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The 1960s and the decades before were not a positive time for LGBTQ+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer/questioning, and other identities) Americans. Homosexual relationships were illegal in many places, one of these being New York City.  LGBTQ+ people were often discriminated against. If caught, they frequently lost their jobs or even their homes; some LGBTQ+ people even faced police brutality.

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Even before the events of Stonewall, there were groups fighting for gay rights. The Society for Human Rights, or SHR, was formed in 1924 before being forced to shut down in 1925 due to police raids. The Daughters of Bitilis was a lesbian rights group formed in 1955.

A protest was also held in 1966, three years before Stonewall, where LGBTQ+ rights group The Mattachine Society performed a “sip-in” in which members would openly declare their sexualities around bartenders and see if they would still be served, suing those who did not serve them. This eventually led to the Committee of Human Rights declaring that bars must serve LGBTQ+ patrons. Police raids on LGBTQ+ locations were temporarily reduced.

Along with these gay rights groups, gay bars were also somewhat common, especially in New York City. These were places where LGBTQ+ people could feel secure and express themselves. However, these bars were constant victims of police raids and often shut down any establishment that provided towards LGBTQ+ people.

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The Stonewall Inn was a gay bar during the 1960s. Like some other bars at the time, it was owned by a crime syndicate due to how many criminal groups saw easy money in providing refuge towards LGBTQ+ people.

The Genovese crime family had control over many gay bars, and The Stonewall Inn was no exception. The Stonewall Inn specifically did not require a liquor license because it was known as a “bottle bar” where people brought in their own drinks. The Genovese family also bribed police into ignoring the club’s activities. Because police would not interfere, the Genovese family did not regard the bar’s quality. The bar lacked clean toilets, running water to wash bottles, and palatable drinks. Wealthier customers were often blackmailed if they wanted to keep their sexual and/or gender identities secret.

Despite some lack in quality, The Stonewall Inn was very beloved due to being large and cheap to enter. It was a safe place at night for gay youth that were runaways or homeless. It also welcomed drag queens, which were poorly treated in many other gay bars.

Even though the police were being bribed by the crime family that owned the bar, raids were still common. The bar was raided just a few days before the raid that invoked the Stonewall Uprising.

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The Stonewall Inn around the time of the raid.

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A black-and-white photo of brightly-lit bar in the 1960s. A large vertical sign outside reads "STONEWALL."

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Since 2017 we have proudly partnered with The Brooklyn Brewery to create The Stonewall Inn IPA, a spirited, session IPA brewed to benefitThe Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative

The Stonewall Inn IPA is a fearless IPA for all. With unabashed notes of citrus peel and grapefruit, this unapologetic and refreshing IPA reminds us of where we've been and celebrates where we're going. This is a beer for everyone, no exceptions. In 2021, our partnership will grow beyond the United States and we'll be pouring SWIIPA to support The Stonewall Inn Gives Back initiative and queer communities around the world.

In 2019 The Stonewall Inn celebrated the 50th anniversary of the historic Stonewall Uprising and welcomed World Pride to NYC. To commemorate this milestone in LGBTQ history we have partnered with Brooklyn Brewery to craft THE STONEWALL INN IPA. Brooklyn Brewery will be contributing a portion of the proceeds to the official charitable giving organization of the Stonewall Inn, The Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative (SIGBI).

Please support SIGBI's mission to bring critically needed educational and financial assistance to grassroots organizations providing advocacy, guidance, and shelter to LGBTQ youth in mostly rural and underserved communities throughout the United States and abroad.

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Since 2017 we have proudly partnered with The Brooklyn Brewery to create The Stonewall Inn IPA, a spirited, session IPA brewed to benefitThe Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative The Stonewall Inn IPA is a fearless IPA for all. With unabashed notes of citrus peel and grapefruit, this unapologetic and refreshing IPA reminds us of where we've been and celebrates where we're going.

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On June 28th, around nine police raided the Stonewall Inn without any warning, even to the mafia. Alcohol was confiscated. Patrons were beaten, and thirteen people were arrested. This included employees who weren’t abiding by the state's “gender-appropriate” clothing laws that required at least three “gender-appropriate” clothing articles. Female officers were to take patrons who were suspected of cross-dressing into bathrooms and check their gender, violating their privacy.

Instead of fleeing as they usually did, patrons of The Stonewall Inn stayed. They were vocal as people around them were forced into police vans. As the patrons got more furious, the police got nervous, and the frustration of the crowds turned to rage and eventually a violent protest.

People began resisting the police, throwing objects and debris at the ones that were arresting others. The police had never faced such hostility from gay groups, so in response they called reinforcements and barricaded themselves inside the bar. The patrons began attempting to set the bar on fire, all while still rioting outside. The fire department and a riot squad eventually stopped the fire and rescued the trapped officers. The protests did not stop, continuing on for five days in roughly the same area.

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One of if not the only photo taken during the time of the raid on Stonewall Inn.

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A black and white photo of male police pushing into a crowd of people with varying expressions of confusion and distress.

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Sylvia Rivera, a trans woman who participated during the Stonewall Uprising.

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A black-and-white photo of a white-skinned woman sitting on the edge fountain. The woman wears a white shirt, dark grey pants, and black shoes. She has short, dark hair. She is leaning on a flag.

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Activists marching through the streets some time after the Stonewall Uprising.

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A black-and-white photo of a large group of people, mostly youth, parading through a street. The photo is facing the front of the parade. Members of the parade appear to be speaking loudly. Two men are holding a large banner with male symbols intertwining, and female symbols intertwining, symbolizing gay and lesbian relationships.

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This uprising did not initiate the gay rights movement. It was a large step towards it, leading to many gay rights organizations forming and numerous activists beginning to take a stand.  This event also initiated the formation of several gay rights groups. This included the Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD (formerly known as Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation), Queer Nation, and the PFLAG (formerly Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians And Gays). It even initiated the organization of the United Kingdom’s OutRage! Group.

One year after the riots, on June 28th 1970, the first American gay pride parade was held. Thousands of people marched from the Stonewall Inn to Central Park. At the time, this was only known as “Christopher Street Liberation Day,” but it inspired the many modern pride marches held today.

In 2016, President Barack Obama designated Stonewall Inn, Christopher Park, and the surrounding streets and sidewalks a national monument. In 2019, soon before the 50th anniversary of the riots, New York City’s police commissioner James P. O’Neill apologized on behalf of the department.

The uprising at Stonewall Inn paved the way for gay rights at the time and nowadays in the future. Without the powerful and brave resistance of LGBTQ+ people at the time, especially the youth, gay rights may not be as advanced as they are today.

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“I'm not missing a minute of this. It's the revolution!”

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“I'm not missing a minute of this. It's the revolution!”

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-Sylvia Rivera

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Hand-painted text on a window of the Stonewall Bar after the raids. The Mattachine Society (a gay rights organization that thrived during the 1950s) was likely behind this.

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A black and white photo of a window outside a bar. Large, all-capital letter text written on the window reads, "WE HOMOSEXUALS PLEAD WITH OUR PEOPLE TO PLEASE HELP MAINTAIN PEACEFUL AND QUIET CONDUCT ON THE STREETS OF THE VILLAGE -MATTACHINE". There is other writing to the right of this text, but it is cut off.

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“How many years has it taken people to realize that we are all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race?”

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“How many years has it taken people to realize that we are all brothers and sisters and human beings in the human race?”

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-Marsha P. Johnson, drag queen and activist who fought during the Stonewall Uprising (and is even sometimes credited with throwing the first shot glass that initiated the uprising that day)

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Survivors of the raids on Stonewall Inn standing outside of the bar.

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A black-and-white photo of a small group of people outside the Stonewall Inn at night. The group is somewhat pressed together. Some of the group looks quite happy, while others look indifferent or displeased.

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A crowd celebrating the second anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising.

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A black-and-white photo of a very large crowd of people of various appearances. They appear to be in a circle, with the people closest to the camera facing away and people farther back facing toward the camera. Nearly every person in the photo is holding a candle into the air.

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A picture of a brick building with a glass window in focus. Various photos of people are behind the glass. Words on the glass read "The Stonewall Inn". The words have red lights on them.

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Learn a Pride Protest Song – Stonewall Nation by Madeline Davis | The Peace Museum

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https://www.history.com/topics/gay-rights/the-stonewall-riots

https://www.britannica.com/event/Stonewall-riots

https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/news/2019/06/25/stonewall-participant-recalls-riots-that-transformed-the-gay-rights-movement