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Before the emergence of psychodynamic approaches

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Before the emergence of psychodynamic approaches

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Before the 19th century, unfortunately little was known about mental disorders. People were often left untreated, or forced into institutions without proper treatments.

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Sigmund Freud, who is commonly known as the one of the founding fathers of psychoanalysis, started the movement of examining a clients past experiences which in turn would explain their current emotional difficulties they are experiencing. Freud deemed most of what his clients difficulties were about took place in their unconscious mind.

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Theorists like B.F. Skinner, Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum practiced behavioral & cognitive theories and interventions in their own respective way. The theorists work emphasized on replacing negative behaviors and thoughts with positive ones.
B.F. Skinner famously introduced the Skinner box were he demonstrated operant conditioning through reinforcement. Albert Ellis prefigured cognitive behavioral therapy( which later on, Aaron Beck pioneered, and Donald Meichenbaum worked on) through his use of Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy.
William Glasser focused on personal choice and reality therapy.

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Carl Rodgers led the emergence of the 3rd force of psychotherapy which is known as existential-humanistic psychotherapy. The work by Rodger's and Fritz Perls, and Viktor Frankl focused on helping their clients find the meaning of their lives through examining one's own emotions and sensations.

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This modern force encompasses previous practices and combines them into a holistic approach which focuses on mind, body, and spirit as a whole.

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Seligman, L., & Reichenberg, L. W. (2014). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy: systems, strategies, and skills (4th ed.). Boston: Pearson