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During World War II, the Navy brought in Black sailors and civilians to work at the Hastings, Nebraska, ammunition depot, which the town residents didn’t like; thus, these workers were forced to live on the outskirts of Hastings.

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After the Civil War, economic opportunities for Black men in Iowa arose in terms of railroad and mining employment, but Black families often relocated to urban areas in the state when these jobs were no longer available due to mine closures or a decrease in railroad development.

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In contrast with some other states in the South and Midwest, Illinois has a strong record of anti-discrimination policies after the Civil War, including the immediate repeal of its Black Codes at the end of the war and, in 1885, the passage of the Illinois Civil Rights Act, which prohibited discrimination at public facilities and places such as hotels and restaurants.

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While Michigan was technically a free territory, law enforcement was spotty in the early 1800s, and that meant some Black individuals were forced to be slaves in Michigan until the 1830s. Discrimination has occurred throughout the state’s history in education, too, due to “separate but equal” policies that, for example, excluded Black students from using the university swimming pool or attending dances in the 1920s. In fact, at one point in Michigan’s history, there was a university Ku Klux Klan chapter.

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The state is known for the landmark Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia in 1967, which ruled that laws banning interracial marriage were unconstitutional in the US.

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Freedom Hill, later incorporated as Princeville in 1885, was the first town to be founded by formerly enslaved Black Americans. The efforts of Princeville’s founders revealed which aspects of freedom were most important to many of the Black individuals in the South during Reconstruction: “land ownership, economic independence, religious freedom, control over their own lives and the lives of their families, and education.”

Quote Source: “Deep Rooted: A Brief History of Race and Education in North Carolina”: https://www.ednc.org/deep-rooted-a-brief-history-of-race-and-education-in-north-carolina/

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Becoming a state in 1788, South Carolina would later become the first to secede from the Union in 1860 before the start of the Civil War. Because of the “demands by South Carolina slaveholders, Thomas Jefferson removed condemnation of slavery from the Declaration of Independence,” thereby maintaining discrimination as the status quo of America.

Quote Source: “South Carolina’s racist history”: https://www.baltimoresun.com/opinion/op-ed/bs-ed-schaller-0624-20150623-column.html

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Though the “Black Codes” (an earlier name for Jim Crow laws) are no longer the law of the land, Georgia still deeply feels their aftereffects; indeed, in the first quarter of 2022, the Black unemployment rate was more than double what it was for white individuals in Georgia. “Colorblind” policy decisions in the state also fail to account for the racial history of Georgia or promote the economic mobility of Black Georgians.

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From the post–Civil War era to the 1950s, Tennessee had 20 Jim Crow laws on the books that discriminated against Black people in the state, including anti-miscegenation regulations, as well as public school, railroad, streetcar, and hotel segregation.

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There were only a few free Black individuals who lived in Missouri before the Civil War. Dred and Harriet Scott, an enslaved Black couple in the state, famously sued for freedom in the decade-long court case Dred Scott v. Sandford, but the family lost because they weren’t considered US citizens at the time.

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In the 20th century, Kansas City and St. Louis attracted Black migrants during the US’ Great Migration, which saw many Black folks move from the South to the North, Midwest, and West.

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Fourteen businesses in Topeka were listed in the 1949 edition of the Green Book.

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Only one Kansas town with 15,000 or more residents, Hutchinson, offered default integrated public education throughout the state’s entire history. Kansas eventually became the center of public attention because of the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which officially desegregated public schools in the US.

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Idlewild is an unincorporated community in Yates Township, located just east of Baldwin in southeast Lake County, a rural part of northwestern lower Michigan. During the first half of the 20th century, it was one of the few resorts in the country where African-Americans were allowed to vacation and purchase property. Called the "Black Eden of Michigan", from 1912 through the mid-1960s, Idlewild was an active year-round community and was visited by well-known entertainers and professionals from throughout the country. At its peak, it was one of the most popular resorts in the Midwest and as many as 25,000 would come to Idlewild in the height of the summer season to enjoy camping, swimming, boating, fishing, hunting, horseback riding, roller skating, and night-time entertainment.

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By the 1920s, Denver had a thriving African American population living largely in the Five Points neighborhood. However, due to rising racial tensions in America and the presence of the Ku Klux Klan in Denver many African Americans faced hostility living in Denver. Denver businessmen E.C. Regnier and Roger Ewalt co-founded Lincoln Hills Development Company (LHDC) in 1922. Regnier and Ewalt, both African American men, purchased over 100 acres 38 miles West of Denver. Regnier and Ewalt believed African Americans should be able to enjoy the mountain landscape and have a resort to escape the racial tensions of Denver. At the time of its founding, Lincoln Hills was the only vacation resort west of the Mississippi River catering to African-Americans. At that time, only three other resorts in the United States – Oak Bluffs on Martha’s Vineyard, MA, Idlewild in MI and American Beach on Ameila Island in FL also catered to African-Americans. The men sold small land plots to African Americans which were usually 25 ft by 100 ft and had a price ranging from $5-$100. Many plots were used as campsites, however some families built rustic cabins. Regnier and Ewalt sold over 600 plots of land to middle class African American families who were located all across Colorado.

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Join our multiracial family as we travel across the country in the All American Road trip. Check back for updates on our travels.