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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" mit Volker Wilmsen auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" mit Volker Wilmsen auf YouTube

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AUFBRUCH IN DIE NEUE WELT - PRAKTISCHE FORSCHUNGSMÖGLICHKEITEN AUSWANDERER AUS DEM MÜNSTERLAND

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Vortrag zur Digitalisierung der Standesamtsregister in NRW:

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Vortrag zur Digitalisierung der Standesamtsregister in NRW:

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WAT21 Vortrag Dr. Volker Hirsch / Julia Kathke

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German Genealogy Resources / Übersichtskarte zur deutschen Genealogie in Deutschland und den USA - Google My Maps

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This map shows resources for family history researchers in the US and German-speaking areas. It includes genealogical groups, archives, and libraries. Most locations are in Germany and the United States, but IGGP partner societies worldwide are also pinned on the map. If you find any incorrect information, please inform us at GenResMap@googlegroups.com so we can correct it.

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The Ahnenforscher Stammtisch Unna, Familia-Austria, and the International German Genealogy Partnership are hosting an English-language Austria Connection Session, a casual opportunity to meet others who ...

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Welcome to International German Genealogy Partnership

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The Ahnenforscher Stammtisch Unna, Familia-Austria, and the International German Genealogy Partnership are hosting an English-language Austria Connection Session, a casual opportunity to meet others who ...

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Search in Juden- und Dissidentenregister in Westfalen und Lippe 

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Search in Juden- und Dissidentenregister in Westfalen und Lippe 

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Search in Juden- und Dissidentenregister in Westfalen und Lippe

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Historische Karten mit eingezechneten Grundstücken und deren Besitzer

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Historische Karten mit eingezechneten Grundstücken und deren Besitzer

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North American Historic Maps and Atlases from Historic Map Works

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Historic Maps and Atlases of North America. Rare, old and antique North American maps. Charts of North America, illustrations from North America.

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Historical German American Newspapers Online

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Historical German American Newspapers Online

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Historical German American Newspapers Online - The Ancestor Hunt

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​For those of you who have some German in your family tree, several German-American newspapers published over the last hundred or so years may help you find some information and stories about your ancestors. Listed are only those that are available online. As always, there are tons more available via microfilm and in the original […]

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

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Chronicling America " Library of Congress

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

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Passenger lists for over 13 million immigrants arriving in New York City from 1820 through 1891. NARA publication M237: Passenger Lists of Vessels Arriving at New York, New York, 1820-1897. This collection is being published as records become available.

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Microfilm of original records filmed at the St. Boniface Church, New Vienna, Iowa.

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Microfilm of original records filmed at the St. Boniface Church, New Vienna, Iowa.

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Includes burial register, 1844-1989; parish records, 1846-1982; baptisms, 1847-1911; marriages, 1847-1989; anniversaries, 1849-1987.

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Rufe den FamilySearch-Katalog auf, um auf die weltweit größte Sammlung von genealogischen Hilfsmitteln zuzugreifen. Hier findest du Geburtsurkunden, Karten, Zeitschriften und mehr.

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MigraBase - Auswanderungsdatenbank der Westdeutschen Gesellschaft für Familienkunde e.V.

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Auswandererlisten aus dem Rheinland aus den Seiten des Landesarchivs NRW Abteilung Rheinland

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Auswandererlisten aus dem Rheinland aus den Seiten des Landesarchivs NRW Abteilung Rheinland

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Weiterführende Informationen | Archive in Nordrhein Westfalen |

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In der Abteilung Rheinland gibt es einige wichtige Bestände, zu denen Sie hier Informationen finden. Foto: kundn.de

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– Ergänzungsband für den Regierungsbezirk Münster

– bearbeitet von Norbert Henkelmann

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Dülmen Genealogie und Ahnenforschung - Sonstige Bücher/Buchtipps

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Westfälische Auswanderer im 19. Jahrhundert

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 60 - Regierungsbezirk Münster (Teil 2, nach 1850)

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 60 - Regierungsbezirk Münster (Teil 2, nach 1850)

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„Beiträge zur Westfälischen Familienforschung“

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 47/48 - Regierungsbezirk Minden (Teil 2)
• heimliche Auswanderung

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 47/48 - Regierungsbezirk Minden (Teil 2)
• heimliche Auswanderung

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„Beiträge zur Westfälischen Familienforschung“

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 38/39 - Regierungsbezirk Minden (Teil 1)

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 38/39 - Regierungsbezirk Minden (Teil 1)

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„Beiträge zur Westfälischen Familienforschung“

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 22/24 - Regierungsbezirk Münster (Teil 1, bis 1850)

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Auswandererlisten aus Westfalen in der Reihe - Band 22/24 - Regierungsbezirk Münster (Teil 1, bis 1850)

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„Beiträge zur Westfälischen Familienforschung“

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Verschollene Filmschätze - 1903 Ellis Island, N Y

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Verschollene Filmschätze - 1903 Ellis Island, N Y

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Verschollene Filmschätze S05E01 1903 Ellis Island, N  Y

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Kirchenbuchportal Matricula, u.a. für das Bistum Münster

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Kirchenbuchportal Matricula, u.a. für das Bistum Münster

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123Aachen, rk. Bistum 904Augsburg, rk. Bistum 203Bamberg, rk. Erzbistum 1Berlin, Archiv des Katholischen Militärbischofs 27Dresden-Meißen, rk Bistum 214Eichstätt, rk Bistum 26Essen, r.k. Bistum 107Fulda, r.k. Bistum 1Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz 159Hildesheim, rk. Bistum 1Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg 141Limburg, r.k. Bistum 60Magdeburg, rk Bistum 512München und Freising, rk. Erzbistum 327Münster, rk. Bistum 146Osnabrück, rk. Bistum 502Paderborn, rk Erzbistum 289Passau, rk. Bistum 524Regensburg, rk. Bistum 2Rheinland, ev. Archiv - Archivstelle Boppard 437Rottenburg-Stuttgart, r.-k. Diözese 54Vechta, r.k. Offizialatsarchiv

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Buchtipp: Häuser- und Ortsfamilienbuch des Kirchspiels Albachten

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Buchtipp: Häuser- und Ortsfamilienbuch des Kirchspiels Albachten

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DNB, Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

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Stadt Münster: Stadtarchiv - Service & Angebote - Scan-on-Demand

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D A B S

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“Es lohnt sich”, so der ehemalige Bundespräsident Johannes Rau, “den Spuren vom Weggehen und Ankommen nachzugehen. Sie erzählen viel über unsere eigene Vergangenheit, und sie können uns helfen zu verstehen, dass es Zuwanderung und Auswanderung und die damit verbundenen Chancen und Probleme nicht erst seit wenigen wenigen Jahrzehnten gibt”.

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Emigrationen aus Bremen - Ueber Bremen in die Welt

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Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records

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Find a Grave is a free resource for finding the final resting places of famous folks, friends and family members. With millions of names, it is an invaluable tool for genealogist and history buffs.

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Entdecke deine Familiengeschichte, indem du das größte deutsche Stammbaum- und Genealogie-Archiv durchstöberst. Teile Familienfotos und Geschichten mit anderen. Beginne noch heute deine Suche - kostenlos.

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Treude: Westfalen als Auswanderungsland zwischen 1200 und 1900

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Treude: Westfalen als Auswanderungsland zwischen 1200 und 1900

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https://www.typodienst.de/beispiele/buch-willkommen-in-albachten/

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Rund 200 Seiten stark werden soll das neue Buch, das Manfred Rösmann, Ulrich Töns, Josef Häming und Volker Wilmsen zum Albachtener Ortsjubiläum anno 2017 herausbringen wollen. Es soll „Geschichte und Geschichten aus 875 Jahren“ präsentieren und spannend zu lesen sein.

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Syllabus IGGP Conference 2023: "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" von Volker Wilmsen

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Syllabus IGGP Conference 2023: "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" von Volker Wilmsen

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Vortragsfolien "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" von Volker Wilmsen

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Vortragsfolien "Aufbruch in die Neue Welt - Praktische Forschungsmöglichkeiten am Beispiel von Auswanderern aus dem Münsterland" von Volker Wilmsen

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Auswanderer Albachten - Ahnenforscher Stammtisch 03.02.2025

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Die U. S. Vital Records" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Die U. S. Vital Records" auf YouTube

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DIE US VITAL RECORDS - US ZIVILSTANDSREGISTER UND KIRCHENBÜCHER

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Lebende Verwandte in den USA aufspüren" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Lebende Verwandte in den USA aufspüren" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Deutsche Auswanderung und Siedlungsgebiete in Amerika im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Deutsche Auswanderung und Siedlungsgebiete in Amerika im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert" auf YouTube

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DEUTSCHE AUSWANDERUNG UND SIEDLUNGSGEBIETE IN AMERIKA IM 17. UND 18. JAHRHUNDERT

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Deutsche Auswanderung und Siedlungsgebiete in Amerika vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Deutsche Auswanderung und Siedlungsgebiete in Amerika vom 19. Jahrhundert bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg" auf YouTube

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DEUTSCHE AUSWANDERUNG UND SIEDLUNGSGEBIETE IN AMERIKA VOM 19. JAHRHUNDERT BIS ZUM ERSTEN WELTKRIEG

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Vorstellung National Archives (NARA) und die Online-Quellen für Ahnenforscher" auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Vorstellung National Archives (NARA) und die Online-Quellen für Ahnenforscher" auf YouTube

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VORSTELLUNG NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION (NARA) UND ONLINE-QUELLEN FÜR AHNENFORSCHER

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Erfolgreiche Ahnenforschung - Familientreffen in den USA auf YouTube

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Aufzeichnung Online-Vortrag "Erfolgreiche Ahnenforschung - Familientreffen in den USA auf YouTube

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ERFOLGREICHE AHNENFORSCHUNG - FAMILIENTREFFEN IN DEN USA

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National Archives - Civil War Photographs

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National Archives - Civil War Photographs

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Introduction

The Civil War was the first large and prolonged conflict recorded by photography. During the war, dozens of photographers--both as private individuals and as employees of the Confederate and Union Governments--photographed civilians and civilian activities; military personnel, equipment, and activities; and the locations and aftermaths of battles. Because wet-plate collodion negatives required from 5 to 20 seconds exposure, there are no action photographs of the war.

The name Mathew B. Brady is almost a synonym for Civil War photography. Although Brady himself actually may have taken only a few photographs of the war, he employed many of the other well-known photographers before and during the war. Alexander Gardner and James F. Gibson at different times managed Brady's Washington studio. Timothy O'Sullivan, James Gardner, and Egbert Guy Fox were also employed by Brady during the conflict.

The pictures listed in this select list of photographs are in the Still Picture Branch of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Most are part of the Records of the Office of the Chief Signal Officer (Record Group 111) and Records of the War Department General and Special Staffs (Record Group 165). The records include photographs from the Mathew B. Brady collection (Series Identifier 111-B), purchased for $27,840 by the War Department in 1874 and 1875, photographs from the Quartermaster's Department of the Corps of Engineers, and photographs from private citizens donated to the War Department.

Photographs included in this select list have been organized under one of four main headings: activities, places, portraits, and Lincoln's assassination. Items in the first two parts are arranged under subheadings by date, with undated items at the end of each subheading. Photographs of artworks have also been included in the list. Any item not identified as an artwork is a photograph. Names of photographers or artists and dates of items have been given when available, and an index to photographers follows the list.

Many photographs of the Civil War held by the National Archives are not listed here. A list of selected fully digitized series are included below. Separate inquiries about other Civil War photography should be as specific as possible listing names, places, events, and other details. We have very few portraits of lower ranking individuals and much of our Civil War holdings highlight high-ranking military personnel. In addition, nearly all of our images of Confederates illustrate high-ranking officials and personnel.

Sandra Nickles and Joe D. Thomas did the research, selection, and arrangement for this list and wrote these introductory remarks when this list was revised in 1999. Additional updates to this introduction were made as recently as May 2021. The photographs within this list are within the public domain and have no Use Restrictions.

Fully Digitized Series of Interest:

Activities

Army Life

1. Log hut company kitchen, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524671, Local Identifier: 111-B-252

2. Soldiers at rest after drill, Petersburg, Va., 1864. The soldiers are seated reading letters and papers and playing cards. National Archives Identifier: 524639, Local Identifier: 111-B-220

3. A regimental fife-and-drum corps. National Archives Identifier: 524747, Local Identifier: 111-B-328

4. Winter quarters; soldiers in front of their wooden hut, "Pine Cottage." National Archives Identifier: 524675, Local Identifier: 111-B-256

Army Units

5. Engineers of the 8th New York State Militia in front of a tent, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524918, Local Identifier: 111-B-499

6. The 26th U.S. Colored Volunteer Infantry on parade, Camp William Penn, Pa., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 533126, Local Identifier: 165-C-692

7. The 21st Michigan Infantry, a company of Sherman's veterans. National Archives Identifier: 525076, Local Identifier: 111-B-671

8. Ringgold, Ga., battery at drill. National Archives Identifier: 524783, Local Identifier: 111-B-363

Cavalry

9. Army blacksmith and forge, Antietam, Md., September 1862. National Archives Identifier: 559270, Local Identifier: LC-CC-587

10. Dismounted parade of the 7th New York Cavalry in camp, 1862. Some mounted troops are in the background. National Archives Identifier: 524921, Local Identifier: 111-B-502

11. Federal cavalry column along the Rappahannock River, Va., 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524925, Local Identifier: 111-B-508

Civilians

12. A black family entering Union lines with a loaded cart. National Archives Identifier: 559271, Local Identifier: 200-CC-657.

13. A refugee family leaving a war area with belongings loaded on a cart. National Archives Identifier: 55926, Local Identifier: 200-CC-306.

14. Black laborers on a wharf, James River, Va. National Archives Identifier: 524820, Local Identifier: 111-B-400

Communications and Intelligence

15. Allan Pinkerton, chief of McClellan's secret service, with his men near Cumberland Landing, Va., May 14, 1862. (Pinkerton is smoking a pipe.) Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 522914, Local Identifier: 90-CM-385.

16. Federal observation balloon Intrepid being inflated. Battle of Fair Oaks, Va., May 1862. National Archives Identifier: 525085, Local Identifier: 111-B-680.

17. Scouts and guides for the Army of the Potomac, Berlin, Md., October 1862. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533302, Local Identifier: 165-SB-28.

18. Constructing telegraph lines, April 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533336, Local Identifier: 165-SB-62.

19. Signal Tower at Cobb's Hill, near New Market, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533120, Local Identifier: 165-C-571.

20. A New York Herald Tribune wagon and reporters in the field. National Archives Identifier: 529494, Local Identifier: 111-B-5393.

Councils

21. President Lincoln visiting the battlefield at Antietam, Md., October 3, 1862. General McClellan and 15 members of his staff are in the group. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533297, Local Identifier: 165-SB-23.

22. Gen. George Thomas and a group of officers at a council of war near Ringgold, Ga., May 5, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 519439, Local Identifier: 77-HMS-344-2P.

23. Council of war near Massaponax Church, Va., May 21, 1864. General Grant is looking over General Meade's shoulder at a map Meade holds. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 559272, Local Identifier: 200-CC-730.

Engineering

24. Pontoon bridge at Bull Run, Va., 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524487, Local Identifier: 111-B-68.

25. Federal engineers bridging the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, March 1864. National Archives Identifier: 519418, Local Identifier: 77-F-147-2-6.

26. Digging the Dutch Gap Canal on the James River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 526202, Local Identifier: 111-B-2006.

27. The four-tiered, 780-foot-long railroad trestle bridge built by Federal engineers at Whiteside, Tenn., 1864. A guard camp is also shown. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 524900, Local Identifier: 111-B-482.

28. Pontoon bridge across the James River at Richmond, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 533119, Local Identifier:165-C-568.

Foreign Observers

29. Diplomats at the foot of an unidentified waterfall, New York State, August 1863. Left to right: unidentified; State Department messenger Donaldson; unidentified; Count Alexander de Bodisco; Count Edward Piper, Swedish Minister; Joseph Bertinatti, Italian Minister; Luis Molina, Nicaraguan Minister (seated); Rudolph Mathias Schleiden, Hanseatic Minister; Henri Mercier, French Minister; William H. Seward, Secretary of State (seated); Lord Richard Lyons, British Minister; Baron Edward de Stoeckel, Russian Minister (seated); and Sheffield, British attache. National Archives Identifier: 518056, 59-DA-43.

30. A group of foreign observers with Maj. Gen. George Stoneman at Falmouth, Va. 1863. National Archives Identifier: 522913, Local Identifier: 90-CM-47.

31. Crew of the Russian frigate Osliaba docked at Alexandria, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 518113, Local Identifier: 64-CV-210.

Generals in the Field

32. Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant standing by a tree in front of a tent, Cold Harbor, Va., June 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524455, Local identifier: 111-B-36.

33. Maj. Gen. George G. Meade standing in front of his tent, June 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524434, Local Identifier: 111-B-16.

34. Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan and his generals in front of Sheridan's tent, 1864. Left to right: Wesley Merritt, David McM.Gregg, Sheridan, Henry E. Davies (standing), James H. Wilson, and Alfred Torbert. National Archives Identifier: 524427, Local Identifier: 111-B-9.

Medical

35. Wounded soldiers being tended in the field after the Battle of Chancellorsville near Fredericksburg, Va., May 2, 1863. National Archives Identifier: 524768, Local Identifier: 111-B-349.

36. Amputation being performed in a hospital tent, Gettysburg, July 1863. National Archives Identifier: 520203, Local Identifier: 79-T-2265.

37. Ambulance drill of the 57th New York Infantry, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524469, Local Identifier: 111-B-50.

38. Ward in the Carver General Hospital, Washington, D.C. National Archives Identifier: 524592, Local Identifier: 111-B-173.

Morale

39. " Volunteer Refreshment Saloon, Supported Gratuitously by the Citizens of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." The picture includes a view of the outside and three small views of the inside. Lithograph by W. Boell, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 512769, Local Identifier: 15-M-40.

40. Chaplain conducting mass for the 69th New York State Militia encamped at Fort Corcoran, Washington, D.C., 1861. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 533114, Local Identifier: 165-C-100.

41. Members of the Christian Commission at their field headquarters near Germantown, Md., September 1863. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533327, Local Identifier: 165-SB-53.

42. Religious services on the deck of the U.S. monitor Passaic, 1864. Stereo photograph by Samuel A. Cooley. National Archives Identifier: 533272, Local Identifier: 165-S-165.

43. U.S. Sanitary Commission building and flag, Richmond, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 524566, Local Identifier: 111-B-147.

Navies

44. Battle between the C.S.S. Virginia and the U.S.S. Monitor, Hampton Roads, Va., March 9, 1862. Engraved in 1863 by J. Davies from a drawing by C. Parsons. National Archives Identifier: 518105, Local Identifier: 64-CC-63.

45. U.S.S. St. Louis, first Eads ironclad gunboat, renamed the Baron de Kalb in October 1862. National Archives Identifier: 533123, Local Identifier: 165-C-630.

46. "Men Wanted for the Navy!" Federal recruiting poster issued at New Berne, N.C., November 1863. National Archives Identifier: 516344, Local Identifier: 45-X-10.

47. Confederate ram Atlanta after being captured on the James River, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 527533, Local Identifier: 111-B-3351.

48. C.S.S. Alabama, commerce raider, sunk June 19, 1864. Artwork by Clary Ray. National Archives Identifier: 512993, Local Identifier: 19-N-13042.

49. Ruins of the navy yard at Norfolk, Va., December 1864. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533292, Local Identifier: 165-SB-18.

50. U.S.S. Commodore Perry, a ferryboat converted into a gunboat, Pamunkey River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524831, Local Identifier: 111-B-411.

51. Gun crew of a Dahlgren gun at drill aboard the U.S. gunboat Mendota, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524794, Local Identifier: 111-B-374.

52. Sailors and marines on the deck of the U.S. gunboat Mendota, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524548, Local Identifier: 111-B-129.

53. U.S.S. Onondaga, a double-turreted monitor, on the James River, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524788, Local Identifier: 111-B-368.

54. Capt. John A. Winslow (3d from left) and officers on board the U.S.S. Kearsarge after sinking the C.S.S. Alabama, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524868, Local Identifier: 111-B-448.

55. A Union station on the James River established for extracting gunpowder from Confederate torpedoes, 1864. Photographed by Egbert Guy Fox. National Archives Identifier: 524854, Local Identifier: 111-B-434.

56. Confederate torpedo boat David aground at Charleston, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Selmar Rush Seibert. National Archives Identifier: 533129, Local Identifier: 165-C-751.

57. C.S.S. Manassas, armored ram. Artwork by R. G. Skerrett, 1904. National Archives Identifier: 512991, Local Identifier: 19-N-13004.

Ordnance

58. Columbiad guns of the Confederate water battery at Warrington, Fla. (entrance to Pensacola Bay), February 1861. Photographed by W. 0. Edwards or J. D. Edwards of New Orleans, La. National Archives Identifier: 519437, Local Identifier: 77-HL-99-1.

59. Confederate "Quaker" guns-logs mounted to deceive Union forces-in the fortifications at Centreville, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533280, Local Identifier: 165-SB-6.

60. The 13-inch mortar "Dictator" mounted on a railroad flatcar before Petersburg, Va., October 1864. Photographed by David Knox. National Archives Identifier: 533349, Local Identifier: 165-SB-75.

61. Confederate Napoleon gun used in the defense of Atlanta, 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528856, Local Identifier: 111-B-4738.

62. A 200-pound Parrott rifle in Fort Gregg on Morris Island, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Samuel A. Cooley. National Archives Identifier: 533271, Local Identifier: 165-S-128.

63. Confederate torpedoes, shot, and shells in front of the arsenal, Charleston, S.C., 1865. Photographed by Selmar Rush Seibert. National Archives Identifier: 533134, Local Identifier: 165-C-796.

64. A 15-inch Rodman gun in Battery Rodgers, Alexandria, Va. National Archives Identifier: 524772, Local Identifier: 111-B-353.

Photographers and Their Equipment

65. Two photographers having lunch in the Bull Run area before the second battle, 1862. National Archives Identifier: 522912, Local Identifier: 90-CM-42.

66. Mathew B. Brady under fire with a battery before Petersburg, Va., June 21, 1864. Brady, in the foreground, is wearing a straw hat. National Archives Identifier: 524765, Local Identifier: 111-B-346.

67. Brady's photographic outfit in the field near Petersburg, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 529185, Local Identifier: 111-B-5077.

68. Barnard's photographic equipment, southeast of Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528870, Local Identifier: 111-B-4753.

Prisoners and Prisons

69. Confederate prisoners captured in the Shenandoah Valley being guarded in a Union camp, May 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524916, Local Identifier: 111-B-497.

70. Three Confederate prisoners from the Battle of Gettysburg, July 1863. National Archives Identifier: 559274, Local Identifier: 200-CC-2288.

71. Baseball game between Union prisoners at Salisbury, N.C., 1863. Lithograph of a drawing by Maj. Otto Boetticher. National Archives Identifier: 530502, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1952.

72. Issuing rations. Andersonville Prison, Ga., August 17, 1864. Photographed by A. J. Riddle. National Archives Identifier: 533034, Local Identifier: 165-A-445.

73. Libby Prison, Richmond, Va., April 1865. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533362, Local Identifier: 165-SB-89.

74. Old Capitol Prison, Washington, D.C. National Archives Identifier: 526486, Local Identifier: 111-B-2292.

Quartermaster and Commissary

75. Commissary Department, Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, Brandy Station, Va., February 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533335, Local Identifier: 165-SB-61.

76. Burying the dead at Fredericksburg, Va., after the Wilderness Campaign, May 1864. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 528928, Local Identifier: 111-B-4817.

77. Landing supplies at the wharf at City Point, Va., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524571, Local Identifier: 111-B-152.

78. Men of the Quartermaster's Department building transport steamers on the Tennessee River at Chattanooga, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533135, Local Identifier: 165-C-1068.

Railroads

79. Excavating for a "Y" at Devereux Station on the orange and Alexandria Railroad. Brig. Gen. Hermann Haupt, Chief of Construction and Transportation, U.S. Military Railroads, is standing on the bank supervising the work. The "General Haupt," the engine pulling the train in the photograph, was named in Haupt's honor. Photographed by Capt. Andrew J. Russell. National Archives Identifier: 528988, Local Identifier: 111-B-4877.

80. Station at Hanover Junction, Pa., showing an engine and cars. In November 1863 Lincoln had to change trains at this point to dedicate the Gettysburg Battlefield. National Archives Identifier: 524502, Local Identifier: 111-B-83.

81. U.S. Military Railroads engine "General Haupt," built in 1863. National Archives Identifier: 529255, Local Identifier: 111-B-5149.

82. Ruins of the Confederate enginehouse at Atlanta, Ga., September 1864, showing the engines "Telegraph" and "O.A. Bull." National Archives Identifier: 528865, Local Identifier: 111-B-4748.

83. Ruins of Hood's 28-car ammunition train and the Schofield Rolling Mill, near Atlanta, Ga., September 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 528899, Local Identifier: 111-B-4786.

84. Depot of the U.S. Military Railroads, City Point, Va., 1864, showing the engine "President." National Archives Identifier: 528971, Local Identifier: 111-B-4860.

85. U.S. Military Railroads engine No.137, built in l864 in the yards at Chattanooga, Tenn., with troops lined up in the background. National Archives Identifier: 526201, Local Identifier: 111-B-2005.

86. The engine "Firefly" on a trestle of the Orange and Alexandria Railroad. National Archives Identifier: 524604, Local Identifier: 111-B-185.

Places

Battle Areas

87. Fort Sumter, S.C., April 14, 1861, under the Confederate flag. National Archives Identifier: 532292, Local Identifier: 121-BA-914A.

88. Ruins of Stone Bridge, Bull Run, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533281, Local Identifier: 165-SB-7.

89. Confederate fortifications, Manassas, Va., March 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533285, Local Identifier: 165-SB-11.

90. "General Headquarters near Yorktown, Va., April 1862." Watercolor by William Mcllvaine. National Archives Identifier: 559420, Local Identifier: 200-WM-8.

91. Main street and church guarded by Union soldiers, Centreville, Va., May 1862. Photographed by George N. Barnard and James F. Gibson. National Archives Identifier: 533278, Local Identifier: 165-SB-4.

92. "Battle of Gaines Mill, Valley of the Chickahominy, Virginia, June 27, 1862." Artwork by Prince de Joinville. National Archives Identifier: 530495, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1507.

93. Antietam Bridge, Md., September 1862. Soldiers and wagons are crossing the bridge. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533293, Local Identifier: 165-SB-19.

94. Street scene, Warrenton, Va., ca. 1862. National Archives Identifier: 529340, Local Identifier: 111-B-5236.

95. Fredericksburg, Va., February 1863. View from across the Rappahannock River. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533304, Local Identifier: 165-SB-30.

96. Confederate dead behind the stone wall of Marye's Heights, Fredericksburg, Va., killed during the Battle of Chancellorsville, May 1863. Photographed by Capt. Andrew J. Russell. National Archives Identifier: 524930, Local Identifier: 111-B-514.

97. Fairfax Court House, Virginia, with Union soldiers in front and on the roof, June 1863. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 528872, Local Identifier: 111-B-4755.

98. Dead Confederate sharpshooter in the Devil's Den, Gettysburg, Pa., July 1863. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533315, Local Identifier: 165-SB-41.

99. Union and Confederate dead, Gettysburg Battlefield, Pa., July 1863. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533310, Local Identifier: 165-SB-36.

100. Lee and Gordon's Mills. Chickamauga Battlefield, Ga., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 528904, Local Identifier: 111-B-4791.

101. General Meade's headquarters. Culpeper, Va., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 518112, Local Identifier: 64-CV-182.

102. Capt. Edmund C. Bainbridge's Battery A, 1st U.S. Artillery, at the siege of Port Hudson, La., 1863. National Archives Identifier: 533151, Local Identifier: 165-CN-12545.

103. Palisades and chevaux-de-frise in front of the Potter House, Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 525131, Local Identifier: 111-B-726.

104. Peachtree Street with wagon traffic, Atlanta, Ga., 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533419, Local Identifier: 165-SC-46.

105. Street scene showing Sutlers Row, Chattanooga, Tenn., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524928, Local Identifier: 111-B-512.

106. Fort Morgan, Mobile Point, Ala., 1864, showing damage to the south side of the fort. National Archives Identifier: 519417, Local Identifier: 77-F-82-70.

107. Union entrenchments near Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., 1864. National Archives Identifier: 524941, Local Identifier: 111-B-531.

108. Nashville, Tenn., view from the capitol, 1864. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533376, Local Identifier: 165-SC-3.

109. The "Pulpit" after capture, Fort Fisher, N.C., January 1865. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533353, Local Identifier: 165-SB-79.

110. Harpers Ferry, W Va., July 1865. High-angle view showing the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers. Photographed by James Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 533300, Local Identifier: 165-SB-26.

111. McLean house where General Lee surrendered. Appomattox Court House, Va., April 1865. Photographed by Timothy H. O'Sullivan. National Archives Identifier: 533371, Local Identifier: 165-SB-99.

112. Ruins seen from the Circular Church, Charleston, S.C., 1865. National Archives Identifier: 528788, Local Identifier: 111-B-4667.

113. Ruins seen from the capitol, Columbia, S.C., 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533426, Local Identifier: 165-SC-53.

114. Fort Sumter, S.C., viewed from a sandbar in Charleston Harbor, 1865. Photographed by George N. Barnard. National Archives Identifier: 533429, Local Identifier: 165-SC-56.

115. Soldiers in the trenches before battle, Petersburg, Va., 1865. National Archives Identifier 524576, Local Identifier: 111-B-157.
(The Petersburg identification appearing in the official caption for this photograph received by NARA from the Army Signal Corps has been disputed. Civil War historians and photo-historians have uncovered documentary evidence suggesting that this image of Union forces was taken by Andrew J. Russell just before the Second Battle of Fredericksburg in the spring of 1863. For more information, please see the item in the National Archives Catalog.)

Richmond, Va.

116. High-angle view toward the capitol, 1862. National Archives Identifier: 524454, Local Identifier: 111-B-35.

117. Ruins in front of the Capitol, 1865. National Archives Identifier: 524971, Local Identifier: 111-B-562.

118. Silhouette of ruins of Haxall's mills, 1865, showing some of the destruction caused by a Confederate attempt to burn Richmond. National Archives Identifier: 524556, Local Identifier: 111-B-137.

119. The "White House of the Confederacy," Jefferson Davis' home. National Archives Identifier: 524472, Local Identifier: 111-B-53.

Washington, D.C., and Environs

120. The U.S. Capitol under construction, 1860. National Archives Identifier: 530494, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1480.

121. Fort Massachusetts, sally port and soldiers, 1861. The fort was renamed Fort Stevens in 1863. National Archives Identifier: 524897, Local Identifier: 111-B-479.

122. General view of 96th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment during drill at Camp Northumberland, with the camp in the background, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524905, Local Identifier: 111-B-487.

123. Barricades on Duke Street, Alexandria, Va., erected to protect the Orange and Alexandria Railroad from Confederate cavalry, 1861. National Archives Identifier: 524934, Local Identifier: 111-B-523.

124. Slave pen of Price, Birch, & Co., Alexandria, Va., August 1863. Photographed by William R. Pywell. National Archives Identifier: 533276, Local Identifier: 165-SB-2.

125. East front of Arlington Mansion (General Lee's home), with Union soldiers on the lawn, June 28, 1864. National Archives Identifier: 533118, Local Identifier: 165-C-518.

126. Grand review of Union troops, May 23-24, 1865, looking down Pennsylvania Avenue toward the Capitol. Artwork by James E. Taylor, July 1, 1881. National Archives Identifier: 530486, Local Identifier: 111-BA-69.

127. General view of the city from the south toward the Treasury Building and the White House. Cows are grazing near Tiber Creek. National Archives Identifier: 529253, Local Identifier: 111-B-5147.

128. Smithsonian Institution Building in a field of daisies. National Archives Identifier: 528794, Local Identifier: 111-B-4672.

Portraits

Abolitionists

129. Brown, John; bust-length. Engraving from daguerreotype, ca. 1856. National Archives Identifier: 531116, Local Identifier: 111-SC-101021.

130. Douglass, Frederick; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 558770, Local Identifier: 200-FL-22.

131. Garrison, William Lloyd; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530489, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1088.

132. Greeley, Horace; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 527435, Local Identifier: 111-B-3251.

Artists and Authors

133. Brady, Mathew B., photographer; full-length seated. National Archives Identifier: 525281, Local Identifier: 111-B-1074.

134. Brumidi, Constantino, artist who painted murals and frescoes in the Capitol; three-quarter-length, standing, holding brush and palette. National Archives Identifier: 527952, Local Identifier: 111-B-3791.

135. Bryant, William Cullen, poet and editor of the New York Evening Post; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526948, Local Identifier: 111-B-2764.

136. Stowe, Harriet Beecher, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 535784, Local Identifier: 208-N-25004.

137. Whitman, Walt, poet; half-length, seated, wearing hat. National Archives Identifier: 525875, Local Identifier: 111-B-1672.

Confederate Army Officers

138. Beauregard, Gen. Pierre; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525441, Local Identifier: 111-B-1233.

139. Breckenridge, Lt. Gen. John C.; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530491, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1215.

140. Gordon, Maj. Gen. John B.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525987, Local Identifier: 111-B-1786.

141. Hill, Lt. Gen. Ambrose P.; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530490, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1190.

142. Hood, Gen. John B.; bust-length, in civilian clothes. National Archives Identifier: 529378, Local Identifier: 111-B-5274.

143. Jackson, Lt. Gen. Thomas Jonathan ("Stonewall"); bust-length, April 1863. Photographed by George W Minnes. National Archives Identifier: 526067, Local Identifier: 111-B-1867.

144. Johnston, Gen. Joseph E.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525983, Local Identifier: 111-B-1782.

145. Lee, Gen. Robert E.; full-length, standing, April 1865. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 525769, Local Identifier: 111-B-1564.

146. Longstreet, Lt. Gen. James; half-length, in civilian clothes. National Archives Identifier: 526224, Local Identifier: 111-B-2028.

147. Mahone, Maj. Gen. William; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 529228, Local Identifier: 111-B-5123.

148. Mosby, Col. John Singleton; bust-length. National Archives Identifier: 530499, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1709.

149. Stuart, Brig. Gen. James Ewell Brown ("Jeb"); three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 518135, Local Identifier: 64-M-9.

Confederate Officials

150. Benjamin, Judah P., Secretary of State; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526652, Local Identifier: 111-B-2458.

151. Davis, Jefferson, President; three-quarter-length, standing. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady before the war. National Archives Identifier: 528293, Local Identifier: 111-B-4146.

152. Mallory, Stephen R., Secretary of the Navy; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528705, Local Identifier: 111-B-4583.

153. Stephens, Alexander H., Vice President; three- quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528288, Local Identifier: 111-B-4141.

154. Mason, James M., Envoy to England; three quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 529268, Local Identifier: 111-B-5163.

155. Seddon, James A., Secretary of War; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530492, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1224.

Enlisted Men

156. Arnold, D. W. C., private in the Union Army. National Archives Identifier: 529535, Local Identifier: 111-B-5435.

157. Kingin, Pvt. Emory Eugene, 4th Michigan Infantry; standing, full-length, leaning against a tree and wearing a plaid shirt. National Archives Identifier: 529450, Local Identifier: 111-B-5348.

158. Marbury, Gilbert A., drummer, Company H, 22d New York Infantry; posing with drum. National Archives Identifier: 529594, Local Identifier: 111-B-5497.

159. Ruffin, Pvt. Edmund, Confederate soldier who fired the first shot against Fort Sumter; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530493, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1226.

Federal Army Officers

160. Anderson, Maj. Robert, defender of Fort Sumter; full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528328, Local Identifier: 111-B-4183.

161. Burnside, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527863, Local Identifier: 111-B-3698.

162. Butler, Maj. Gen. Benjamin F.; three-quarterlength. National Archives Identifier: 528659, Local Identifier: 111-B-4533.

163. Custer, Maj. Gen. George A.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 558719, Local Identifier: 200S-CA-10.

164. Grant, Lt. Gen. Ulysses S.; three-quarter-length, standing. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 558720, Local Identifier: 200-CA-38.

165. Halleck, Maj. Gen. Henry W. ("Old Brains"); three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526731, Local Identifier: 111-B-2541.

166. Hancock, Maj. Gen. Winfield S.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 529369, Local Identifier: 111-B-5265.

167. Hooker, Maj. Gen. Joseph ("Fighting Joe"); full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526959, Local Identifier: 111-B-2775.

168. McClellan, Maj. Gen. George B.; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528744, Local Identifier: 111-B-4624.

169. McDowell, Maj. Gen. Irvin; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 527993, Local Identifier: 111-B-3834.

170. Meade, Maj. Gen. George G.; half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 527851, Local Identifier: 111-B-3685.

171. Pope, Brig. Gen. John; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527743, Local Identifier: 111-B-3569.

172. Rawlins, Brig. Gen. John A.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528564, Local Identifier: 111-B-4435.

173. Rosecrans, Maj. Gen. William S.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 527814, Local Identifier: 111-B-3646.

174. Scott, Lt. Gen. Winfield ("Old Fuss and Feathers"); half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528333, Local Identifier: 111-B-4188.

175. Sheridan, Maj. Gen. Philip H.; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526708, Local Identifier: 111-B-2520.

176. Sherman, Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525970, Local Identifier: 111-B-1769.

177. Thomas, Maj. Gen. George H.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 528908, Local Identifier: 111-B-4795.

Federal Navy Officers

178. Dahlgren, Rear Adm. John A. B.; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 528718, Local Identifier: 111-B-4595.

179. Farragut, Rear Adm. David G.; three-quarter-length. National Archives Identifier: 529975, Local Identifier: 111-B-5889.

180. Foote, Rear Adm. Andrew H.; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528018, Local Identifier: 111-B-3860.

181. Porter, Rear Adm. David D.; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528608, Local Identifier: 111-B-4480.

Foreign Diplomats

182. Bruce, Sir Frederick, British Minister to the United States from March 1865; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525715, Local Identifier: 111-B-1510.

183. Lyons, Lord Richard B.P., British Minister to the United States from December 1858 to February 1865; full-length, seated. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 533231, Local Identifier: 165-JT-185.

184. Romero, Senior Don Matias. Envoy of the Republic of Mexico, 1863; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 525436, Local Identifier: 111-B-1228.

U.S. Government Officials

185. Chase, Salmon P., Secretary of the Treasury; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 528414, Local Identifier: 111-B-4270.

186. Douglas, Stephen A., Senator from Illinois; three- quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 526540, Local Identifier: 111-B-2346.

187. Johnson, Andrew, Vice President and President; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528284, Local Identifier: 111-B-4138.

188. Lincoln, Abraham; three-quarter-length, standing, ca. 1863. Photographed by Mathew B. Brady. National Archives Identifier: 527823, Local Identifier: 111-B-3656.

189. Seward, William H., Secretary of State; bust profile. National Archives Identifier: 528347, Local Identifier: 111-B-4204.

190. Stanton, Edwin M., Secretary of War; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 528682, Local Identifier: 111-B-4559.

191. Stevens, Thaddeus. Representative from Pennsylvania; half-length. National Archives Identifier: 525291, Local Identifier: 111-B-1084.

192. Sumner, Charles, Senator from Massachusetts; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 530021, Local Identifier: 111-B-5937.

193. Welles, Gideon, Secretary of the Navy; half-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525398, Local Identifier: 111-B-1189.

Women

194. Barton, Clara; three-quarter-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 526057, Local Identifier: 111-B-1857.

195. Joseph, Sister M.M. of the Sisters of Mercy. She and others of her order served in a military hospital at Beaufort, N.C.; full-length, seated. National Archives Identifier: 525814, Local Identifier: 111-B-1609.

196. Lincoln, Mary Todd; full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 529952, Local Identifier: 111-B-5864.

197. Tippee, Mary, sutler with Collis Zouaves (114th Pennsylvania); full-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 520202, Local Identifier; 79-T-2148.

Lincoln's Assassination

198. Booth, John Wilkes; half-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 518136, Local Identifier: 64-M-19.

199. Corbett, Sgt. Boston, the man who claimed he shot John Wilkes Booth; three-quarter-length, seated at a table. National Archives Identifier: 526515, Local Identifier: 111-B-2321.

200. Payne, Lewis, the conspirator who attacked Secretary Seward; three-quarter-length, standing. National Archives Identifier: 530498, Local Identifier: 111-BA-1653.

201. Execution of the four persons condemned as conspirators (Mary E. Surratt, Lewis T. Powell, David E. Herold, and George A. Atzerodt), July 7,1865. Photographed by Alexander Gardner. National Archives Identifier: 530503, Local Identifier: 111-BA-2034.

202. Box in Ford's Theater where Lincoln was assassinated, 1865. National Archives Identifier: 559275, Local Identifier: 200-CC-3404.

203. Bridge across the "Eastern Branch" to Anacostia, Washington, D.C., 1862. John Wilkes Booth and David Herold escaped over this bridge. National Archives Identifier: 524762, Local Identifier: 111-B-343.

Index to Photographers

Barnard, George N., 15, 27, 59, 61, 68, 83, 88, 89, 91, 103, 104, 108, 113, 114
Brady, Mathew B., 40, 145, 151, 164, 183, 188
Cooley, Samuel A., 42, 62
Edwards, J. D., 58
Edwards, W O., 58
Fox, Egbert Guy, 55
Gardner, Alexander, 17, 21, 73, 93, 98, 201
Gardner, James, 41, 49, 110
Gibson, James F, 15, 59, 88, 89, 91
Knox, David, 60
Minnes, George W., 143
O'Sullivan, Timothy H., 18, 23, 75, 76, 95, 97, 99, 109, 111
Pywell, William R., 124
Riddle, A. J., 72
Russell, Capt. Andrew J., 79, 96
Seibert, Selmar Rush, 56, 63

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enlarge Engineers of the 8th New York State Militia in front of a tent, 1861. Local Identifier: 111-B-499. National Archives Identifier: 524918. View in National Archives Catalog Introduction The Civil War was the first large and prolonged conflict recorded by photography.

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FamilySearch Wiki: United States, Histories of Towns, Counties, and States

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FamilySearch Wiki: United States, Histories of Towns, Counties, and States

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Ancestry.com. U.S., County History Catalog [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations Inc, 1997.

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Online County Histories, Biographies and Indexes - USA

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Online County Histories, Biographies and Indexes - USA

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A Genealogy Guide

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Online County Histories, Biographies and Indexes - USA

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List of online county histories, biographies and indexes on the Internet.

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In the Northern Hemisphere, we are on the brink of spring, which means gardens and picnics! But don't be fooled - this is no egg salad sandwich amid blooming tulips. Explore the selections and maybe find a new favorite sandwich.

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HathiTrust Digital Library - Millions of books online

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In the Northern Hemisphere, we are on the brink of spring, which means gardens and picnics! But don't be fooled - this is no egg salad sandwich amid blooming tulips. Explore the selections and maybe find a new favorite sandwich.

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What Are County History Books and How Can They Help With Your Genealogy?

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What Are County History Books and How Can They Help With Your Genealogy?

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AF-075: What Are County History Books and How Can They Help With Your Genealogy?

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Internet Archive: Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Texts, Movies, Music & Wayback Machine

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Internet Archive is a non-profit digital library offering free universal access to texts, movies & music, as well as 624 billion archived web pages.

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 Statue of Liberty Museum - Passenger Search

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 Statue of Liberty Museum - Passenger Search

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Passenger Search | Statue of Liberty & Ellis Island

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The United States Citizenship and Immigration Service (USCIS) and the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) signed an agreement on June 3, 2009, to make the Alien Files (A-Files) a permanent series of records, eligible for transfer to NARA custody 100 years after the immigrant’s year of birth. Created by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) beginning in April 1944, A-Files contain all records of any active case of an alien not yet naturalized as they passed through the United States immigration and inspection process.

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Alien Files (A-Files) for Genealogical Research 

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Alien Files (A-Files) for Genealogical Research 

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United States, Index to Alien Case Files, 1940-2003

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United States, Index to Alien Case Files, 1940-2003

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"United States, Index to Alien Case Files, 1940-2003." Database. FamilySearch. http://FamilySearch.org : 3 December 2024. Citing "Index to Alien Case Files at the National Archives at Kansas City, ca. 1975 - 2012". NAID 5821836. Records of U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services, 2003 - 2004, RG 566. National Archives at Kansas City.

Copy Citation

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United States, Index to Alien Case Files, 1940-2003

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This is an index to Alien Case Files housed at the National Archives Regional Office in Kansas City, Missouri. Under the Alien Registration Act of 1940, immigrants in the United States were required to register and be fingerprinted. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)-now the U.S.

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Section (United States land surveying)

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Section (United States land surveying)

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Section (United States land surveying) - Wikipedia

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In U.S. land surveying under the Public Land Survey System (PLSS), a section is an area nominally one square mile (2.6 square kilometers), containing 640 acres (260 hectares), with 36 sections making up one survey township on a rectangular grid.[1]

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The Public Land Survey System ( PLSS) is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling. Also known as the Rectangular Survey System, it was created by the Land Ordinance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1783, following the end of the American Revolution. Beginning with the Seven Ranges in present-day Ohio, the PLSS has been used as the primary survey method in the United States. Following the passage of the Northwest Ordinance in 1787, the Surveyor General of the Northwest Territory platted lands in the Northwest Territory. The Surveyor General was later merged with the United States General Land Office, which later became a part of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Today, the BLM controls the survey, sale, and settling of lands acquired by the United States.

Map of territorial growth 1775

Northwest territory

Monument referencing the beginning point of the PLSS

Originally proposed by Thomas Jefferson to create a nation of " yeoman farmers", the PLSS began shortly after the American Revolutionary War, when the federal government became responsible for large areas of land west of the original thirteen states. The government wished both to distribute land to Revolutionary War soldiers in reward for their services and to sell land as a way of raising money for the nation. Before this could happen, the land needed to be surveyed.

The Land Ordinance of 1785 marks the beginning of the Public Land Survey System. The Confederation Congress was deeply in debt following the Declaration of Independence. With little power to tax, the federal government decided to use the sale of the Western Territories to pay off war debt. The PLSS has been expanded and slightly modified by Letters of Instruction and Manuals of Instruction, issued by the General Land Office and the Bureau of Land Management and continues in use in most of the states west of Pennsylvania, south to Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi, west to the Pacific Ocean, and north into the Arctic in Alaska.

The original colonies (including their derivatives Maine, Vermont, Tennessee, Kentucky and West Virginia) continued the British system of metes and bounds. This system describes property lines based on local markers and bounds drawn by humans, often based on topography. A typical, yet simple, description under this system might read "From the point on the north bank of Muddy Creek one mile above the junction of Muddy and Indian Creeks, north for 400 yards, then northwest to the large standing rock, west to the large oak tree, south to Muddy Creek, then down the center of the creek to the starting point."

Particularly in New England, this system was supplemented by drawing town plats. The metes and bounds system was used to describe a town of a generally rectangular shape, 4 to 6 miles (6.4 to 9.7 km) on a side. Within this boundary, a map or plat was maintained that showed all the individual lots or properties.

There are some difficulties with this system:

Irregular shapes for properties make for much more complex descriptions.

Over time, these descriptions become problematic as trees die or streams move by erosion.

It was not useful for the large, newly surveyed tracts of land being opened in the west, which were being sold sight unseen to investors.

In the 1783 Treaty of Paris recognizing the United States, Britain also recognized American rights to the land south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi River. The Continental Congress passed the Land Ordinance of 1785 and then the Northwest Ordinance in 1787 to control the survey, sale, and settling of the new lands. The original 13 colonies donated their western lands to the new union, for the purpose of giving land for new states. These include the lands that formed the Northwest Territory, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. The state that gave up the most was Virginia, whose original claim included most of the Northwest Territory and Kentucky. Some of the western land was claimed by more than one state, especially in the northwest, where parts were claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, all three of which had claimed lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

The first surveys under the new rectangular system were in eastern Ohio in an area called the Seven Ranges. The Beginning Point of the U.S. Public Land Survey is at a point on the Ohio-Pennsylvania border between East Liverpool, Ohio, and Ohioville, Pennsylvania, on private property. A National Historic Landmark marker commemorating the site lies on the side of a state highway, exactly 1,112 feet (339 m) to the north of the point.

Ohio was surveyed in several major subdivisions, collectively described as the Ohio Lands, each with its own meridian and baseline. The early surveying, particularly in Ohio, was performed with more speed than care, with the result that many of the oldest townships and sections vary considerably from their prescribed shape and area. Proceeding westward, accuracy became more of a consideration than rapid sale, and the system was simplified by establishing one major north-south line ( principal meridian) and one east-west (base) line that control descriptions for an entire state or more. For example, a single Willamette Meridian serves both Oregon and Washington. County lines frequently follow the survey, so there are many rectangular counties in the Midwest and the West.[citation needed ]

The system is in use in some capacity in most of the country, but large portions use other systems. The territory under the jurisdiction of the Thirteen Colonies at the time of independence did not adopt the PLSS, with the exception of the area that became the Northwest Territory and some of the southern states. This territory comprises Georgia, Connecticut, Delaware, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. The old Cherokee lands in Georgia use the term section as a land designation, but it does not define the same area as the section used by the PLSS. Maine uses a variant of the system in unsettled parts of the state. Parts of Texas, western New York, northwest Pennsylvania, western Georgia, western Kentucky, western Tennessee, and northern Maine use state-developed survey systems similar to PLSS.

Other major exceptions to PLSS are:

California, before statehood in 1850, was only crudely surveyed with the boundaries of Spanish and Mexican land grants (ranchos); since statehood the PLSS was used to convey government lands.

Georgia surveyed its remaining central and western lands into a grid of land lots. Most were surveyed from 1819 through 1821 immediately upon the cession of all former Spanish lands to the U.S.

Hawaii adopted a system based on the Kingdom of Hawaii native system in place at the time of annexation.

Louisiana recognizes early French and Spanish descriptions called arpents, particularly in the southern part of the state, as well as PLSS descriptions.

Alabama recognizes Spanish-era land claims, especially near the coast.

New Mexico uses the PLSS but has several areas that retain original metes and bounds from Spanish and Mexican rule. These take the form of land grants similar to areas of Texas and California. As an extension, there are some New Mexico based Mexican land grants in south central Colorado.

Ohio's Virginia Military District was surveyed using the metes and bounds system. Areas in northern Ohio (the Connecticut Western Reserve and United States Military District) were surveyed with another standard, sometimes referred to as Congressional Survey townships, which are five miles (8 km) on each side instead of the six miles standard implemented by the PLSS. Hence, there are 25 sections per township there, rather than 36.

Texas has a hybrid of its own early system, based on land grants made in Spanish Texas, and a variation of the PLSS.

Wisconsin had French settlement prior to the PLSS in the areas of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. Both areas were initially divided using the French Long Lot system along the water frontage. The most noticeable artifact of this system is visible on maps and satellite images in that the general street grid of Green Bay, Allouez, Ashwaubenon and De Pere, all run parallel/perpendicular to the direction of the Fox River, being rotated about 25° from north, in contrast to the standard east-west grid of the surrounding townships in Brown County.

Michigan had French settlement prior to the PLSS along the Detroit and St. Clair rivers, and near Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, and Ypsilanti. These are all examples of the French long lots.

Parts of Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Wyoming were settled as Donation Land Claims. Some were established before the Willamette Meridian, and those established after were often poorly surveyed and did not correspond to the PLSS.

Illustration of the system from the National Atlas

Aliquot part: A terse, hierarchical reference to a piece of land, in which successive subdivisions of some larger area are appended to the beginning of the reference. For example, SW1/4 NW1/4 S13, T1SR20E refers to the southwest quarter of the northwest quarter of section 13 of Township 1 South Range 20 East (a 40-acre parcel). See further discussion below.

Base Line: A parallel of latitude, referenced to and established from a designated initial point, upon which all rectangular surveys in a defined area are based. Also spelled baseline.

BLM: Bureau of Land Management, the successor agency to the General Land Office

Cadastral: Having to do with the boundaries of land parcels.

Corner: The point of intersection of any two actual or potential survey lines, defining one corner of a rectangular land parcel.

Lot: A subdivision of a section which is not an aliquot part of the section but which is designated separately. A lot is typically irregular in shape, and its acreage varies from that of regular aliquot parts.

Initial point: The starting point for a survey; the intersection point of the Principal meridian and the Base line in a given region.

Land grant: Historically a land grant is an area of land to which title was conferred by a predecessor government, usually English/British, Spanish or Mexican, and confirmed by the U.S federal courts after the territory was acquired by the United States.

Monumentation: Placement and/or marking of physical objects on the ground to mark survey points and lines.

Original survey: The first official government survey in a given area. Unless fraud is proven, the original survey is legally valid and binding, regardless of any surveying errors that may have occurred. All subsequent subdivision, sale, etc. must proceed from the original survey. In the United States, most original surveys were done under contract with the General Land Office.

Principal meridian (PM): A true meridian running through an initial point, which together with the baseline form the highest level framework for all rectangular surveys in a given area. The list of all principal meridians is given below.

Public domain (land): Land owned and managed by the Federal government. Synonymous with public lands. National Parks and National Forests are a large part of the public domain land today. The original public domain included the lands that were turned over to the Federal Government by the original thirteen states and areas acquired from the native Indian tribes or foreign powers.

Range (Rng, R): A measure of the distance east or west from a referenced principal meridian, in units of six miles.

Section: An approximately one-square-mile block of land. There are 36 sections in a survey township.

Township (Twp, T): A square parcel of land of 36 square miles, or a measure of the distance north or south from a referenced baseline, in units of six miles.

Witness: Any marker set on the ground that marks or represents some other nearby object or location of surveying importance, such as a corner. For example, a bearing tree is a witness to a survey corner.

The surveying of any regional area, such as a state or multiple states, is a multi-step process. First, two controlling survey lines are established: a baseline which runs east-west and a principal meridian which runs north-south. The locations of the two are determined by a previously chosen initial point, where they originate and thus intersect. Next, at a defined distance interval, commonly 24 or 30 miles (48 km) depending on the year and location, standard parallels of latitude are established parallel to the baseline. The meridian, baseline and standard parallels thus established form a lattice upon which all further surveying is then based. Subsequent work divides the land into survey townships of roughly 36 square miles (93 km ²) or 6 miles (9.7 km) on each side. This is done by the establishment of township and range lines. Township lines run parallel to the baseline (east-west), while range lines run north-south; each are established at 6-mile intervals. Lastly, townships are subdivided into 36 sections of approximately 1 square mile (640 acres; 2.6 km ²) and sections into four quarter-sections of 0.25 square miles (160 acres; 0.65 km ²) each. The intersection of a township line (or baseline) with a range line (or principal meridian) constitutes a township corner, of a section line with any other type of line a section corner, and a point halfway between any two section corners a quarter corner. The federal government typically surveyed only to this quarter-section level, the subdivision of smaller parcels being carried out subsequently by private surveyors after original sale.

Because the survey design is two-dimensional (rectangular), while the actual Earth is three-dimensional (approximately spherical and topographically), adjustments to land areas must be made periodically to prevent error propagation; not all sections can be one square mile nor can all townships be exactly 36 square miles. More specifically, all north-south running lines (all range lines and half of all section lines), as with the prime meridian, are always established with reference to true, geodetic north. But it is a physical impossibility to meet this condition and still maintain a rectangular land grid, because such lines converge on the north pole.

These adjustments are done at two different scales. At the small scale (within a township) it is done by starting the sectional surveys (township "subdivisions") in the southeast corner and moving progressively toward the northwest corner. The algorithm used is to move northward to establish the six easternmost sections (and quarter-sections), then move west at one mile intervals, parallel to the eastern boundary of the township, repeating this process, until the western side of the township is reached. The result of this is that the northernmost and westernmost tiers of sections-11 in all-are thus allowed to deviate from one square mile, but the other (southeasterly-most) 25 sections are not. This method accommodates the curvature problem within a township and also allows for any errors made during the surveying-which were nearly unavoidable because of the physical difficulty of the work and the crude equipment used-without overly compromising the basic rectangular nature of the system as a whole. At the larger multiple township scale, the standard parallels developed at the establishment of the baseline, so that townships widths do not continually decrease as the grid proceeds north (and is in fact the primary reason for their establishment). Thus, corrections for curvature of the Earth exist at two separate spatial scales-a smaller scale within townships and a larger scale between multiple townships and within standard parallels.

A specific and terse location descriptor is always used, in which the townships and sections are indexed based on (1) the township's position relative to the initial point, (2) the section's location within the designated township, and (3) the principal meridian reference. Township, range, and section are abbreviated as T, R, and S, respectively, and cardinal bearings from the initial point by N, S, E, and W; each principal meridian also has its established abbreviation. Thus, for example, the description "T1SR20E S13 MDM" reads as follows: Township 1 South, Range 20 East, Section 13, Mount Diablo Meridian. That is, the 13th section in the first township south of the baseline (in this case, the Mount Diablo Baseline) and the 20th township east of the principal meridian (the Mount Diablo Meridian). Since township and range lines are six miles apart, the "T1SR20E" part of the designation instantly places the location somewhere between zero and six miles south of the baseline, and 114 and 120 miles east of the principal meridian. Knowing how sections are numbered within townships, section 13 is identified as therefore occupying the one square mile located 2 to 3 miles south, and 119 to 120 miles east, of the Mount Diablo initial point (in central California). Note that the sections within a township are numbered in an unconventional, Boustrophedon pattern (Fig. 2), in which alternating rows are numbered in opposite directions, starting from section 1 in the northeast corner and ending with section 36 in the southeast corner, as per Figure 2. Therefore, section 13 is adjacent to the eastern range line of the designated township. Numbering in this pattern ensures that numerically sequential sections within the same township are physically adjacent and share colinear boundaries.

Figure 3. Kent County, Michigan in 1885 as a PLSS example, showing 24 named townships and sectional subdivisions.

Distances were always measured in chains and links, based on Edmund Gunter's 66-foot measuring chain. The chain - an actual metal chain - was made up of 100 links, each being 7.92 inches (201 mm) long. Eighty chains constitute one U.S. survey mile (which differs from the international mile by a few millimeters). There were two chainmen, one at each end, who physically made the measurements, one of them typically also acting as "compassman" to establish the correct bearing at each chain placement. In forested areas, it was essential for rapid progress and accuracy that the lead chainman follow the correct bearing at all times, since no straightening of the chain was possible without backtracking around trees and re-measuring. It was also necessary to keep the chain level, since all surveying distances are based on the horizontal, not slope, distance. In steep terrain, this meant shortening the chain, raising one end of the chain relative to the other, or both. In areas where measuring by chain was not possible, such as extremely steep terrain or water obstructions, distances were calculated by triangulation.

Monumentation is the establishment of permanent on-the-ground objects that mark exact locations of surveyed points and lines. They are the legally binding markers used for setting property lines and as such are the culminating work of any survey. They consist of both corner monuments as well as nearby accessory objects that "witness" to them. Witness objects allow subsequent surveyors and landowners to find the original corner monument location should the monument be destroyed. It was not uncommon for squatters or homesteaders to destroy corner monuments if they felt the patenting of the land would threaten their residence on it. For this reason, destruction of corner monuments, or their accompanying witness objects was, and still is, a federal offense.

At corners, corner monuments are established to mark their exact location on the ground. As with most PLSS specifications, those for corner monumentation also changed over time. In the 19th century, monuments were commonly a rock pile, a wooden post, or a combination of the two. Trees could be used if the corner happened to fall at the exact spot where one grew. In the 20th century, steel pipes with caps, supported by mounds of rock, became required (for example, see Fig. 4). Witnesses can be trees, rocks, or trenches dug in the ground; their exact locations relative to the corner, and the markings made on them, are also recorded in the surveyor's official fieldnotes. Witness trees at corners are more commonly referred to as bearing trees because the exact distance and bearing from the corner, to them, was required to be recorded (as well as the taxon and diameter).

Figure 4. The cast and stamped cap on a corner monument pipe, in western Yosemite National Park, placed in 1905 during the Park boundary resurvey

On each bearing tree, two blazes were typically required, one about chest height and easily visible, and one at ground level (in case the tree were illegally cut, the stump remaining). On the exposed wood of the blaze, surveyors were required to inscribe, with wood chisels, township, range and section information, on typically either two or four bearing trees, if they were within some reasonable distance of the corner (unspecified early on but later set at a maximum of 3 chains (178 feet, 60 meters) away). Bearing trees are of vital importance not just for these land boundary purposes but also for their use by ecologists in the estimation of historic forest vegetation conditions before settlement and large scale human disturbance of the land. The data provided in these surveys provide a definitive estimate of original forest composition and structure, and the data have accordingly been used heavily.

Along survey lines, monumentation was much less elaborate, consisting primarily of only the blazing and some simple scribing of trees directly on, or very close to, the survey line. The purpose was to help retrace a surveyed line should that become necessary. It was also additional proof that the line had in fact been run correctly, especially in those cases where the blazed line tree's pertinent information (species, diameter and distance from previous corner) was recorded in the fieldnotes, as was often required.

Records kept by the surveyors during the execution of the work varied over time. Furthermore, how well individual surveying parties actually met the requirements or recommendations at the time, also varied. The following is a list of the more commonly required landscape and surveying items that were either required or requested be noted, over much of the nineteenth century.

The precise length of every line run, noting all necessary offsets therefrom, with the reason and mode thereof.

The species and diameter of all "bearing trees", with the course and distance of the same from their respective corners; and the precise relative position of witness corners to the true corners.

The kinds of materials (earth or stone) of which mounds are constructed-the fact of their being conditioned according to instructions-with the course and distance of the "pits", from the centre of the mound, where necessity exists for deviating from the general rule.

The name, diameter, and distance on line to all trees which the line intersects.

The distance at which the line first intersects and then leaves every settler's claim and improvement; prairie; river, creek, or other "bottom"; or swamp, marsh, grove, and wind fall, with the course of the same at both points of intersection; also the distances of ascents, summits, and descents of all remarkable hills and ridges, with their courses and estimated height, in feet, above the level land of the surrounding country, or above the bottom lands, ravines, or waters near which they are situated.

All streams of water which the line crosses; the distance on line at the points of intersection and their widths on line. In cases of navigable streams, their width will be ascertained between the meander corners, as set forth under the proper head.

The land's surface, whether level, rolling, broken, or hilly.

The soil, whether first, second, or third rate.

The several kinds of timber and undergrowth, in the order in which they predominate.

Bottom lands were to be described as wet or dry, and if subject to inundation, state to what depth.

Springs of water, whether fresh, saline, or mineral, and the course of the stream flowing from them.

Lakes and ponds, describing their banks and giving their height, and also the depth of water and whether it be pure or stagnant.

Towns and villages; Indian towns and wigwams; houses or cabins; fields, or other improvements; sugar tree groves, sugar camps, mill seats, forges, and factories.

Coal banks or beds; peat or turf grounds; minerals and ores; with particular description as to quality and extent, and all diggings therefore; also salt springs and licks. All reliable information that could be obtained respecting these objects, whether they be on the immediate line or not, was to appear in the general description at the end of the notes.

Roads and trails, with their directions, whence and whither.

Rapids, cataracts, cascades, or falls of water, with the height of their fall in feet.

Precipices, caves, sink-holes, ravines, stone quarries, ledges of rocks, with the kind of stone they afford.

Natural curiosities, interesting fossils, petrifactions, organic remains; ancient works of art, such as mounds, fortifications, embankments, ditches, or objects of like nature.

The variation of the needle must be noted at all points or places on the lines where there is found any material change of variation, and the position of such points must be perfectly identified in the notes.

The following table indicates some distance and area conversions in the PLSS:

Based on the BLM manual's 1973 publication date, and the reference to Clarke's Spheroid of 1866 in section 2-82, the coordinates listed are believed to be in the NAD27 datum.

Ohio Lands

These public land surveyed had no initial point as an origin for both township and range.

Illustration of railroad land grant layout.

The Pacific Railroad Act of 1862 (signed by President Abraham Lincoln) was the first major land grant specifically for the transcontinental railroad. This act provided surveyed, public lands for a railroad right-of-way to build rail systems, and millions of acres to raise the capital needed to build and maintain the future railways.

Ten square miles of land on each side of the proposed rail track were granted for every one mile of completed railway. The PLSS was utilized for measurement. Every one-mile length of railway completed was akin to a section. If the railway ran predominantly east and west, a 10-mile (16 km) range of one square mile sections was allotted on each side of the 400-foot (120 m) right-of-way. If the railway ran predominantly north and south, a 10-mile (16 km) township of one square mile sections was allotted on each side of the 400-foot (120 m) right-of-way. The land was granted in alternating sections (one square mile), with each odd numbered section going to the railroad company and each even numbered section kept by the government. This created a checkerboard pattern along proposed railways. This was supposed to guarantee that railroad access would increase the value of both the railroad-granted sections and the government-owned sections in the checkerboard. The system was devised by Senator Stephen A. Douglas, with political support from Senator Jefferson Davis.

Under the 1785 act, section 16 of each township was set aside for school purposes and as such was often called the school section. Section 36 was also subsequently added as a school section in western states. The various states and counties ignored, altered or amended this provision in their own ways, but the general (intended) effect was a guarantee that local schools would have an income and that the community schoolhouses would be centrally located for all children. An example of land allotments made specifically for higher education is Ohio's College Township.

There were numerous incidents of fraudulent or bad surveying reported, arguably in nearly every state. The remote nature of the land being surveyed certainly enabled the opportunity for fraud to occur. The most notorious, large scale, and costly fraud was perpetrated by the Benson Syndicate, operating primarily in California in the 1880s.

The PLSS is considered one of the major points of contention in the adoption of the metric system in the United States. The PLSS has used the Gunter's chain as a basic measurement. In Canada, however, where the land survey is based on the same units of measure as the U.S. land survey, the metric system was adopted without issue.

"...the measurements of every plot of ground in the United States have been made in acres, feet, and inches, and are publicly recorded with the titles to the land according to the record system peculiar to this country." -Franklin Institute of Philadelphia (1876). Because of this, redefining property boundaries could create a large amount of legal issues and property owner confusion. Many local zoning laws are defined in feet/square feet. Conversion of units for surveyors are not simple, and complex decisions are frequently required (such as non-universal conversion factors, soft/hard conversions, number rounding).

Example of road system in a PLSS area; Nebraska

Example of road system in a non-PLSS area; North Carolina

As roads have typically been laid out along section boundaries spaced one mile (1.6 km) apart, growing urban areas have adopted road grids with mile-long "blocks" as their primary street network. Such roads in urban areas are known as section line roads, usually designed primarily for automobile travel and limited in their use for non-motorized travel. In post- World War II suburbs, commercial development has largely occurred along and at intersections of arterials, while the rest of the former square-mile sections have generally filled with residential development, as well as schools, religious facilities, and parks. One example of this is the Mile Road System of Detroit, Michigan.

Occasionally, and more frequently in a metropolitan region's inner postwar suburbs than in outer areas, arterials are at approximately half-mile intervals. This strictly regimented urban (or suburban) structure has coincided with the similarly strict practice of Euclidean zoning (named after the town of Euclid, Ohio, which won a 1926 Supreme Court case Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co., which established the constitutionality of zoning). In Euclidean zoning, use of a property is dictated and regulated by zoning district, the boundaries of which are often based on locations of arterials.

West of the Appalachians, road systems frequently follow the PLSS grid structure. The results can be 90-degree intersections and very long stretches of straight roads.

The land system is an important part of American history and culture. Among other things, the stock phrases "lower 40", "front 40", "back 40", and " 40 acres and a mule", which are sometimes heard in American movies, reference the quarter-quarter section. The "lower 40" in a quarter-section is the one at lowest elevation, i.e. in the direction that water drains. The "lower 40" is frequently the location of or the direction of a stream or a pond. The phrase "40 acres and a mule" was the compensation apocryphally promised by the Freedmen's Bureau following the American Civil War.

Homesteading, a staple of American western culture, was dependent on the PLSS. In the original Homestead Act of 1862, during the Lincoln administration, each settler was allocated 160 acres (0.65 km ²) of land, a quarter-section. Later amendments of the Homestead Act allocated more land, as much as 640 acres (2.6 km ²), a section. This was a good revision to apply to land that was drier or more desolate than the earlier, more desirable lands that had already been settled. Many times, this land was more suited to ranching than to farming.

Linklater, Andro (2002). Measuring America: How an Untamed Wilderness Shaped the United States and Fulfilled the Promise of Democracy. New York: Walker & Co. ISBN 0-8027-1396-3. (Describes the history and social context of the PLSS and some of the political maneuvering that went into its creation.)

-- (2003). Measuring America: How the United States Was Shaped by the Greatest Land Sale in History. New York: Plume. ISBN 0-452-28459-7.

Meine, Curt (2004). Correction Lines: Essays on Land, Leopold, and Conservation. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. ISBN 9781559637329.

Pattison, William (1957). "Beginnings of the American Land Survey System, 1784-1800" (Geography Research Paper). Chicago: University of Chicago.

Thrower, Norman J. W. (1966). Original Survey and Land Subdivision: A Comparative Study of the Form and Effect of Contrasting Cadastral Surveys. Chicago: Rand McNally for the Association of American Geographers. OCLC 953203.

Treat, Payson J. (2003) [1910]. The National Land System, 1785-1820. New York: E.B. Treat. ISBN 1-57588-797-5.

White, C. Albert. A History of the Rectangular Survey System. United States, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, 1983.

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The Public Land Survey System ( PLSS) is the surveying method developed and used in the United States to plat, or divide, real property for sale and settling. Also known as the Rectangular Survey System, it was created by the Land Ordinance of 1785 to survey land ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris in 1783, following the end of the American Revolution.

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Barns, America’s symbols of honesty, integrity, and the American dream, are disappearing from Iowa’s countryside at a rapid rate. With mechanized agriculture of today, barns are no longer the center of the farm.

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Over 18 million aerial photos documenting the history of rural America spanning five decades.

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Discover your family history. Explore the world's largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.

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At RootsTech 2024, FamilySearch announced a new full text search product that can help you find historical records using artificial intelligence (AI).

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U.S., Naturalization Records, 1840-1957 - Ancestry

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Iowa History Map - Historic Iowa Maps and Places

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An interactive Iowa map featuring a historic atlas and aerial photography from 1930 through today.

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What if there was a way to look into Iowa's past, to see what kinds of industries and operations were on a site 70 years ago

...to see where former buildings were located

...where quarries, city dumps, or petroleum tanks existed but are now gone?

Through an innovative project, designed to provide ease of access to the public, it is now possible to "look back in time" through the Iowa Historic Digital Aerial Photo Project. Using state-of-the-art computer technology, Iowa State University and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources have teamed up to collect, sort, and transfer historic aerial photos into a digital format.

This web-based, publicly accessible, historic view of Iowa from the late 1930s will be an invaluable tool for documenting Iowa's environmental and natural resource history. Land owners and managers, developers, and planners often need to understand how a property was previously used, in order to evaluate if past activities have contributed to environmental contamination, changed the property's character, or otherwise impacted the site's resources. Information regarding past uses can be difficult to find.

Property abstracts, building permits, and maps often did not record the type of land use that could have had environmental and natural resource impacts. The Iowa Historic Digital Aerial Photo Project provides a new resource to explore these past uses and to ensure that the valuable information on these photos will be permanently preserved.

How the Project was Conducted

With funding provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the Iowa Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) initiated the collection and conversion of 1930s aerial photos of Iowa into a digital form that can be used in a Geographic Information System. The IDNR has partnered with the Iowa State University Geographic Information Systems Support & Research Facility to collect photos from the Iowa Department of Transportation archives and the University of Iowa's Map Library. When photos are not available, orders for copies are placed with the National Archives. Once collected and cataloged, the photos are scanned to convert them to a digital format. Finally, they are georectified, or aligned, with their proper locations on the earth's surface, by comparison with newer aerial photos that already have assigned geographic locations.

Counties Available through the Project

In the first two years of this "pilot" program, Iowa's most populous counties, and those with the most industrial and development history, as well as some counties with agricultural and land use variety, were selected to be included in this 1930s aerial photo collection. Hopefully, complete aerial photo coverage for Iowa from the 1930s will be obtained through this pilot program. However, additional funding and partnering with other agencies and associations will be necessary to expand the project to include subsequent decades of photo coverage.

Where Did They Come From?

In 1933 Congress established the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, which conducted aerial photo fly-overs of many states to assess crop compliance for entitlement payments to farmers. The first statewide fly-over for Iowa was conducted through this program in 1938. Periodically since then the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and now the Farm Services Agency, have continued to conduct these aerial photo surveys on a routine basis. Many of these historic aerial photos of Iowa were shared among state agencies, with the National Archives retaining the master photos. However, over time these photos had fallen into disuse and were relatively unknown. There is no single, comprehensive, catalog of this unique historical resource that is readily available to the public.

A Resource for Many Fields of Study

Important natural resource and environmental changes between the 1930s and today can be documented with the help of historic digital aerial photos. Better decisions on land-use development and agricultural management can be made with the help of an "historical perspective." Trends in land use and natural resource management can be compared by noting changes like those shown and listed below.

Historical land use

Development changes

Agricultural practices

Soil and streambank erosion patterns

Conservation improvements

Changes in natural vegetation and habitat

Where to Access Photos

Historic Photo Interactive Mapping Site

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View photos from Iowa's past industries and operations 70 years ago with aerial photos funded through the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

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Aerial Photographs of Iowa Counties - Map Collection

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Aerial Photographs of Iowa Counties - Map Collection

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University Libraries | The University of Iowa

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The Map Collection contains over 150,000 aerial photographs of Iowa’s counties, all available for public use. Most of the photos were given to the collection by county extension offices over the years, and efforts have been made to fill in gaps in the sets. Photos may be scanned, removed from the room for photocopying, or—with restrictions—may be checked out for short periods of time.

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Hixson Plat Map Atlases of Iowa | The University of Iowa Libraries

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what are plat maps genealogy - Google Search

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Like other historical maps, plat maps give genealogists a detailed snapshot of a community at a given time. They’re often labeled with landowners’ names, pointing to deeds and other land records. Other details might include the square footage for a plot, the crop grown or number of dwellings constructed on a plot.

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Where Did Your Ancestor Live? How to Interpret Plat Maps

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Where Did Your Ancestor Live? How to Interpret Plat Maps

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Where Did Your Ancestor Live? How to Interpret Plat Maps

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Have you ever wondered where your ancestor lived? You can often use old plat maps to discover the location of their homestead. Here’s how to read the maps.

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A plat map that shows the location of a lot for sale

In the United States, a plat ( or ) ( plan) is a cadastral map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land. United States General Land Office surveyors drafted township plats of Public Lands Surveys to show the distance and bearing between section corners, sometimes including topographic or vegetation information. City, town or village plats show subdivisions broken into blocks with streets and alleys. Further refinement often splits blocks into individual lots, usually for the purpose of selling the described lots; this has become known as subdivision.

After the filing of a plat, legal descriptions can refer to block and lot-numbers rather than portions of sections. In order for plats to become legally valid, a local governing body, such as a public works department, urban planning commission, zoning board, or another organ of the state must normally review and approve them.

A pamphlet for a walking tour of Boise's original ten blocks

The creation of a plat map marks an important step in the process of incorporating a town or city according to United States law. Because the process of incorporation sometimes occurred at a courthouse, the incorporation papers for many American cities may be stored hundreds of miles away in another state. For example, to view the original United States General Land Office plat for the city of San Francisco, California, filed in 1849, one must visit the Museum of the Oregon Territory in Oregon City, Oregon, as at that time Oregon City was the site of the closest federal land office to San Francisco.

A plat of consolidation or plan of consolidation originates when a landowner takes over several adjacent parcels of land and consolidates them into a single parcel. In order to do this, the landowner will usually need to make a survey of the parcels and submit the survey to the governing body that would have to approve the consolidation.

A plat of subdivision or plan of subdivision appears when a landowner or municipality divides land into smaller parcels. If a landowner owns an acre of land, for instance, and wants to divide it into three pieces, a surveyor would have to take precise measurements of the land and submit the survey to the governing body, which would then have to approve it. A plat of subdivision also applies when a landowner/building owner divides a multi-family building into multiple units. This can apply for the intention of selling off the individual units as condominiums to individual owners.[citation needed ]

A correction plat or amending plat records minor corrections to an existing plat, such as correcting a surveying mistake or a scrivener's error. Such plats can sometimes serve to relocate lot-lines or other features, but laws usually tightly restrict such use.

A vacating plat functions to legally void a prior plat or portion of a plat. The rules normally allow such plats only when all the platted lots remain unsold and no construction of buildings or public improvements has taken place.[citation needed ]

Other names associated with parcel maps are: land maps, tax maps, real estate maps, landowner maps, lot and block survey system and land survey maps. Parcel maps, unlike any other public real estate record, have no federal, state or municipal oversight with their development.[citation needed ]

An 1878 plat map of Transitville (now Buck Creek, Indiana)

Subdivision of a property into multiple smaller lots, as described above.[8]

Designation of roads or other rights of way.

Ensuring that all property has access to a public right of way. Without such access, a property owner may be unable to use his or her property without having to trespass to reach it. The platting process restricts the fraudulent practice of knowingly selling lots with no access to public right of way without revealing that such access does not exist. (Property that does not have access to public right of way may be sold, provided that the buyer is aware of the lack of a public means of access by water or land.)

Creation or vacation of easements.

Dedication of land for other public uses, such as parks or areas needed for flood protection.

Ensuring compliance with zoning. Zoning regulations frequently contain restrictions that govern lot sizes and lot geometry. The platting process allows the governing authorities to ensure that all lots comply with these regulations.

Ensuring compliance with a land use plan established to control the development of a city.

Ensuring that all property has access to public utilities.

Plats contain a number of informational elements:

The property boundaries are indicated by bearing and distance. The bearing is in the format of degrees, minutes, seconds with compass point letters before and afterward to indicate the compass quadrant. For example, N 38 00 00 E is 38 degrees into the northeast quadrant or 38 degrees east of north. Similarly, S 22 00 00 W is 22 degrees west of south. North here is true north, so magnetic orientation must be corrected for magnetic declination.

The certification note provides information on the surveyor and is the location where recent US plats place the flood survey code in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Act of 1968.

The north arrow is familiar to most map readers

The title block and lot numbers provide information specific to a development or land use plan

An easement is usually indicated by a dashed line, although it is also common to have to look them up in supplementary documents (such as a title report)

Streets are usually indicated by a graphical outline of the right of way; the outline also sometimes depicts the paved area.

The dictionary definition of plat at Wiktionary

Media related to Survey drawings at Wikimedia Commons

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In the United States, a plat ( or ) ( plan) is a cadastral map, drawn to scale, showing the divisions of a piece of land. United States General Land Office surveyors drafted township plats of Public Lands Surveys to show the distance and bearing between section corners, sometimes including topographic or vegetation information.

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Why Search Obituaries for Family History Research?

An obituary search is more than just knowing when your ancestor died. Obituaries are mini-narratives of a person's life highlighting major happenings between "born on" and "deceased on." Discover how your ancestors lived, loved, and how they were remembered. Most of all, an obituary search is often the missing link or the key starting point for learning more about your family history. Although obituaries published in newspapers cannot replace the official death records, you can learn critical details about your ancestors. Some of the facts you can find in obituaries & death notices:

Name, place and year of birth

Names of children, where they lived, and their position in the family's birth order

Names of the towns and cities of residence and how long they lived in each one

Age of spouse (husband, wife) at death and how long ago that was

Details on the longevity of parents and grandparents

Name of cemetery, date and place of the funeral and burial

How to Find an Obituary for a Specific Person in the US

To find an obituary, enter the deceased person's last name in the search bar at the top of the page. You can narrow down your search by adding date ranges and geographical information of where the deceased lived. This is the best way to find obituaries printed in any US newspaper.

Our obituary archives include over 289 million newspaper obituaries and death records covering over 327 years from over 13,000 newspapers. And new obituary records are added daily. You can search for obituaries by name, state, city or newspaper publication to narrow your search.

Helpful Obituary Search Tips:

Expand your obituary search to include multiple localities and newspapers.

Obituaries are frequently published in the local newspapers where your deceased ancestor resided or other family members lived.

Search only by a person's last name.

If you can't find an obituary for a recently deceased relative by first and last name, try a broader search by just their last name to capture more results

What Can a U.S. Obituary Search Tell You About Your Ancestors?

Obituaries are exactly as published in local, state, and national U.S. newspapers.

We receive the same "feed" from the newspapers that they send to printing plants.

Our online obituary archive is updated throughout the day and even includes the obituaries that will appear in tomorrow's newspapers from across the country. Read More

A brief history of obituaries

Various types of headers had been used for obituaries over the years, including Deaths, Obituaries, Died, In Memoriam, In Remembrance, Memorials, etc.

Obituaries have been present in newspapers for centuries. As newspapers changed over the years, so did obituaries, but their essence has remained the same to this day.

Before the linotype machine was invented in 1886, publishers used to set by hand the type for printing daily newspapers. The process took time, which is why newspapers only used to have several pages (only four pages in most cases). With fewer pages, there was limited space for ads and news articles, so the obituaries were usually very short.

In most cases, an obituary was just a one-liner announcing that a certain person had died. The newspaper editors used to decide who should have a more comprehensive obituary, based on the deceased's status and popularity in the community. Famous people and those whom the editors thought would be of significant general interest would get more detailed obituaries.

The length of a person's funeral obituary depended on several things:
How important they were for the community

How much time the editors needed to spend researching about the deceased in order to write the obituary

If the obituary needs to tell an important story

As centuries went by, and towns turned into cities, families started writing obituaries on their own so that they would include more important details about their relatives. The newspaper industry defined a new term for these user-written obituaries, "Death Notes." Newspapers started including them as paid advertisements and began charging for publishing obituaries. The price of an obituary usually depended on the word count, the number of insertions, and the inclusion of photos.

What can we learn from an obituary search?

An obituary search can tell you a lot of details about a particular person. As a published death announcement, it may be a tribute with an elaborate biography, or a simple, short death notice. Through an obituary lookup, you can discover various information about the deceased or his/her family members.

Usually, obituaries contain the name of the deceased and the burial date. Although, they may not reveal the death date. Therefore, you may need to figure it out using other details such as the date when the obituary was published. However, as you will realize using the obituary finder, obituaries also often contain more in-depth information such as the birth date, names of spouse, parents and children, marriage date, social status, occupation, education, and more. In many obituaries, you can find the location of the family members of the deceased at the time they were published.

An obituaries search can be a comprehensive process but the information you may find could be worth your while.

Why are obituary archives Important?

Every obituary tells a little story about a person's life. Often, they tell you whether or not the person was married, who their children were, who their parents were, the names of their spouses, and many other details. When you search obituaries, often what you find is the only time a certain person has appeared in a newspaper. Obituaries are considered a lasting written record of someone's existence. Obituary archives can bring together family, ancestors, friends, life partners, and sometimes even distant strangers.

They play a crucial role in preserving history. One obituary represents a written trace of a person's life. Whereas, many obituaries from the same community or same period will open a window into the lives of our ancestors and their communities. To find the obituary of a person means finding a hidden door that leads to amazing discoveries. Obituaries connect us through space and time, and they help us discover important details about family members and friends, preserving vital parts of history and keeping them safe for generations to come.

What can obituary searches be used for?

The details you discover may open up an interesting research adventure. For example, the obituary of your immigrant ancestor may give you clues to their birthplace, so that you may be able to trace your family's roots.

If you search obituaries by name, you may be able to discover the maiden names of your female ancestors. A man's obituary may contain his sister's or daughter's married name, and you may not be able to find that information anywhere else. When you find obituaries of your relatives, ancestors, or friends, you will find detailed biographies. You will be able to learn their background in their community, what they did for a living, if they were a church member, or if they belonged to a certain society or distinguished group.

A death notice search will take you back through time and give you an insight into the life of your ancestor and their closest family members.

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Obituary Archives - Online Obituary Search | GenealogyBank

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An obituary search is more than just knowing when your ancestor died. Obituaries are mini-narratives of a person's life highlighting major happenings between "born on" and "deceased on." Discover how your ancestors lived, loved, and how they were remembered.

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Newspapers.com by Ancestry

The names, logos, and other source identifying features of newspapers depicted in our database are the trademarks of their respective owners, and our use of newspaper content in the public domain or by private agreement does not imply any affiliation with, or endorsement from, the publishers of the newspaper titles that appear on our site. Newspapers.com makes these newspapers available for the purpose of historical research, and is not responsible for the content of any newspapers archived at our site.

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Historical Newspapers from the 1700's-2000s

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The largest online newspaper archive. Used by millions every month for historical research, family history, crime investigations, journalism, and more.

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress. Learn more

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Chronicling America " Library of Congress

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1770-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present.

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FamilySearch Wiki: United States Obituaries

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FamilySearch Wiki: United States Obituaries

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Javascript required: We're sorry, but Fold3 doesn't work properly without JavaScript enabled. You will need to enable Javascript by changing your browser settings. Learn how to enable it.

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Fold3 features premier collections of original military records. These records include the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served in the military. Many of records come the U.S. National Archives, The National Archives of U.K. and many others.

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600 E Locust St Des Moines, IA 50319 United States

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Bureau County Historical Society | County Museum and Research

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The primary mission of the Bureau County Historical Society and History Center in operating its museums is to educate the public on the history of Bureau County and the surrounding area through the collection, preservation, interpretation and exhibit of artifacts and related materials.

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Adair County Historical Museum | Greenfield, Iowa | Travel Iowa

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Find details on Adair County Historical Museum in Greenfield including contact information, photos and nearby attractions.

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World War One Draft Registration Cards 1917-1918

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World War One Draft Registration Cards 1917-1918

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Online Indexes and Finding Aids

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World War One Draft Records - Find Draft Registration Cards 1917-1918

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How to find World War One (WWI) Draft registration cards online.

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FamilySearch Wiki: Iowa Military Records

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FamilySearch Wiki: Iowa Military Records

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Online Resources

U.S. Military Online Genealogy Records provides more links for nationwide military record collections.

1835-1998 Iowa, Armed Forces Grave Registrations, ca. 1835-1998 at FamilySearch; index - How to Use this Collection; also at Ancestry - index ($)

1861-1949 Iowa, Grand Army of the Republic Membership Records, 1861-1949 at Ancestry, index & images ($)

1862-1910 Iowa, Records of Persons Subject to Military Duty, 1862-1910 at FamilySearch; index - How to Use this Collection; also at Ancestry - index & images ($)

1885 Iowa Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, 1885 Includes War of 1812, Mexican War and Civil War; at Ancestry ($)

1947-1954 Iowa, World War II Bonus Case Files, 1947-1954 at Ancestry ($)

Iowa Regiments in the Civil War, at Ancestry ($), index, images.

World War II Iowa Press Clippings, images

U.S. Military Fatal Casualties of the Korean War for Iowa

The Vietnam Veterans Memorial - Iowa

U.S. Military Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War for Iowa

United States Military Records provides information on federal military records. Many federal records also include information about soldiers and sailors from Iowa and should be used with the records listed in this section.

Iowa military records began about 1808, when Fort Madison was established. Military service records, such as enlistments, muster rolls, and discharges, may include a person's age, birth date, birthplace, physical description, previous residence, and occupation.

The following book contains an extensive list of books and articles on pages 36-38 about the early forts and military expeditions in Iowa:

The following are or were major forts in Iowa. A number of other military posts existed for a short time and were of lesser importance.For a history of other Iowa forts Click Here.

Fort Armstrong -- was established in 1816 on the northwest tip of Arsenal Island at Rock Island, Illinois, in the Mississippi River opposite Davenport, Iowa.

Fort Atkinson -- was built in 1840 in what became Winneshiek County. It was only occupied by U.S. troops until 1846, when the troops assigned there went to fight in the Mexican War. It was officially abandoned in 1849 after the Winnebago Indians were removed from Iowa.

Fort Clarke -- the original name for Fort Dodge.

Fort Crawford -- was actually in Wisconsin, at Prairie du Chien, although one of its major purposes was the protection of Indians and settlers in Northeastern Iowa.

Fort Dodge -- was established in May of 1850 and abandoned in 1853. The post sutler purchased the military site and laid out the town of Fort Dodge in 1854.

Fort Madison -- was erected in 1804 on the bank of the Mississippi River at a point where the town of the same name now exist. It was the oldest American fort on the upper Mississippi River. The original fort was burned when the U.S. soldiers abandoned it. A replica was built in 1983 and now serves as a museum.

References

Encyclopedia of Indian Wars Western Battles and Skirmishes 1850-1890. By Gregory F. Michno. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, Montana C. 2003. ISBN 0-87842-468-7. At various libraries (WorldCat)

The following book contains information about Revolutionary War soldiers and their families:

Revolutionary War Soldiers and Patriots Buried in Iowa. (Marceline, Missouri.: Walsworth, 1978). {{FSC|171076|item|disp=FS Catalog book 977.7 D3d}) At various libraries This book was compiled by the Abigail Adams Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution in Des Moines, Iowa. It contains birth, marriage, and death information about soldiers, their parents, children, and grandchildren. About 42 veterans are listed.

The War of 1812 between Britain and the United States confirmed the separate existence of the United States and the future Canada. Iowa was part of the Missouri Territory from 1812 to 1821.

There are helpful nationwide records for soldiers of the War of 1812. For more information, see United States in the War of 1812.

Iowa. Adjutant General's Office. List of Ex-Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines, Living in Iowa. (Des Moines, Iowa: G. E. Roberts, State Printer, 1886). Film 982150 item1/DGS 7813158 At various libraries (WorldCat). This book lists men living in Iowa in 1886 who served in the War of 1812 and later wars. A listing of 31 veterans of the War of 1812 who lived in Iowa in 1886, is on pages 733-734. It gives each man's name, rank, state from which he served, and sometimes, the company or regiment in which he served.

Explanation of the Major Record Types

Thomas A. Pearson, comp. Genealogical Records of the War of 1812: an Introduction and Selected Bibliography of Materials in the Collection of St. Louis Public Library. (St. Louis, Missouri: St. Louis Public Library, July 2004).

The usage of "Mormon" and "LDS" on this page is approved according to current policy.

A roster of Iowa troops in the War with Mexico (including the Mormon Battalion), Indian campaigns, Civil War, Spanish-American War, and the Philippine War are found in:

An index to the six volumes is found in:

Wisconsin soldiers who served in the Black Hawk War (Wisconsin Historical Society) - Transcription of Wisconsin Muster Rolls from the Black Hawk War. Lists soldiers in the 18 companies of "Iowa" militia (i.e., Iowa Co, Michigan Territory), plus the Menominee and Potawatomie warriors and one militia company raised at Green Bay.

For the earliest Iowa military records, beginning about 1837 with muster rolls and military post records, see the Territorial Papers of Iowa, 1838-1852, which is mentioned in the Iowa History.

The Mexican War was caused by the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. Most volunteer regiments were from southern states. Records of Mexican War veterans might exist in a state where the veteran later resided.

Mexican War Index to Pension Files, 1887-1926. (NARA T317). FS Library films 0537000-13 Alphabetically arranged and includes the veteran's name, rank, and unit; names of dependents; date of filing and application; certificate numbers; act filed under; and state from which application was made; also at FamilySearch - How to use this collection.

A roster of Iowa troops in the War with Mexico (including the Mormon Battalion), Indian campaigns, Civil War, Spanish-American War, and the Philippine War are found in:

Mormon Battalion

United States. Record and Pension Office. Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Soldiers Who Served during the Mexican War in Mormon Organizations. National Archives Microfilm Publications; M0351. (Washington, DC: National Archives, 1961). FS Library films 471465 and 471517-18 These records are alphabetical by the name of the soldier and contain abstracts from company muster rolls and returns.

A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-1847Daniel Tyler. A Concise History of the Mormon Battalion in the Mexican War, 1846-1847. (Waynesboro, Virginia.: M R Books, 1964.) FS Library film 928153 item 5; book 973 M2td

United States. Bureau of Pensions. Selected Pension Applications Files for Members of the Morman [sic] Battalion, Mexican War, 1846-48. (Washington, DC: National Archives and Record Service, 1934). (FamilySearch LibraryFS Library films 480129-49) The files are generally in alphabetical order.

The usage of "Mormon" and "LDS" on this page is approved according to current policy.

Click on these links to learn more about the Mexican War and about Mexican War pension records.

See Iowa in the Civil War for information about Iowa Civil War records, web sites, etc. with links to articles about the Iowa regiments involved in the Civil War. The regimental pages often include lists of the companies with links to the counties where the companies started. Men in the companies often lived in the counties where the companies were raised. Knowing a county can help when researching more about the soldiers and their families.

The Civil War Soldiers and Sailors System allows name searching for soldiers. The result set gives the regiments for the soldiers. Then you can check the Wiki regiment pages to determine counties. Often knowing the counties that had men in a regiment will help you determine if a soldier was your ancestor.

A roster of Iowa troops in the War with Mexico (including the Mormon Battalion), Indian campaigns, Civil War, Spanish-American War, and the Philippine War are found in:

Six Volumes of the "Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers in the War of the Rebellion: Together with Historical Sketches of Volunteer Organizations, 1861-1866".

Volume 1 - 1st through 8th Regiments, Infantry at Google Books

Volume 2 - 9th through 16th Regiments, Infantry at Google Books

Volume 3 - 17th through 31st Regiments, Infantry at Google Books

Volume 4 - 1st through 9th Regiments, Cavalry and Two Independent Companies, Cavalry at Google Books

Volume 5 - 32d through 48th Regiments, Infantry, 1st Regiment African Infantry, and 1st through 4th Batteries Light Artillery at Google Books

Volume 6 - Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers in Miscellaneous Organizations of the Mexican War, Indian Campaigns, War of the Rebellion, and the Spanish American and Philippine Wars Together with Historical Sketches of Volunteer Organization; at Google Books

An index to the six volumes is found in:

Spanish-American War (1898)

The Spanish-American War was largely fought in Cuba and the Philippines. Spanish-American War records might exist in the state from which the soldier served or in a state where the veteran later resided.

Indexes

For published rosters of those who served in the Spanish-American War, see pages 275-782 in:

Click on the link to learn more about the Spanish American War.

For published rosters of those who served in the Spanish-American War, see pages 275-782 in volume six of:

World War I was a global war fought on multiple continents with several nations involved. Over four million men and women served from the United States.

United States. Selective Service System. Iowa, World War I Selective Service System Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918. National Archives Microfilm Publications; M1509. Washington, DC: The National Archives, 1987-1988. FS Library film 1642846 (first of 96). Also available at:

See WWI Draft Records for more information.

On April 27, 1942, the Selective Service conducted the fourth of six draft registrations related to WWII. The "World War II Selective Service Draft Cards: Fourth Registration, 1942" is often referred to as the "Old Man's Registration" or the "Old Man's Draft" because it included men with a date of birth from April 28, 1877 to February 16, 1897. Since there is overlap in the WWI and WWII Selective Service registration, men born in the years 1877 to 1900 may have registered twice and have both WWII and WWI draft records.

World War II United States Military Records provides additional information.

Camp Algona where German POWs were interred during WWII.

The Korean War was a conflict between North Korea (and its communist allies) and South Korea (with support of the United Nations, primarily the United States). See the Korean War wiki article for information on records and their availability.

The Vietnam War was a conflict between North Vietnam (and its communist allies) and South Vietnam (with support of its anti-communist allies, including the United States). See the Vietnam War wiki article for information on records and their availability.

The FamilySearch Library has microfilms of county military discharge records for men and women who served in the Civil War and in later wars (to the 1950s). These records are filed by the county where the soldier took the discharge papers to be recorded. They usually give the soldier's name, the town and state of birth, age or exact birth date, date and place of enlistment, occupation, extensive military service history and physical description.

The Iowa Adjutant General's Office kept lists of men between the ages of 18 and about 50 from each county, who were subject to military (militia) service. These lists began in the Civil War and continued into the early 1900s. The lists are available for each county and are often arranged by township. They contain names, ages, and sometimes occupations. The original lists are at the State Historical Society in Des Moines. Microfilm copies are at the FamilySearch Library:

For information on Iowa Veterans buried out of state, see the [[Iowa Cemeteries|Cemeteries" page.

Iowa Star Star Museum, Johnston

The Iowa Genealogical Society is preparing an index to National Guard application forms from 1872 to 1920. The forms contain the name of the National Guard member, birthplace, birth date or age, residence, and physical description. By the end of 1998 the index to names A-H had been completed. The society hopes to complete the index in 1999 or 2000. The original application forms are at the address below.

Records of Iowa soldiers who served in the Civil War, the Spanish-American War, World War I or the Iowa National Guard are at:

Iowa National Guard Records Center
7700 N. W. Beaver Drive
Johnston, IA 50131
Telephone: 515-252-4329

Copies of the records are at the State Historical Society in Des Moines.

Military records for Iowa are listed in the Locality Search of the The FamilySearch Catalog under:

United States Mormon Battalion Pension Applications, 1846-1923 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection

The Handy Book for Genealogists, 9th ed., (Logan, Utah: Everton Publishers, 1999, page 128.

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U.S. Military Online Genealogy Records provides more links for nationwide military record collections.

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FamilySearch Wiki: Iowa Naturalization and Citizenship

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FamilySearch Wiki: Iowa Naturalization and Citizenship

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U.S. Naturalization Record Indexes for Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa, 1791-1992 at Ancestry; Index ($)

Iowa, Federal Naturalization Records, 1856-1937, at Ancestry - index & images ($).

United States, Iowa Naturalization Records, 1859-1990 at FamilySearch; index & images - How to Use this Collection

1944-2003 U.S., Index to Alien Case Files, 1944-2003 at Ancestry - index ($)

Naturalization proceedings in Iowa are handled primarily by district courts. These records include declarations of intention, petitions for naturalization, and certificates of naturalization and citizenship. Naturalization records may give a person's age, country or city of origin, date of arrival, port of arrival, and names of witnesses. After September 1906, the records may also give birth date and birthplace, names of spouse and children (with their birth dates and birthplaces), and name of the ship. Naturalization papers may be included with homestead land applications.

The FamilySearch Library has microfilm copies of the district court records for most Iowa counties. For Polk County, for instance, the library has naturalization applications and military petitions from 1907 to 1927 and an index to the records from 1852 to 1884:

Iowa. District Court (Polk County). Naturalization Records, 1907-1927.

Iowa. District Court. (Polk County). Index to Naturalization, 1852-1884.

District Court Index

The following district court index can be a useful source:

General Index to Declaration of Intentions and Petitions, 1909-1948; Declaration of Intentions, 1917-1936; Petitions, 1909-1936

National Archives--Central Plains

The National Archives-Central Plains Region (Kansas City, Missouri) has the records of the U.S. District Court in Keokuk for 1853 to 1874. These records are available on film:

Soundex Index

The index below includes naturalization petitions from 44 counties of eastern Iowa:

Soundex Index to Naturalization Petitions for U.S. District and Circuit Courts, Northern District of Illinois and Immigration and Naturalization Service District 9, 1840-1950

The FamilySearch Catalog entry alphabetically lists the Iowa counties in this collection, all of which were formerly in Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) District 9.

For records of naturalizations after September 1906, contact the National Archives-Central Plains Region (Kansas City, Missouri) or the local office of the Citizenship and Immigration Services (formerly INS). The Citizenship and Immigration Services has instituted a Genealogy Program to obtain their records.

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Naturalization proceedings in Iowa are handled primarily by district courts. These records include declarations of intention, petitions for naturalization, and certificates of naturalization and citizenship. Naturalization records may give a person's age, country or city of origin, date of arrival, port of arrival, and names of witnesses.

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The University of Iowa Libraries - Iowa Digital Library

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The University of Iowa Libraries - Iowa Digital Library

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Welcome to The University of Iowa Libraries

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The Iowa Digital Library features more than a million digital objects created from the holdings of the University of Iowa Libraries and its campus partners. Included are illuminated manuscripts, historic maps, fine art, historic newspapers, scholarly works, and more. Digital collections are coordinated by the Digital Scholarship & Publishing Studio.

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Online Iowa Death Indexes, Records and Obituaries

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A list of online Iowa death records indexes, full state and by county. Includes cemeteries and obituaries.

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Find a Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records

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Find a Grave is a free resource for finding the final resting places of famous folks, friends and family members. With millions of names, it is an invaluable tool for genealogist and history buffs.

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The Hamburg Passenger Departure Lists 1850-1934

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The Hamburg Passenger Departure Lists 1850-1934

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Research Guide

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Research Guide

A large number of German emigrants left from the German ports of Bremen and Hamburg (as well as other European ports). Most of the Bremen passenger departure records were destroyed. But many of the Hamburg lists survive. They are available online at Ancestry, and some of the lists are available on digitized FamilySearch microfilm. See the links below. Near the bottom of this webpage is a brief guide to help you read the German language passenger lists after you find them.

Hamburg passenger lists are available from 1850-1934. However, the lists from January-June 1853 are missing. There are also no lists for the World War One years (1915-1919).

Hamburg Passenger Lists Research Outline
This is the online version of the LDS (Mormon) Church's research outline for the Hamburg Passenger Lists, 1850-1934. It explains how to use the indexes and the lists themselves.

Hamburg Passenger Departure Lists 1850-1934 Digitized Microfilm and Information
This webpage lists the microfilm rolls for the Hamburg passenger lists at the LDS Family History Library in Salt Lake City. Some of the digitized microfilm rolls can be viewed online, but some are only available for viewing at an LDS Family History Center (FHC) or FamilySearch Affiliate Library (FAL). A few of the rolls have not yet been made available for online or FHC/FAL viewing.

Help Reading a Hamburg Passenger Record Related Resources

Ship Passenger Lists and Records on the Internet

German Emigration Indexes and Records
Each page of a Hamburg passenger list contains 12 columns. The headings are in German. Here is what they mean in English...

1. Surname (Zuname)

2. Given Name (Vornamen)

3. Male/Female (Geschlecht: männlich/weiblich)

4. Age (Alter)

5. Previous Residence (Bisheriger Wohnort)

6. State or Province (Im Staate resp. in der Provinz)

7. Occupation (Bisheriger Stand oder Beruf)

8. Destination (Ziel der Auswanderung)

9. Number of Persons

10. Adults & Children Over 10 years

11. Children Under 10 years

12. Under 1 year

Note: This format may vary slightly.

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Hamburg Passenger Lists (Departure Records) 1850-1934

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Research guide for obtaining Hamburg passenger departure records with a link to an online index.

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FamilySearch Wiki : Hamburg Passenger Lists

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FamilySearch Wiki : Hamburg Passenger Lists

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Discover census records for federal, state, and special censuses up to 1950 from the State Historical Society of Iowa.

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Wie funktioniert ein Virtual Private Network (VPN)?

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Wie funktioniert ein Virtual Private Network (VPN)?

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Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik

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Was ist ein VPN und wie funktioniert es?

Bei einem Virtual Private Network, kurz VPN, handelt es sich um ein virtuelles Netzwerk: Anders als etwa bei Ihrem Heimnetzwerk sind die verschiedenen Endgeräte bei einem VPN nicht direkt physisch miteinander oder mit einem zentralen Router verbunden - etwa über Netzwerkkabel oder eine WLAN-Anbindung.

Newsletter: Alle 14 Tage auf Nummer sicher gehen:
Mit dem Newsletter 'Sicher Informiert' und den Sicherheitshinweisen des BSI erhalten Sie regelmäßig Informationen zu aktuellen Sicherheitslücken und wichtigen Ereignissen rund um IT-Sicherheit. Sowohl leicht verständliche Erklärungen, praxisnahe Tipps, aber auch tiefergehende technische Details bringen Sie auf den aktuellen Stand. Zum Newsletter 'Sicher Informiert'.

Ein VPN nutzt in der Regel die Verbindungswege im öffentlichen Internet, wobei im privaten Umfeld meist eine Verbindung von einem Endgerät - zum Beispiel Ihrem Smartphone - zu einem VPN-Server aufgebaut wird. Dabei weist der VPN-Server Ihrem Endgerät intern eine neue IP-Adresse zu. Beim Surfen ist dann statt der Original- IP-Adresse Ihres Geräts auf den besuchten Webseiten die externe IP-Adresse des VPN-Servers sichtbar. Gleichzeitig werden zwischen dem Endgerät und dem VPN-Server alle übertragenen Daten durch Verschlüsselung vom restlichen Internet abgeschottet.

Was passiert bei einer VPN-Verbindung?

Umgangssprachlich werden die verschlüsselten Datenleitungen im VPN genannt, denn die Verschlüsselung "gräbt" einen abhörsicheren Tunnel durch das ungeschützte Internet - zum Beispiel von Ihrem Laptop zu einem externen VPN-Server. Am Tunneleingang werden sämtliche Informationen, anschaulich gesagt, in verschlüsselte Datenpäckchen eingepackt und am Ende des Tunnels wieder ausgepackt - respektive entschlüsselt. Somit liegen sie auf der Gegenseite wieder in ihrer ursprünglichen Form vor.

Der dafür erforderliche Schlüsselaustausch erfolgt automatisch bereits beim Verbindungsaufbau. Ein großer Vorzug von VPN: Via Tunnelleitung lassen sich schutzwürdige Daten von jedem beliebigen Ort aus - sogar in anderen Ländern oder auf einem anderen Kontinent - auf gesicherte Art und Weise mit einem lokalen Netzwerk austauschen. Allerdings gibt es auch Länder, in denen die Nutzung von VPNs verboten ist.

Was macht man mit einer VPN-Verbindung?

Wer auf den Komfort öffentlicher WLAN-Hotspots nicht verzichten will, kann solche Risiken durch ein VPN minimieren. Denn ein VPN überträgt sämtliche Daten via Internet grundsätzlich in verschlüsselter Form. Möglichen Ausspähversuchen durch andere Nutzerinnen und Nutzer im öffentlichen WLAN wird somit ein Riegel vorgeschoben.

Im Berufsleben dient VPN häufig zur sicheren Anbindung von Home-Office-Arbeitsplätzen oder um Außendienstmitarbeitern auch unterwegs den mobilen Zugriff auf zentrale Anwendungen und Datenbestände im Unternehmen zu ermöglichen - Stichwort mobiles Arbeiten. Für geschäftlich genutzte Mobilgeräte gelten meist firmenspezifische Sicherheitsrichtlinien, wobei es unter anderem darum geht zu verhindern, dass sich Kriminelle etwa durch den Diebstahl eines Geräts Zugang zu sensiblen Daten im Unternehmensnetzwerk verschaffen.

Ein weiteres VPN-Anwendungsfeld betrifft die virtuelle Vereinigung zweier räumlich getrennter Standortnetze - was nicht nur für Wirtschaftsunternehmen interessant ist, sondern zum Beispiel auch für Universitäten, staatliche Verwaltungseinrichtungen oder Nichtregierungsorganisationen. Ergänzend zur Verschlüsselung der Datenübertragung kann die Standortanbindung dabei zusätzlich durch ein speziell gehärtetes VPN-Gateway gesichert werden, um ein noch höheren Schutz vor Cyberangriffen zu gewährleisten.

Alles in allem eignen sich VPN-Lösungen für unterschiedlichste Anwendungsfälle. Meist verringert sich dabei technologiebedingt zwar die Übertragungsgeschwindigkeit. Dafür aber ermöglichen verschlüsselte VPN-Tunnel eine sichere Kommunikation über ein vergleichsweise unsicheres und wenig vertrauenswürdiges Medium wie das öffentliche Internet. Welche Möglichkeiten moderne Verschlüsselungsverfahren darüber hinaus bieten, um Cyber-Risiken zu minimieren, haben wir auf einer gesonderten Themenseite "Verschlüsselung" für Sie zusammengefasst.

VPNs dürfen allerdings nicht verwechselt werden mit dem verschlüsselten Übertragungsprotokoll HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure): Dieses Protokoll sichert im World Wide Web die Integrität und Vertraulichkeit bei der Kommunikation zwischen einem bestimmten Webserver und Ihrem Webbrowser. Ein VPN hingegen verschlüsselt die Datenkommunikation zwischen zwei Endpunkten - zum Beispiel zwischen Ihrem Endgerät und einem VPN-Server. Folglich kann ein VPN Ihre Informationen auch dann schützen, wenn Sie keinen Browser, sondern beispielsweise eine Smartphone-App verwenden. Zudem kann ein VPN Ihren kompletten Internetverkehr verschlüsseln, sodass Ihre Kommunikation nicht ohne weiteres mitgelesen oder verändert werden kann.

Zu empfehlen ist die VPN-Nutzung nicht zuletzt dann, wenn Sie via WLAN-Hotspot auf Ihr Heimnetzwerk zugreifen wollen - zum Beispiel auf persönliche Dokumente, private Fotos oder Ihre Musiksammlung. Außerdem können VPNs bei Smart-Home-Anwendungen eine sichere Alternative zur Steuerung via sein: Wer seine intelligenten Haushaltsgeräte, vernetzte Türen, Rollläden oder Heizungsthermostate ohne den Umweg über eine Cloud direkt über den eigenen Heimnetz-Router ansteuert, kann das Risiko umgehen, dass solche Smart-Home-Daten von den Herstellern, Cloud-Betreibern oder unbefugten Dritten für die Erstellung eines Profils der privaten Lebensgewohnheiten ausgenutzt werden.

Darüber hinaus macht ein VPN die direkte Erreichbarkeit Ihrer Haushaltsgeräte aus dem Internet über freigegebene Portsoder UPnP unnötig, was vor Zugriffsversuchen durch Dritte schützt. Da manche Smart-Home-Geräte zur korrekten Funktionalität zwingend einen Zugriff auf die Cloud des Herstellers benötigen, sollte man sich jedoch bereits beim Produktkauf vergewissern, dass die intelligenten Haushaltsgeräte nicht aus dem Internet erreichbar sein müssen.

Wie kann ich ein virtuelles privates Netzwerk (VPN) einrichten?

Was im Einzelfall zur technischen Realisierung empfehlenswert ist, richtet sich sowohl nach dem geplanten Einsatzzweck als auch nach dem individuellen Nutzungsverhalten der jeweiligen VPN-Anwender oder Anwenderinnen. Grundsätzlich gilt für alle zum Surfen im Internet genutzten Endgeräte, dass sie mit einem Basisschutzabgesichert sein sollten.

VPN über den Heimnetz-Router einrichten

Manche Router-Hersteller erlauben inzwischen die Einrichtung eines VPN-Servers direkt im Herzen des Heimnetzwerks. Das spart Zeit und Aufwand, weil nicht mehr ein gesonderter VPN-Zugang ( VPN-Server) im Heimnetzwerk sowie die bereits erwähnte Portweiterleitung auf dem Router konfiguriert werden muss: Sobald ein zentraler Router verschlüsselte Tunnelverbindungen aufbaut, profitieren sämtliche Geräte im Heimnetzwerk automatisch von der abhörsicheren Kommunikation. Das betrifft auch solche vernetzten Geräte, für die ursprünglich keine eigenständige VPN-Konfiguration vorgesehen ist, wie etwa bei einem Anrufbeantworter oder einer im Haus eingesetzten IP-Kamera.

Das Vorgehen zur Aktivierung der VPN-Funktionalität im Router lässt sich kaum allgemein beschreiben, da die konkrete Schrittfolge vom jeweiligen Router-Modell abhängt. Meist aber finden sich detaillierte Anleitungen auf der Website des betreffenden Herstellers. Manche von ihnen bieten auch eine App für den Zugriff vom Endgerät auf den VPN-Router an.

Außer auf einem Router lässt sich ein VPN-Server prinzipiell sogar auf einem Netzwerkspeicher ( NAS) oder einem Rechner im Heimnetzwerk installieren. Weil dafür allerdings oft auch risikobehaftete Portweiterleitungen nötig sind, sollte diese Option nur von sehr versierten Anwenderinnen und Anwendern umgesetzt werden, die genau wissen, was sie tun. Theoretisch lassen sich auch solche Router, die von Hause aus keine VPN-Funktionalität mitbringen, dennoch in einen VPN-Zugangspunkt verwandeln. Dies gelingt aber nur mit relativ hohem Aufwand und fundierten IT-Kenntnissen.

VPN über Smartphone, Tablet & Co.

Ein möglicher Weg zur VPN-Nutzung ist die Installation einer entsprechenden App auf Ihrem Endgerät. Solche Apps stehen mittlerweile für alle verbreiteten Betriebssysteme zur Verfügung - für Windows und Android ebenso wie für iOS und Linux. Unabhängig davon, ob Sie ein Smartphone oder Tablet, einen PC oder Laptop bevorzugen - die Funktionsweise der meisten VPN-Apps und -Programme ist immer dieselbe: Um eine verschlüsselte Verbindung zu einem VPN-Server herzustellen, benötigt die App oder das Programm die IP-Adresse oder den Domainnamen des jeweiligen VPN-Servers und die für die Nutzung notwendigen Zugangsdaten. Als VPN-Server kommt dabei entweder ein entsprechend konfigurierter Heimnetz-Router oder aber der Server eines VPN-Anbieters in Frage. Dass die Kommunikation in einem gegebenen Moment über das VPN läuft, signalisiert eine VPN-App dann zum Beispiel durch ein kleines Schlüsselsymbol am Displayrand bei Android-Geräten beziehungsweise durch den Schriftzug „VPN" auf einem iPad oder iPhone.

Auswahl eines passenden VPN-Anbieters

Bei der Auswahl eines geeigneten Anbieters kommt es in der alltäglichen Nutzung zunächst einmal auf eine schnelle Anbindung des VPN-Servers an. Auch bei hoher Auslastung sollte eine hinreichende Internetgeschwindigkeit gewährleistet sein. Dazu muss der VPN-Betreiber über mehrere Serverstandorte verfügen, um Spitzenlasten bei hohem Nutzungsaufkommen abfangen zu können. Zu beachten ist dabei allerdings, dass für ausländische Server kein deutsches Datenschutzrecht gilt. In vielen Ländern außerhalb der Europäischen Union haben Datenschutz und informationelle Selbstbestimmung bei weitem nicht den Stellenwert wie hierzulande. Generell ist die Auswahl eines VPN-Anbieters Vertrauenssache. Denn Ihr gesamter Datenverkehr läuft über dessen Server und könnte dort theoretisch überwacht und manipuliert werden.

Neben kostenpflichtigen Accounts für kommerzielle VPN-Server hält der Markt auch etliche Gratis-Angebote bereit. Im Einzelfall kann es durchaus sinnvoll sein, mehrere Angebote auszuprobieren. Bei einem Gratis- VPN müssen Sie meist Funktionseinschränkungen hinnehmen oder mit einer vergleichsweise schlechten Verbindungsqualität leben. Überdies bezahlt man ein kostenloses VPN nicht selten mit seinen persönlichen Daten, welche z.B. zu Marketingzwecken ausgewertet werden können.

Eine andere VPN-Variante stellen entsprechende Browser-Plug-Ins dar. Allerdings wird in diesem Fall nur der Transfer von Webseiten über verschlüsselte Tunnelleitungen abgewickelt. Ihre E-Mails etwa werden weiterhin unverschlüsselt übertragen. Wollen Sie Ihren kompletten Netzwerkverkehr verschlüsseln, benötigen Sie dazu in der Regel eine separate VPN-Software. Bei der Mehrzahl kommerzieller VPN-Server-Angebote werden passende Apps in den App-Stores der jeweils unterstützten Betriebssysteme zum Download angeboten. Nach erfolgreicher Installation lässt sich der VPN-Modus dann meist über einen einfachen Button-Klick aktivieren. Technisch versierte Benutzer können die VPN-Funktionalität zumeist auch ohne die Software des Anbieters direkt über die Systemeinstellungen des Betriebssystems einrichten.

Sicherheit bei VPN

Wer sich beispielsweise an einem WLAN-Hotspot via App oder Browser-Plug-In bei einem VPN-Server einloggt, sollte bedenken, dass die Kommunikation nur bis zu diesem VPN-Server verschlüsselt ist. Auch beim Fernzugriff auf einen VPN-fähigen Heimnetz-Router endet die Verschlüsselung beim Router - die weitergehende Datenübertragung von dort aus zu einem NAS oder zu Internetseiten erfolgt unverschlüsselt. Da ein VPN-Router gleichwohl einen sicheren Fernzugriff auf das Heimnetzwerk zulässt, brauchen Sie unterwegs beim Upload Ihrer Daten nicht mehr den Umweg über eine Cloud zu gehen.

Ganz unabhängig von der jeweiligen VPN-Variante erhält Ihr Gerät bei der VPN-Einwahl meist die sichtbare externe IP-Adresse des VPN-Servers. Dadurch wird es für Internetfirmen schwieriger, Ihr Surfverhalten per Tracking nachzuverfolgen. Ist zum Beispiel der eigene Router das VPN-Gateway, dann erhält das hierüber verbundene Endgerät im Internet immer die sichtbare IP-Adresse, als wäre es im eigenen Heimnetznetz hinter dem eigenen Router eingebunden - egal, wo die Einwahl tatsächlich erfolgt. Höhere Abhörsicherheit geht bei VPNs also Hand in Hand mit dem Schutz Ihrer Privatsphäre. Darüber hinaus können Sie die Sicherheit Ihrer Kommunikation noch weiter verbessern, indem Sie beim Surfen Webangebote mit HTTPS-Verschlüsselung bevorzugen und beim Chatten auf verschlüsselte Messenger-Apps achten.

Welche Arten von VPN gibt es?

In der Praxis haben sich je nach Einsatzszenario unterschiedliche VPN-Spielarten herausgebildet. VPN-Client: Fernzugriff kann auch zu Hause sinnvoll sein. Für die Einrichtung eines sicheren Fernzugangs zu einem Heimnetzwerk gibt es viele gute Gründe. Beispielsweise können sich weniger versierte Anwenderinnen und Anwender auf diese Weise schnelle Hilfe von technikaffinen Freunden oder Verwandten holen - etwa, wenn es um die Konfiguration ihres Routers oder die Installation einer neuen Software geht. So können sich diese von Zuhause aus über eine abgesicherte VPN-Verbindung mit dem entsprechenden Endgerät verbinden und dort die erforderlichen Einstellungen vornehmen, ohne dass sie vor Ort sein müssen.

Ein anderes Einsatzbeispiel sind Netzwerkspeicher mit integriertem Webserver: Mit solchen Systemen, die auch Network Attached Storage - kurz NAS - heißen, lassen sich gespeicherte Filme, Musik und Fotos bequem auf unterschiedliche Endgeräte wie Tablets oder Smartphones bringen. Allerdings steht der Funktionsumfang vieler NAS-Webserver nur dann vollständig zur Verfügung, wenn der Router so konfiguriert wird, dass alle eingehenden Anfragen an einen bestimmten Ziel-Port des NAS-Geräts weitergeleitet werden.

Dieses sogenannte Port-Forwarding wiederum setzt voraus, dass jeder Port, der aus dem öffentlichen Internet erreichbar sein soll, im Router freigeschaltet und auf die betreffende IP-Adresse umgeleitet ist. Das Problem dabei: Solche freigeschalteten Ports sind via Internet auch für Fremde ansprechbar. Eben dies könnte ein potenzieller Angreifer ausnutzen, um in Ihr Heimnetzwerk einzudringen und die dortigen Geräte mit einem Schadprogramm zu infizieren.

Generell empfiehlt das BSI, mit Portfreigaben äußerst sparsam umzugehen. Geben Sie einen Port nur dann frei, wenn Sie die technischen Auswirkungen tatsächlich abschätzen können. Ziehen Sie im Zweifel lieber einen fachlich beschlagenen Freund oder Bekannten zu Rate oder wenden Sie sich gegebenenfalls an einen Dienstleister. Speziell beim Einsatz von NAS-Webservern und ähnlichen Anwendungen ist es das Beste, auf riskante Port-Freigaben komplett zu verzichten. Dazu können Sie entweder ein VPN-fähiges NAS-Gerät nutzen oder ein VPN auf Ihrem Heimnetz-Router einrichten. Weil dabei alle Zugriffe aus dem nicht vertrauenswürdigen Internet über verschlüsselte VPN-Verbindungen erfolgen, bleibt Ihr Netzwerk vor kriminellen Fremdzugriffen aus dem Internet geschützt.

Auf Reisen: VPN überwindet Geo-Blocking

Sehr nützlich kann eine VPN-Anbindung während eines Auslandsurlaubs sein - zum Beispiel, wenn Sie dort einen Beitrag aus der Mediathek eines Fernsehsenders sehen wollen. Denn außerhalb der Landesgrenzen wird das Streaming vieler deutscher Medienangebote aus lizenzrechtlichen Gründen unterdrückt. Dieses sogenannte Geo-Blocking funktioniert über eine Sperre all jener IP-Adressen, die nicht der Bundesrepublik zugeordnet sind. Mit einer VPN-Software auf Ihrem Tablet oder Notebook funktioniert eine solche IP-Sperre nicht: Sobald Ihre VPN-Verbindung über einen VPN-Server mit Standort in Deutschland aufgebaut wird, erhält Ihr Smartphone oder Tablet auch im Ausland automatisch eine hierzulande nicht blockierte IP-Adresse. Die Geo-Blockade ist somit ausgehebelt.

Innerhalb der Europäischen Union verliert Geo-Blocking jedoch mehr und mehr an Bedeutung: Seit dem erstem Quartal 2018 gelten hier neue Vorschriften, die eine EU-weite Portabilität von digitalen Diensten vorantreiben sollen. Mit anderen Worten: Wer im Heimatland für Filme, Sportberichte, Musik, E-Books oder Spiele bezahlt hat, soll darauf auch in anderen EU-Ländern zumindest für eine befristete Dauer nicht verzichten müssen. Außerhalb der Europäischen Union gibt es bislang noch keine Anzeichen für die Lockerung von Geo-Blocking.

Bitte beachten Sie bei der Planung von Fernreisen, dass VPNs in manchen Staaten verboten sind und Sie durch einen unbedachten Einsatz in Konflikt mit dem dortigen Gesetz geraten könnten. VPN-Verbote gibt es insbesondere in Ländern mit Internetzensur wie beispielsweise China.

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Wie funktioniert ein Virtual Private Network (VPN)

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Bei einem Virtual Private Network, kurz VPN, handelt es sich um ein virtuelles Netzwerk: Anders als etwa bei Ihrem Heimnetzwerk sind die verschiedenen Endgeräte bei einem VPN nicht direkt physisch miteinander oder mit einem zentralen Router verbunden - etwa über Netzwerkkabel oder eine WLAN-Anbindung.

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Search over 700 million people online for free and find contact information, address and phone for anyone. Try SearchPeopleFREE.com Today!

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The State Historical Society of Missouri

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The State Historical Society of Missouri

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Saint Louis Research Center | The State Historical Society of Missouri

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Supporting the study of Missouri and the Midwest, the Research Center–St. Louis, located on the University of Missouri–St. Louis campus, focuses on preserving the diverse history of the city and its surrounding area within a statewide context.

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Die St. Louis County Library hat eine große Abteilung für deutsche Genealogie.

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Die St. Louis County Library hat eine große Abteilung für deutsche Genealogie.

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German Genealogy | St. Louis County Library

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St. Louis, MO is considered one of three points of the German triangle - a geographical region of the United States - to which a mass immigration of Germans occurred from 1840-1880. The Mississippi and Ohio rivers connected St. Louis with Cincinnati, Ohio and Minneapolis, MN to form a sort of triangle. The river connection was of significant importance to this migration - as they allowed a large number of immigrants to quickly move and settle the Midwestern United States via the Port of New Orleans. Because of St. Louis’ close genealogical ties to this migration, we have expended significant resources to developing and supporting German research in the United States.

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German Heritage in Letters is a project to create a digital collection of German-language correspondence currently held in private hands, by archives, by special collection libraries, museums, and other institutions. The project is managed by the German Historical Institute of Washington DC, a research institute for the advanced study of American, German, and transatlantic history, and it is made possible by generous funding from Deutschlandjahr USA, an initiative of the German Federal Foreign Office.

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New York City - List of Holdings Birth, death and marriage records are filed and indexed according to the locality (Borough) in which the event occurred.

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New York City - List of Holdings Birth, death and marriage records are filed and indexed according to the locality (Borough) in which the event occurred.

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Birth, death and marriage records are filed and indexed according to the locality (Borough) in which the event occurred.

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The NYC Historical Vital Records Project

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The NYC Historical Vital Records Project

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The New York City Municipal Archives is undertaking a mass digitization project to provide online access to 13.3 million historical birth, death, and marriage records.

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AAD is a search engine into some of NARA's holdings of electronic records.

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What's New?

Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT)
This series contains data from the Social Security Administration?s Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT). The Claim Files contain information extracted from Social Security life or death claims for 25 million deceased individuals. The records include information such as name, social security number, birth date, and birth place. This is in addition to the nearly 50 million NUMIDENT death records and 72 million NUMIDENT application (SS-5) records already on AAD.

Index to the Correspondence
This series consists of indices that contain information about letters received by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Office of the Secretary from 1983 - 1995. Most of the letters are from the general public, which were either sent directly to the agency or referred to the agency by other federal agencies, members of Congress, or the White House. The index covers the terms of Secretaries Samuel Pierce, Jack Kemp and Henry Cisneros.

AAD Highlights

Irving Berlin
composed "God Bless America" and immigrated to America from Russia with his family when he was 5 years old. See his passenger record.

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project
was a joint U.S.-Soviet space flight in July 1975. See a record relating to the success of the project in the Central Foreign Policy Files.

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Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT) This series contains data from the Social Security Administration?s Numerical Identification Files (NUMIDENT). The Claim Files contain information extracted from Social Security life or death claims for 25 million deceased individuals. The records include information such as name, social security number, birth date, and birth place.