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The movements have become a lot more bold with their stances. Social media and the Internet provides a platform for people all over the world to bring awareness to the issues surrounding civil and political rights. People are not as scared to call out injustices because they aren't as likely to be jumped or killed for speaking out and the movements have become a lot more popular.

The most change has been made my constant protesting and taking issues to court. Peaceful protesting brings attention to the causes without violence and allows for the message to be spread to bring more followers to the movement.

There have been a lot of setbacks to each of the movements due to some violence or protests by people with racist beliefs such as the Ku Klux Klan which held back African American progress by a lot. Another group that impeded the success of a movement includes the STOPERA organization under Phyllis Schlafly which caused the ERA to expire before getting enough ratified.

The civil and political rights movements have continually fought for equal rights throughout the events of the timeline and much work has been done, while much work also remains. The timeline shows the early views on the civil rights movements and how it was very restrictive and unjust. Over time, however, America saw a great advance in the rights of African Americans, women, LGBTQ+, and people with disabilities. America saw the rise of many great organizations such as the NAACP, NOW, and other organizations that used its platform to expand the rights of all.

In the Post-1900s era, there was a lot more government intervention in the civil rights movement. This time period saw the passage of many amendments to the Constitution such as the Nineteenth, Fifteenth, Fourteenth and other amendments that expanded the rights of Americans and pushed for a more equal way of life. The presidents at the time also began enacting laws which showed that the government was acknowledging these movements and pushing for change as well.

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Common themes:

Some common methods of advocating for Equality have been widespread protests, such as the Montgomery bus boycott, the marches for women’s suffrage, also the creation of organizations such as the NAACP and NOW who fought legal battles for civil and political rights. Protests helped movements gain more popularity, and organizations like the NAACP worked towards major civil rights change in court cases like Brown v. Board of Education.

Due to publicity, gained a lot more traction and popularity and started making more and more progress towards equality as people started working towards common goals.

Over time (post-1900s —> now), there was a focus on expanding equal rights to everyone in things such as the EEOA, EHA, ADAPT, while expanding on things like women’s rights with the #MeToo movement and Roe v. Wade.

While the pre-1900s seemed to have a lot of events that were detrimental to the movement towards civil and social equality, led by racist and prejudiced beliefs at the time, the post-1900s movements seem to reverse a lot of it and cause major social change due to a shift in mindset and common goals.

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Conviction of Officer involved in fatal raid ends in Mistrial - Nov 16, 2023

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Conviction of Officer involved in fatal raid ends in Mistrial - Nov 16, 2023

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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/16/us/brett-hankison-breonna-taylor-jury-verdict.html

This article discusses the conviction of Brett Hankison, an officer involved in the fatal raid on Breonna Taylor’s apartment in 2020. Hankison fired 10 bullets through Taylor’s apartment during the raid in Louisville, Kentucky. His prosecution ended in a mistrial, as the jury claimed it could not reach a verdict on civil rights charges. The two other officers, both white, fatally shot Taylor, a black emergency room technician, sparking massive protests against racism and police violence.

Hankison was fired after the shooting, but had been charged with violating the rights of Taylor and the family next door. Prosecutors argued that he did not have the legal right to use deadly force, but, as Taylor’s boyfriend fired a shot back, believing the officers were intruders, Hankison was able to defend himself, saying he felt frightened and someone was continuing to fire at his officers. Three other officers were charged with knowingly spreading false information to get a judge to approve the raid. This case has become a main point in arguments for civil rights activists, sparking discussions about police brutality.

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Universities under Investigation for antisemitic and anti-Muslim harassment

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Universities under Investigation for antisemitic and anti-Muslim harassment

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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/17/nyregion/universities-antisemitic-anti-muslim-investigation.html

Half a dozen universities, including Columbia, Cooper Union, and Cornell, are under discrimination investigations by the federal government after complaints about anti-Semitic and anti-Muslim harassment after the Israel-Hamas war. After the start of the war on 7 Oct, 2023, the US Department of Education’s Civil Rights Office opened inquiries for schools such as Wellesley College, University of Pennsylvania, and Lafayette College. These investigations were opened by the Biden administration as part of the efforts to address the rise in antisemitism, anti-Muslim, and other forms of discrimination.

The office is investigating some possible violations of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which protects students in programs that receive financial aid from discrimination on basis of race or national origin. These investigations have been said to stem from 5 complains of antisemitic harassment and 2 of anti-Muslim harassment. Protests done by pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian groups on college campuses have increased tensions, and universities have struggled to contain blowback as students and faculty raised concerns over security and free speech. New York has especially been torn over the war; a student at Cornell was arrested for making violent antisemitic threats, and at Cooper Union, pro Palestinian students banged on doors and windows where Jewish students were in a confrontation between opposing sides.

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Ruling that Could Weaken the Voting Rights Act - November 20, 2023	

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Ruling that Could Weaken the Voting Rights Act - November 20, 2023	

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https://www.nytimes.com/2023/11/20/us/politics/voting-rights-act.html

The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was an important milestone in the civil rights movement and had ensured African Americans the chance to exercise their birth-given right of voting. This act was signed under Lyndon B. Johnson and undid decades of effects caused by discriminatory Jim Crow laws. Recently, however, the Voting Rights Act has been put at risk due to controversies in the way the Act was written up. If this ruling stands, private citizens and civil rights groups would be unable to file lawsuits under one of the main points of the Voting Rights Act. The court found that the wording of the original Voting Rights Act did not refer to the “right of private citizens to file lawsuits under the law” and found that the right to sue would solely be held in the hands of the government. Americans that oppose the ruling believe that by removing the right of private citizens, discriminatory laws would be left unchecked. They bring up the fact that “a majority of challenges to discriminatory laws and racial gerrymanders have come from private citizens and civil rights groups.”

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AMC Theaters Apologizes to Civil Rights Leader Removed From Movie Theater - December 28, 2023

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AMC Theaters Apologizes to Civil Rights Leader Removed From Movie Theater - December 28, 2023

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This article talks about the discrimination that people with disabilities face and focuses on the story of the Reverend William J. Barber II. According to the article, Mr. Barber was trying to watch a film with his mother at the AMC theaters but was escorted out due to a disability. Mr. Barber has ankylosing spondylitis, which attacks his joints and causes him to walk with a cane while enduring chronic pain for almost 40 years. Mr. Barber uses a special chair in public which accommodates his disability, and placed his chair in the theater’s reserved area for handicapped seating like he had done at many other places, including the White House. However, an AMC employee told him he was not allowed to use the chair because it went against the Americans with Disabilities Act and he was escorted out of the theater. When looked further into, the American with Disabilities Act is a civil rights law signed in 1990 which bans discrimination and requires accommodation in public places. Mr. Barber was later apologized to by the theater, but not without sparking a conversation of the discrimination disabled people face.

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AMC Theaters Apologizes to Civil Rights Leader Removed From Movie Theater

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The Rev. William J. Barber II was trying to watch “The Color Purple” with his mother when theater staff told him he could not use a chair he needs to help manage a painful condition.

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Attempts to Repeal Arizona’s 1864 Abortion Ban

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Attempts to Repeal Arizona’s 1864 Abortion Ban

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This article talks about the efforts made by democrats to repeal Arizona’s 1864 ban on nearly all abortions in the state. Democrats argued that this ban was an important election issue, trying to push the bill through the republican-controlled legislature on the basis that it was essential for protecting women’s health and freedom, however, the bill had been removed by republican leaders in an attempt to stall on a formal vote. Democrats responded to the stalling by expressing criticism and wondering why they were attempting to stall the bill. A joint statement has been issued saying the court’s ruling had not taken effect yet as they are still reviewing the rulings.

This decision and the backlash that followed has shown clear divisions in Arizona Republicans over support for abortion restrictions, and has highlighted how abortion has been a political vulnerability for republicans since the overturning of Roe v. Wade by court case Dobbs v. Jackson, even in conservative states. Citizens express concern over abortion clinics being under threat of stopping again due to the 1864 ban, and how it would threaten patient’s health. Concerns regarding being sued for providing abortion care, as well as the distance patients would have to drive to get an abortion, had also been raised.

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Arizona Republicans Thwart Attempts to Repeal 1864 Abortion Ban

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Democrats in both houses of the Legislature were blocked from advancing bills to roll back the reinstated ban on nearly all abortions in the state.

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Florida Supreme Court’s Approval of Abortion Referendum - April 2024

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Florida Supreme Court’s Approval of Abortion Referendum - April 2024

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https://www.usnews.com/news/national-news/articles/2024-04-01/florida-supreme-court-oks-abortion-amendment-for-2024-ballot

The Florida supreme court approved a referendum that would give rights to abortion care, this decision expected to promote participation in the 2024 presidential election. This would undo recent abortion bans, which are in place for abortions 15 weeks after pregnancy, and a recent one banning abortions 6 weeks after pregnancy. The Amendment to Limit Government Interference with Abortion, known as Amendment 4, would preserve the right to abortion until 24 weeks of pregnancy. The amendment secured almost 1 million signatures, far more than required to put a vote on the 2024 ballot.

This amendment has been challenged by republican state Attorney General Ashley Moody, as well as anti-abortion groups such as Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America, claiming it uses vague wording such as “viable” and “health care worker”. However, Florida’s seven justices approved the amendment, meaning that Florida, along with other republican states such as Kansas and Ohio, joined a list where advocates put reproductive rights issues on the ballot in hopes of protecting them.

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"Sanitation Problems Have Plagued Black Residents of an Alabama County for Decades. The Government Might Finally Do Something About It" - August 23, 2022

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"Sanitation Problems Have Plagued Black Residents of an Alabama County for Decades. The Government Might Finally Do Something About It" - August 23, 2022

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This article talks about a town in Alabama named Lowndes County which suffers from extreme sanitation issues as the government fails to offer any help to the residents living in hazardous conditions. It brings up the fact that in 2019, there were an estimated 2 million people that lack access to clean water, Black Americans nearly doubling the probability of not having clean plumbing as White Americans. In August of 2023, the Environmental Protection Agency and its Administrator Michael Regan provided some plans to help this town. However, the main focus of this article is the ‘resilient system of oppression’ that has been deeply rooted in the nation’s history that allowed these communities to reach such extreme conditions. According to the article, poor people of color don’t have much political power and even when the federal government decides to help these communities, they leave the money in the hands of the state and trust them to distribute the money. This causes a plethora of issues as local resistance to attempts for racial justice can quickly shut down the fair distribution of money, especially in the deeply conservative states. This article shows one of the many issues that people of color face in their daily lives due to deeply entrenched racism.

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Sanitation Problems Have Plagued Black Residents of an Alabama County for Decades. The Government Might Finally Do Something About It

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Dire water issues in Lowndes County expose the persistent inequality in how the U.S. government protects the environment its citizens depend on.

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Some Fear University of Michigan Proposed Policy on Protests Could Quell Free Speech Efforts - April 13, 2024

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Some Fear University of Michigan Proposed Policy on Protests Could Quell Free Speech Efforts - April 13, 2024

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This article talks about the potential threat to civil rights for the students who attend the University of Michigan after a proposed policy was brought about. On March 24, students protested in school, calling for a divestment from companies that are linked to Israel. This protest was one of the tens of thousands of protests done since the October 7 attacks on Israel by Hamas, resulting in a 6 month long war that continues to rage and raise tensions around the world. The protest was held at the same time as an annual honors undergraduate graduation ceremony, disrupting the event which was not linked to the protest in any way. The University of Michigan President Santo Ono said the disruption “brought profound disappointment to students, parents, grandparents, siblings and other relatives and friends” in a letter to the school. The protest led to the drafting of a new policy that, if passed, would deter future disruptions on the Ann Arbor campus. Students who violate the policy may face reprimand, disciplinary probation, suspension, or expulsion while staff members could face misconduct allegations and termination. This policy has not been passed yet, however, it has sparked up a big controversy on campus as students feel they will be denied their God-given rights such as freedom of speech and the right to protest.

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A University of Michigan proposal aimed at deterring disruptions on its Ann Arbor campus after anti-Israel protesters interrupted an honors convocation is sparking backlash from free speech advocates.

Violations of the policy, which has yet to be implemented, could result in suspension or expulsion for students and termination for university staff.

The March 24 protest by groups calling for the school to divest from companies linked to Israel is among a number of demonstrations on college campuses across the United States in which students and organizations have taken sides - in support of Palestinians or of Israel - as Israel continues its 6-month-long war in Gaza against Hamas.

University of Michigan President Santo Ono said in a letter to the campus community that the protesters who disrupted the annual honors undergraduate graduation ceremony "brought profound disappointment to students, parents, grandparents, siblings, and other relatives and friends."

"We all must understand that, while protest is valued and protected, disruptions are not," Ono wrote. "One group's right to protest does not supersede the right of others to participate in a joyous event."

"It was painful for everyone who had gathered - and especially so for members of our Jewish community," Ono added.

Photos You Should See - April 2024

The Oct. 7 attack on Israel by Hamas left 1,200 people, mostly civilians, dead. Militants took roughly 250 people hostage, according to Israeli authorities.

The war has ignited a humanitarian catastrophe. Most of the territory's population has been displaced, and with vast swaths of Gaza's urban landscape leveled in the fighting, many areas are uninhabitable.

Students Allied for Freedom and Equality, which calls itself a Palestinian solidarity group, posted on social media that students shut down the University of Michigan convocation to demand the school divest from Israel and "war profiteers facilitating genocide."

The Associated Press left emails this week seeking comment from organizers of the protest.

Some University of Michigan students walked out of classes on April 4, protesting the school's ties to Israel and the planned policy, which, among other things, would prohibit disrupting speakers or performers. Students violating the policy could face reprimand, disciplinary probation, restitution, removal from a specific course, suspension or expulsion.

Staff members violating the policy could face misconduct allegations, and the school "may institute discipline, up to and including termination."

The policy, if enacted as is, would apply to all students, employees, contractors, volunteers and visitors who engage in disruptive activity.

"We will not shy away from protecting the values we hold dear," Ono wrote in a follow-up letter to the campus community. "Those who participate in disruptive activity will be held accountable."

Michigan sophomore Annabel Bean said the school appears to be trying to limit and repress student protests.

"The guidelines are just really a huge overstep I think in my opinion," Bean told WXYZ-TV. "The point of a protest is to be disruptive and if you're saying it can't be disruptive, then we're not protesting, and how are you honoring your history of disruptive student protests?"

The American Civil Liberties Union of Michigan said it is concerned the proposed policy, as drafted, will impair civil liberties on campus.

"We believe the proposed policy is vague and overbroad, and risks chilling a substantial amount of free speech and expression," the ACLU Michigan said in a letter to Ono. "We recognize that the university has an interest in carrying out its operations without major disruptions; however, in attempting to achieve that goal, the proposed policy sacrifices far too much."

The university is reviewing comments from the community to ensure any new policy reflects the school's mission and values, Assistant Vice President of Public Affairs Colleen Mastony said in an email.

"The university will not rush the development of this new policy," Mastony said. "We will ensure all voices have an opportunity to be heard. Our goal is to make policies clearer, ensure key terms are well defined, incorporate pathways for restorative action, and support respectful discussion of divergent viewpoints."

As it reads now, the proposed policy lacks clarity, said Thomas Braun, a biostatistics professor.

"For faculty, who are not on the tenured track or not tenured, the worry is this overreaching policy ... it's unclear what sanctions can be given to faculty," said Braun, adding that there is fear of being denied tenure "because of something you participated in."

Braun, who also is chair of the Senate Advisory Committee on University Affairs, said there always is a debate on the school's campus regarding freedom of speech and freedom of the press.

"I can support free speech and still be for one side or the other," he said. "This issue has made it very clear to me that I have been oblivious to the experiences of the Palestinians in Gaza. At the same time, I can't think I can condone the entire removal of Israel as a state. How does a campus deal with its own turmoil around this issue, while at the same time being asked to solve the world's issues?"

Copyright 2024 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.

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Some Fear University of Michigan Proposed Policy on Protests Could Quell Free Speech Efforts

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A University of Michigan proposal aimed at deterring disruptions on its Ann Arbor campus after anti-Israel protesters interrupted an honors convocation is sparking backlash from free speech advocates

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1848 Seneca Falls Convention - July 19-20, 1848

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1848 Seneca Falls Convention - July 19-20, 1848

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The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 was a landmark event in the women's rights movement, where activists like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott gathered to discuss women's rights, including suffrage. The convention produced the Declaration of Sentiments, which outlined the grievances of women and set the stage for future women's rights movements.

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The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) - November 1869

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The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) - November 1869

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This organization was founded in November of 1869 by Lucy Stone and colleagues. Its goal was to bring about female voting rights in America and provide a platform for the discussion to be talked about. AWSA worked through amending state constitutions as opposed to the NWSA which worked to amend the federal constitution.

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The American Civil War was a conflict between the north and the south, stemming from longtime political and social differences rooted in slavery. The civil war led to events that would further lead to the abolition of slavery in the United States.

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On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring all enslaved people in rebellion areas as of Jan 1st would be forever free. This proclamation, although only supposed to be a wartime strategy, changed the civil war into a war for union and immediate emancipation.

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The Fifteenth Amendment - February 3, 1870

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The Fifteenth Amendment - February 3, 1870

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The Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution granted the right to vote for all male citizens in the United States. This Amendment secured African American men the right to vote, regardless of ethnicity or previous slave status. It also showed that in theory, no man could be denied the right to vote, although it wasn't executed correctly due to racist beliefs that stilled rage through the country. It was seen as a success for the African American community as well as the suffrage movement in general, while also reminding women of their inferiority as white women were still barred from voting.

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1875: Creation of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

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1875: Creation of the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children

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The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children took up abused and neglected children, leading the fight against domestic/family violence.

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This law was passed in 1881 and “prohibited ‘diseased, maimed, mutilated, or … deformed’ persons from appearing in public.” The ugly laws prevented many people with disabilities from being in public and was a result of the stigma around people with disabilities. The ugly laws were an early example of unfair treatment towards people with disabilities in America.

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The Chinese exclusion Act of 1882 banned immigration and naturalization of Chinese people in the US for 10 years. This was one of the first attempts by Congress to limit immigration to the US. Congress also passed a lot of measures to exclude “undesirables” such as criminals and victims of communicable diseases.

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A Supreme Court case that upheld the ruling that "seperate-but-equal" facilities were, in fact, constitutional and allowed for segregation to continue in the United States. As it was a Supreme Court case, it became precedent for many civil rights cases and severely held back the civil rights movement. Segregation would continue to be backed up by the courts and the constitution until its overturn by Brown v. Board of Education.

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The Niagara Movement, which was begun by writer and scholar W. E. B. Du Bois, was created in an attempt to push for a fix in the racial injustices of the country. Their call for the end to segregation and discrimination caught the attention of many Americans and was seen as a bold movement, allowing for their message to at least be acknowledged by the nation. The movement, however, lacked funding and attendance and ended up dismembering in 1909 (many of the members became apart of the NAACP)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - February 12, 1909

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - February 12, 1909

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The NAACP is one of the most influential civil rights organizations which was founded around 1909-1910. This group made incredible progress as they operated through the court system, meaning they took their issues to the courts and gained a lot of attention. Some successes of the NAACP include Brown v. Board of Education and Guinn v. United States among thousands of other cases. The NAACP continues to make progress in present day civil rights motives.

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire - March 25, 1911

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Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire - March 25, 1911

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The Triangle Shirtwaist Company factory was burned in 1911 and is a notable event as the deaths of the 146 workers (majority women) could have been prevented. The victims deaths were because of the lack of safety features and locked doors within the company's factory, which brought attention to the dangers of sweatshops. The tragedy did lead to the development of laws and regulations to protect the safety of workers.

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The Nineteenth Amendment - August 18, 1920

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The Nineteenth Amendment - August 18, 1920

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The Nineteenth Amendment was the landmark ratification of a law that secured the right to vote for all women in America. It was a major success of the suffrage movement which had worked for over 50 years to secure women's voting rights. The Nineteenth Amendment was greatly impacted and pushed forward as a response to women playing significant roles on the home front during World War I.

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1924: Immigration Act of 1924 (+National Origins System)

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1924: Immigration Act of 1924 (+National Origins System)

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The National Origins System, introduced in the Immigration Act of 1924, reduced immigrant numbers to quotas based on nation of origin. This led to significantly less immigrants, and favored white, non-Asian immigrants.

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The 1936 Summer Olympics was held in Berlin, Germany where Adolf Hitler attempted to show off and lend prestige to the Third Reich (including his ideas of Aryan supremacy) as it was the first Olympics to be broadcasted. However, African American track and field athlete won four gold medals during the events, undermining German victories. The 1936 Berlin Olympics were important because it showed the entire world that African American men were capable of the same things white people are and added to the momentum of the civil rights movement.

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1938: Passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act

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1938: Passage of the Fair Labor Standards Act

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The Fair Labour Standards Act put permanent child labour laws, affecting children under 16 years old, into effect. 3 years later, the Supreme Court upheld that act, giving approval to the first federal child-labour law. This law effectively eradicated almost all child labour.

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World War II - 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

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World War II - 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945

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World War II saw the drafting of thousands of American men who left their jobs at home to fight in the war. As a result, around 18 million women took jobs previously filled by men to support the war effort. Women working in the workplace showed America what they were capable of if allowed the same opportunities as men.

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Under A. Philip Randolph (who was also the leader of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union), this movement was a planned massive march on the capital. This march was to protest discrimination in the armed forces as well as the defense industries. The march was also seen as a "symbolic inauguration" of a modern civil rights era by many civil rights activists. Resulted in the Fair Employment Practices Comittee.

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Fair Employment Practices Committee - July 1941

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Fair Employment Practices Committee - July 1941

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This advisory committee was created by President Franklin Roosevelt in an attempt to promote racial integrations. It was a direct response to the March on Washington Movement as President Roosevelt attempted to persuade Randolph to call it off. This committee was very interesting because it was the first presidential order since Reconstruction for civil rights while also only being passed to quell the black mass movement that was uprising.

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1942: Congress of Racial Equality Founded

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1942: Congress of Racial Equality Founded

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CORE, or the Congress of Racial Equality, was a group that fought for Black people's rights in the 1940s. They used peaceful protests to make things more fair, like getting rid of rules that kept Black and white people separate. CORE made a big difference, helping to change laws and make life better for Black Americans.

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This order was passed under President Harry Truman after World War II, when the country saw how much African Americans impacted the war effort. Under it, the United States armed forces was mandated to desegregate and African Americans were able to join the armed forces the same way white men were. The order showed the acknowledgement of African American efforts and saw a push for African Americans' civil rights.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - 1954

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas - 1954

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Brown v. Board was a Supreme Court case that overturned the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson. It ruled that the idea of 'separate but equal' does not apply to public schools and banned segregation in public school. This court case laid a new precedent that would be used in hundreds of other civil rights cases, leaving a lasting impact on the movement.

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The 1955-56 Bus Boycotts started after Rosa Parks, an African-American woman, refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. Martin Luther King Jr. then led a boycott of local buses, forcing the end of segregated bus seating in Montgomery. This boycott further inspired similar peaceful protests, such as the sit-in protests by black students wanting service at lunch counters, and the Freedom Riders seeking racial integration of Greyhound buses.

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The #MeToo movement originally began in 2006, but gained the most attention in 2017 when Alyssa Milano urged sexual harassment victims to share their stories. This movement was mostly on social media and gave a voice to hundreds of American women who were victims of sexual abuse and harassment. The #MeToo movement brought the subject of sexual harassment against women to the public view as it became a large social movement.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited racial discrimination in all public accommodations, facilities, employment, and any organization that used federal funds. This was crucial in desegregation in public areas, promoting social change, and ensuring equal employment opportunities for all races.

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1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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1965 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965

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The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 ended Nationality-based quota restrictions on immigration. This led to a rise in the number of immigrants, as permission to enter the US was given without discrimination.

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Lynching of Emmett Till - August 28, 1955 

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Lynching of Emmett Till - August 28, 1955 

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Emmett Till was lynched for allegedly accosting a white female shopkeeper while exiting the drugstore. Roy Bryant and J. W. Milam were arrested and put on trial, but the all white jury acquitted the accused of all charges, showing the extreme injustice in the court system. Till's death caused an outrage and the NAACP used his murder to gain support for the civil rights movement by showing that not enough change had been done.

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The Southern Manifesto was a document written by Congress in 1956 that opposed the racial integration of public places in the United States. It was signed by 100 congressman and 19 senators from eleven previous Confederate states which called the Brown decision "an abuse of judicial power." It supported resistance to the implementation of desegregation through "any lawful means" attempting to maintain Jim Crow.

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Gomillion v. Lightfoot - November 14, 1960

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Gomillion v. Lightfoot - November 14, 1960

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Gomillion v. Lightfoot was a landmark voting rights case under the Supreme Court that was decided in 1960. The case invalidated a district that was weirdly shaped in order to prevent African Americans from voting in Tuskegee, Alabama. The ruling was influential because it gained more attention for the voting right of African Americans in the United States.

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President's Commission on the Status of Women - December 14, 1961

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President's Commission on the Status of Women - December 14, 1961

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This commission was passed by President John F. Kennedy and was impactful as it was the first attempt by the U.S. government to deal with women's issues since the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. Through it, the federal government gave a lot more attention to women's issues than it had in previous years. The commission's purpose was to examine discrimination about women and find ways to eliminate it.

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The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan - February 19, 1963

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The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan - February 19, 1963

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The Feminine Mystique was a novel written by women's rights activist Betty Friedan. The novel challenged the traditional ideals of women being limited to homemaking roles and was known for launching the second wave of the feminist movement. Betty Friedan influenced thousands of women into rethinking their content in the homes and voiced the opinions of women who deserved to be heard.

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The Equal Pay Act was signed into law under President John F. Kennedy and started the decrease of the wage gap between men and women. It required women to be paid the same amount as men for equal work in the same workplace. The EPA ensured that women were to be paid the same wages as men and prohibited sex-based discrimination in the form of wages.

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The Twenty-fourth Amendment - January 23, 1964

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The Twenty-fourth Amendment - January 23, 1964

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The Twenty-fourth Amendment was ratified in 1964 and abolished/forbade the imposing of taxes on voters during elections by federal and state governments. It eliminated the condition for voting of a poll tax and allowed lower-class Americans the right to vote. This amendment helped to expand voting rights in America and broke down a discriminatory barrier in the voting process.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - July 2, 1964

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - July 2, 1964

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This legislation was signed under President Lyndon B. Johnson within his first year of presidency. This Act barred segregation in nearly all public areas and outlawed racial discrimination in the workplace. The Civil Rights Act was a major step towards equality in America as African Americans were able to use the same facilities as white Americans.

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The Voting Rights Act of 1965 authorized the government to register voters, supervise elections, eliminated literacy tests as a requirement for voting, and expressed opposition to poll taxes. This act effectively boosted political empowerment by allowing African Americans and other minority groups to be represented and have an influence in government.

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The Voting Rights Act was passed in 1965 under President Lyndon B. Johnson as a response to the Selma to Montgomery march of 1965. This act gave power to the federal government to enforce voting rights and focus especially on states that were known for suppressing the African American vote. The Voting Rights Act allowed many more African Americans to exercise their right to vote.

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National Organization for Women - June 1966

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National Organization for Women - June 1966

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The NOW organization was a response to the failure of the EEOC (established under the Civil Rights Act of 1964). NOW operated similarly to the way NAACP does as it brought their issues to the courts to gain recognition and hopefully pass legislation. NOW was important as it brought a lot of attention to the women's rights movement.

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The Twenty-sixth Amendment - July 1, 1971

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The Twenty-sixth Amendment - July 1, 1971

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The Twenty-sixth Amendment was a response to the military draft during the Vietnam War applying to men above the age of 18 years old, while the voting age remained at 21 years old. Pressure to lower the voting age to 18 was seen as these people felt that individuals were drafted to potentially die but were not eligible to vote being an unfair call. The Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 years old, expanding the breadth of voting rights to younger people.

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Ms. was a magazine founded by women's rights activist Gloria Steinem as well as Dorothy Pittman Hughes. This monthly publication was dedicated to women and gave them a platform for their social problems and aspirations to be heard. Ms. was the first women's magazine that was nationally circulated to bring women's rights issues mainstream and broadened the reach of the movement.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) - March 24, 1972

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Equal Employment Opportunity Act (EEOA) - March 24, 1972

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This Act was passed in Congress in 1972 under President Richard Nixon. Under the EEOA, Title VII was amended and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was given the authority to enforce litigation on its own.

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The Equal Rights Amendment was revived during the second wave of the women's rights movement and called for complete equality for women through constitutional rights. The ERA was passed in both houses of Congress, but failed to get ratified by the states and ended up expiring. The ERA was seen as both a failure due to its expiration and a success due to the fact that it gained attention and added to the momentum of the women's rights movement.

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The Supreme Court’s Roe v. Wade decision determined that the right to “liberty” in the Fourteenth Amendment encompassed privacy, and by extension, the right of a woman to make personal decisions about reproduction. This meant that women were granted the right to abortion. This Supreme Court decision struck down 30 state laws which had previously made abortion illegal.

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 - November 29, 1975	

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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 - November 29, 1975	

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This act, also known as the EHA, was passed under president Harry S. Truman and guaranteed a ‘free and appropriate public education’ (FAPE) to every child in the country with a disability. The EHA made sure that all children with disabilities were not barred from attending school and had the right to a free education regardless of disability.

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1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act

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1986: Immigration Reform and Control Act

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In 1986, the Immigration Reform and Control Act was enacted, meaning that an undocumented immigrant who could prove continuous US residence since 1982 was granted legal residency. This meant that undocumented immigrants, albeit entering the country illegally, still had a chance to be a permanent resident in the United States.

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“Deaf President Now” Campaign - March 1988

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“Deaf President Now” Campaign - March 1988

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The “Deaf President Now” campaign took place at Gallaudet University, a school for deaf people in March of 1988. In this campaign, students held strikes at the university and demanded a deaf educator as the president of the school. In result, the students won and a deaf president was chosen, showing measures that were taken to make public areas more accessible for people with disabilities.

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Americans Disabled for Accessible Public Transit (ADAPT) - 1990

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Americans Disabled for Accessible Public Transit (ADAPT) - 1990

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The ADAPT organization was an advocacy group that fell under the Americans with Disabilities Act signed by President Bush. This organization made efforts to secure the right for disabled people to have equal access to public transportation and public accommodations. ADAPT worked to win passage and enforcement of accessibility statutes to make everyday life more accessible for people with disabilities.

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) - July 26, 1990

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) - July 26, 1990

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The Americans with Disabilities Act was signed under President Bush and was one of the most influential pieces of legislature for people with disabilities. This act prohibited discrimination against people with disabilities in most public places. The ADA made accommodations much more common and made it easier for people with disabilities to navigate the world.

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1992: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

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1992: Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey

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This case struck down a Pennsylvania law requiring a spouse to be notified before abortion, and upheld parental consent requirements for underage women, as well as provisions to ensure informed consent. This case supported the opinion that the right to abortion was still protected by the constitution, as the justices of the case, Sandra Day O’Conner, Anthony Kennedy, and David Souter agreed that, although Pennsylvania could place limits on women’s rights, they could not impose a burden on a woman’s right to choose to have an abortion.

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Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 - February 5, 1993

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Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 - February 5, 1993

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The FMLA was passed under Bill Clinton and was part of his first-term domestic agenda. This act required that employees be paid up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year for the birth or adoption of a child, a chronic illness, or to take care of a family member with a serious illness. This act allowed for women to have children without the threat of being fired or not getting paid for their absence.

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The Million Woman March was held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and highlighted the presence of women of color in the women's rights movement. More than 300,000 African American women marched for women's rights as well as economic rights in the black community. The Million Woman March was a parallel to the Million Man March which excluded women from participating.

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Anne Bradstreet "The Tenth Muse" Released - 1650

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Anne Bradstreet "The Tenth Muse" Released - 1650

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Anne Bradstreet was a woman from Massachusetts Bay Colony who wrote poetry. Her first book of poetry was released in 1650 and she was the first woman that was recognized as an accomplished New World Poet. Bradstreet was the first woman to be published in the American colonies, setting the stage for all future woman writers in the future.