# data[].attributes.body
what happened in the study?

how were people impacted?

who were the key people involved?

how does the study link to Restoration theory?

anything you learned about REM or rebound?

what conclusions were drawn from the study?

how do the studies or their findings link to sleep deprivation?

you can include any direct quotes from the readings you found helpful or you can summarise in your own words.

# data[].attributes.headline
Peter tripps speech became slurred, he developed an even more acute paranoid psychosis, and experienced further auditory and visual hallucinations. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Peter tripps speech became slurred, he developed an even more acute paranoid psychosis, and experienced further auditory and visual hallucinations. 

# data[].attributes.body
randy would forget he was suppose to be staying awake all night, and he would get angry when he was shouted at to stay awake

# data[].attributes.body
in Dements study he had participants fall asleep while he monitored their eye movement activity. he would wake them up when eye movement was rapid or when there was no eye movement and ask them if they had been dreaming.

# data[].attributes.body
"rem rebound" - when you miss sleep, your sleep you then have will be a majority REM sleep

# data[].attributes.body
Peter Tripp stayed awake for 8 days and nights (201 hours) to raise money for charity

# data[].attributes.body
Dement found that substance use suppresses REM sleep. When off substances, REM rebound is so strong and disturbing that they have to continue to use drugs to avoid dreaming.

# data[].attributes.body
dement also deprived participants of REM sleep. he would wake them up once they had began REM. he found as the study progressed he was having to wake up participants more to avoid them going into REM sleep.

# data[].attributes.body
Out of 27 awakenings during REM sleep, 20 reported detailed visual dreams.

# data[].attributes.body
when randy did a conference to show he broke the records there were no obvious signs in his voice that he lacked sleep, he talked "flawlessly"

# data[].attributes.body
Randy Gardener stayed awake for 11 days

(264 hours) in attempt to beat Tripps world record and win the San Diego science fair

# data[].attributes.body
Researchers would observe sleeping adults, checking their eye movement whilst they slept. The adults would be woken and interrogated either during periods of eye movement or periods of little / no eye movement.

The idea was to see if the participants were dreaming during the periods of eye movement and if they could remember their dream.

# data[].attributes.body
there are four stages of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and a five stage called REM sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

# data[].attributes.body
'It is often reported that the sleep-deprivation marathon had a long-term effect on his personality'

# data[].attributes.body
REM Sleep is discovered by Dr Aserinsky through an experiment conducted in 1952. 27 awakenings during the experiment when there was eye activity detected. 20 of reported detailed visual dreams. The other 7 said they felt as if they had been dreaming, but couldn't recall it in detail.

# data[].attributes.body
William Dement believed that drugs (amphetamine-like stimulant Ritalin) which Tripp used to stay awake accounted for his paranoia and hallucinations. His psychotic episodes were drug induced rather than caused by lack of sleep/ lack of REM sleep

# data[].attributes.body
Scientists questioned whether the results of the study could be generalised to the wider population because Tripp's experience could have been adversely affected because it took place on a public stage, and his symptoms could have been worsened by the use of drugs and the glare of publicity

# data[].attributes.body
The adults in Dement's study were woken 27 times in total. Of the 27, 20 were able to recall detailed descriptions of their dreams, while the other 7 reported feelings of "having dreamed." These were during eye movement periods.

When no eye movement was noted, the adults were woken 23 times. Of this, 19 participants reported no dreaming memories, with the other 4 vaguely remembering something.

# data[].attributes.body
20 out of 27 Participants who were woken up during their REM cycle reported detailed visual dreams whilst the other 7 reported feeling as if they had dreamed. 19 out of 23 participants didnt report any detail when woken up during their non REM period, while the other 4 felt vaguely as if they had dreamt.

# data[].attributes.body
there are beliefs that chemical changes in the brain during REM sleep may represent the process of intergrating new information into memory structures of the brain.

# data[].attributes.body
"We all dream, and if we are somehow prevented from dreaming one night, we dream more the next night. There does appear to be something basic in our need to dream. In fact, the REM rebound effect can be seen in many animals."

# data[].attributes.body
"Dement suggested that the results of the study provided evidence to support Freud's theory that if taboo thoughts or desires were not expressed through dreams (REM sleep) psychic pressure would build up and lead to psychotic hallucinatory episodes. In summary he concluded that dreams are the 'safety valve' of the mind and that Tripp had become mentally unstable because he tried to do without them."

# data[].attributes.body
After his wakeathon he spent more than 13 hours sleeping - most of this was REM sleep. Some of the longest periods of REM sleep ever recorded.