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His social contract theory, Discourse on the origin, and Foundations of inequality among men.
In todays world you can understand where he's coming from when he says people are naturally good but the communities around them along with private property have turned there public values with greed and envy.

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The french government and Geneva banned his books because they criticized religion.

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“Men are born free, and he is everywhere in chains.”

"Every man has the right to risk his own life in order to preserve it. Has it ever been said that  a man who throws himself out of a window to escape from a fire is guilty of suicide?"

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1. Human beings are good by nature, but become corrupt by society.
2.  opposed to the idea that the people should exercise sovereignty via a representative assembly; rather, he held that they should make the laws directly, which would effectively prevent the ideal state from becoming a large society, such as France was at the time. http://www.philosophybasics.com/philosophers_rousseau.html
3. He also questioned the assumption that the will of the majority is always correct, arguing that the goal of government should be to secure freedom, equality and justice for all within the state, regardless of the will of the majority.

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A Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, was the winning response to an essay contest conducted by the Academy of Dijon in 1750. In this work, Rousseau argues that the progression of the sciences and arts has caused the corruption of virtue and morality. This discourse won Rousseau fame and recognition.
http://www.iep.utm.edu/rousseau
His work strongly influenced the french revolution, and the development of liberal, conservative and socialist theory

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Dates lived: 7/28/1712 - 7/2/1778

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Birthplace: Geneva, Switzerland