of their personal experience into the text- look for ´I´.
Effects: appeals to the reader- makes the writer seem more human or involved.
Can be used for humor/Pathos

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Definition: The technique of repeating the same word and phrase.
Effects: Highlights key messages.
Reinforces important points.
Links different parts of the text.

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Definition: Three nouns, adjectives or verbs will be used in a list within a sentence.
Effects: The ´magic 3´ fixes itself in a readers mind. Highlights important ideas.

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Definition: Within a sentence, a series of words will begin with the same sound.
Effects: Draws attention to the key works. Can be used to reinforce ideas/concepts. May be used for humorous effect.

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Definition: The writer will not expect you to answer this question they suggest the answer for you.
Effects: Draws the reader into the text. Introduces ideas/topic. Makes the reader think.