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a. The National Association of Colored People worked to secure full legal equality and remove barriers for all Americans by challenging segregation laws throughout the country, the legal team was headed by Thurgood Marshall.

b. The NAACP won many legal battles regarding housing and education, the most famous was Brown v. Board of Education

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a. CORE was founded by a group of Black and white students in Chicago, Illinois who used nonviolent action to show the civil rights struggles, such as organizing sit-ins and the Freedom Rides in 1961.

b. CORE would pioneer the use of nonviolent direct action to organize the sit-ins, and Freedom Ride of 1961 and later help people get voter registration.

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Malcolm X joins the Nation of Islam 1952

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Malcolm X joins the Nation of Islam 1952

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a. Malcolm X, a civil rights activist, and a prominent Black nationalist leader, joined the Nation of Islam when serving a prison term in Massachusetts on burglary charges, and once released he moved to Chicago and became a Mulsim minister.

b. Malcolm X would use his oratory skills and charisma to help gain the organization new followers, he would also oppose MLK's nonviolent approach to the civil rights movement, instead emphasizing the idea of Black power and Black defense.

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1952-1954)

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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Kansas (1952-1954)

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a. Brown v. Board of Education a court case from Kansas, between Oliver Brown, the father of a student, and the Kansas Board of Education, that would rule segregation of children in public schools as unconstitutional.

b. When appealed to the Supreme Court it would be decided that this was indeed a violation of the 14th amendment and would mark an end to the "separate but equal" law in public schools. This would serve as a jump start to the Civil Rights Movement.

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a. The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a protest where African Americans refused to ride public city buses in Montgomery, Alabama to protest segregated seating.

b. This was one of the earliest mass protests during the civil rights movement and would lead to the desegregation of public transportation. It would also emerge the leadership of MLK and set him as an important leader of the civil rights movement.

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) established in 1957

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) established in 1957

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a. The SLCL was established under the leadership of Martin Luther King and would coordinate local protest groups throughout the South.

b. The SCLC played a major part in marches and protests such as the March on Washinton, it is also significant for antidiscrimination and voter-registration efforts throughout cities in the South.

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a. 9 black teens would enroll into a primarily white public school in Little Rock, Arkansas, where they were harassed and even not allowed to enter on the first day of school.

b. The Little Rock Nine showed that the U.S. would stand behind the decision to desegregate schools. in desegregating public schools, especially in the South.

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Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)  1960-1973

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Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)  1960-1973

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a. The SNCC was a group of Civil Rights activists, primarily Black college students, who would use peaceful and direct action protest, and was started from a meeting in Raleigh, North Carolina.

b. The SNCC would participate in several major civil rights event including the Freedom Rides and would have a primarily focus on voter registration campaigns.

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a. Sit-in movements were a nonviolent form of protest that began in Greensboro, North Carolina where African Americans, usually students would "sit-in" segregated areas.

b. It would draw attention to the segregation problem and would spread to 20 different states, also leading to desegregation of many local businesses.

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a. Student activists from the CORE would start the Freedom Rides to protest the segregation of buses and public transportation, one of the more famous Freedom Rides was in 1961 traveling from Washington, D.C. to Jackson Mississippi.

b. Freedom Rides would gather a lot of attention and would force policy changes, after a partially failed attempt because of all the violence from Washington D.C. to Jaskson, Mississippi, it would force the ICC to rule the segregation on interstate buses and facilities were illegal.

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a. James Howard Meredith a African American student was rejected from the all-white University of Mississippi because of his race.

b. United States Marshals were sent in to protect Meredith because of the riot that started on the night he arrived in the school, and with his admission the University of Mississippi as the first black student it would be a path way that other African-American students to follow.

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a. King and the SCLC joined with the pre-existing local movement in Birmingham, Alabama (ACMHR) to use non-violent protests to protest the segregated system, this included sit-ins, marches, meetings, and boycotts of downtown merchants.

b. This effort would force desegregation in Birmingham and would pave the way for the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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a. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed by Congress in 1964 to prohibit the discrimination on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, this meant for all things, including hiring, promoting firing etc.,

b. This act enforced and established desegregation laws everywhere, including school, works, restaurants, voting etc.

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a. Gave the citizens the right to vote for any election such as for president, Senator or Congress Representative and also prohibits the states from denying or abridging people from doing this.

b. Prohibits poll taxes and would allow for anyone one to vote including African American and not allowing places to put "loopholes" that would prevent a certain demographic of people from voting but also technically allowing everyone to vote.

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a. Protesters would march from Selma, Alabama to the capital of Montgomery to raise awareness of the difficulties of Black voters and as an effort to register Black voters in the South.

b. The march would lead to the Voting Rights Act of 1965 being passed, which prohibits racial discrimination in voting.

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a. Voting Rights Act of 1965, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson outlawed discriminatory voting practices against anyone.

b. This allowed all people to vote regardless of race and outlawed literacy tests in further legislation.

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a. The Black Panthers party was founded in 1966 by Huey P., Newton, and Bobby Seale, in Oakland California, promoting the ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, originally to protect residents against police brutality.

b. It was the era's most influential militant black power organization that would confront politicians, challenge police, and protect black citizens from brutality.

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a. On April 4, 1968 MLK a major civil rights activist was shot while standing on a balcony by James Earl Ray a white supremist in Memphis, Tennessee.

b. The assassination would start major outbreaks of racial violence resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage. It would also surge the support of Black Power Movement and memberships to the Black Panther party and other groups would increase.