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a group or subgroup that share the same cultural background

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Where people are from; their race; culture and history

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group of people sharing similar cultural and social characteristics and backgrounds

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Cultural identity based on shared heritage, language, traditions.

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A group of people who share the same cultural background

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Social and cultural believes and actions that differentiate from eachother

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active source of identity rooted in culture and society.

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active source of identity rooted in culture and society.

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A person's social group, shaped by culture, language, ancestry, and race

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shared cultural identity involving race

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they link to marxism as it may create a false class consciousness due to black and Islamic people are presented as dangerous and threats to the white community which may lead to audience focusing on the ethnic minorities threats rather than focusing on the exploitation of capitalists. therefore being beneficial for the bourgeoisie white media owners

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cultural pessimists believe that new media reinforce the power of elites such as the government. they would agree with Poole and argue that Muslims have been homogenised by western journalists as threatening and manipulative in the use of their faith for political and personal gain. As a way too keep them out of political power and instead have people who present Uk and British values.

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A way in which we can see how these studied links to Marxism is how Van Dijk argues about the 3 groups that are portrayed in media as the greatest threats. These three groups were Immigrants, Refugees and Muslims. This could be linked to the Marxist view of the portrayal of ethnic minorities. Marxists like Castles and Kosack (1973) argue it suits the ruling class for white working class people to view ethnic minorities as threats in order to distract them from the true reason for oppression which is the ruling class.

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van Dijk's views on racism and discrimination can be linked to Marxist analyses of oppression and exploitation within capitalist societies. He examines how discourse constructs and perpetuates racial stereotypes, contributing to the maintenance of racial hierarchies that serve the interests of the ruling class

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These studies support the Marxist perspective as media owners with their newspapers (The sun) exploit the working class ( ethnic minorities) portray them as unimportant ( Van Dijk 1991) by using subliminal racism to potentially cuase a moral panic.

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Van Dijk supports the Marxist theory because it concludes how the capitalist media is controlling on how the media portrays Africans and how the audience should portray them as well because they threaten "The White Society" and their veiws based on their race differentiation.

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these studies link back to Marxism as they all implied that journalists portray white lives as the most important and that black young people's lives aren't important. they all suggest that owners or journalists imply that black people are mainly stereotyped as criminals and as a threat to other ethnicities in order to keep white people (the ruling class) at the top of the hierarchy in order for them to maintain te capitalist system. they do this by ruling and dividing the working class, and this way, they stay distracted from real world problems such as negative and false stereotypes. as a result, no one challenges the ruling class and they all learn to accept capitalist ideologies.

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Van dijks content analysis links to cultural pessimistic views as cultural pessimists don’t believe in the change if new media and they argue that elite class views are still being pumped into the media by the same media conglomerates regardless of the so called new media. Van dijk argues that there’s a news stereotype that minority ethnic groups are posing a threat to majority white culture which aligns with the views of the white bourgeoisie that the cultural pessimists argue that owners are

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Van Dijk supports Marxist perspectives in the media through a content analysis of new items across the world. He noted that news representations of Black people could be categorized into different stereotypes such as criminals and threats. Marxists would support Van Dijk’s findings since they believe that the media supports hierarchy ideologies and by portraying ethnic minorities in a negative way, the rulling class can continue to have mass control over media outlets.