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A standard way that information is encoded for storage in a computer file. It specifies how bits are used to encode information in a digital storage medium.

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A category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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A darkened box with a convex lens or aperture for projecting the image of an external object onto a screen inside. It is important historically in the development of photography.

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A film gauge used in filmmaking, and the film standard. In motion pictures that record on film, 35 mm is the most commonly used gauge.

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A twin-lens reflex camera is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens", while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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The most commonly used chemical process in black-and-white photography, and is the fundamental chemical process for modern analog color photography.

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A keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection.

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A public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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A room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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A building in which objects of historical, scientific, artistic, or cultural interest are stored and exhibited.

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A workspace specifically designed and built for the purpose of taking photographs. It will usually feature a well lit space with a blank backdrop to allow the capturing of images in an environment free from obtrusive external light sources.

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An element of art defined by a point moving in space. May be two-or three-dimensional, descriptive, implied, or abstract.

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An element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width.

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An element of art that is three-dimensional and encloses volume; includes height, width AND depth (as in a cube, a sphere, a pyramid, or a cylinder). Form may also be free flowing.

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The lightness or darkness of tones or colors. White is the lightest value; black is the darkest. The value halfway between these extremes is called middle gray.

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An element of art by which positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth achieved in a work of art .

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An element of art made up of three properties: hue (name of color), value (hue's lightness and darkness), and intensity (quality of brightness and purity).

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An element of art that refers to the way things feel, or look as if they might feel when touched.

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The distribution of visual weight of objects, colors, texture, and space.

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The repetition of an object or symbol all over the work of art.

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The use of several elements of art to hold the viewer’s attention and to guide the viewer’s eye through and around the work of art.

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The relative size & scale of the various elements in art (relationship between objects, or parts, in the art).

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The path the viewer’s eye takes through the work of art, often to focal points.

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The feeling of harmony between all parts of the work of art, which creates a sense of completeness.

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The part of the design that catches the viewer’s attention.

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Symmetry around a central axis (ex. starfish, tulip flower).

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The quality of being made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

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Lack of equality or equivalence between parts or aspects of something; lack of symmetry.

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The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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Photo that does not attempt to represent an accurate depiction of a visual reality but instead use shapes, colors, forms and gestural marks to achieve its effect.

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Any color that is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space.

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Any color that is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming.

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Muted shades that appear to lack color but often have underlying hues that change with different lighting.

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Colors that have maximum contrast for each other. The fundamental complementary pairs for painters are red/green, yellow/violet, and blue/orange, but each intermediate colour also has its unique complementary.

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Monochromatic colors are all the colors of a single hue. Monochromatic color schemes are derived from a single base hue and extended using its shades, tones and tints.

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A graduated blend between two or more colors or between two tints of the same color.

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Focuses on providing constructive feedback, supported by specific examples, to help you improve in some area. Should be offered in a friendly manner with good intentions.

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The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with right and wrong.

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Sub: Based on the personal perspective or preferences of a person; the subject who’s observing something.
Obj: Not influenced by or based on a personal viewpoint; based on the analysis of an object of observation only.

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Copyrights primarily protect the rights of people who create literary, dramatic, musical, artistic, and certain other intellectual works. Trademarks protect the use of a company's name and its product names, brand identity (ex. logos), and slogans.

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The rule of thirds is a composition guideline that places your subject in the left or right third of an image, leaving the other two-thirds more open.

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A compositional technique where human-made or natural lines lead the viewer's eyes through a photograph to the subject or the heart of the image.

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A special number (equal to about 1.618) that appears many times in geometry, art, and architecture.

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The empty space around and between the subject of an image.

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The subject or areas of interest in an artwork, such as a person's face or figure in a portrait, the objects in a still life painting, or the trees in a landscape painting.

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The process of illuminating the subject from the back. In other words, the lighting instrument and the viewer face each other, with the subject in between.

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Light that's filtered by something. For example, light from behind a lampshade is diffused compared to the direct light of a bare bulb. The lampshade softens and scatters the light.

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A soft light that is reflected off the ceiling. It reduces the shadows on people's faces and fills the room with equal brightness, opening up the architecture and drawing people in.

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The use of strong contrasts between light and dark, usually bold contrasts affecting a whole composition.

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The dark shape and outline of someone or something visible against a lighter background, especially in dim light.

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A set of two photos you can use to tell a story and emphasize contrast. Or you can create one composition using two entirely different images.

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Three photographs that are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.

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A way of representing a 3D object by using several 2D views of the object.

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A type of distortion wherein lines that are straight in real life appear to curve inwards.

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Instead of an image curving in, pincushion distortion causes straight lines to curve outwards from the center of the image.

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A camera's sensitivity to light as it pertains to either film or a digital sensor. A lower ISO value means less sensitivity to light, while a higher ISO means more sensitivity.

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American Standards Association - An arbitrary rating of film speed; that is, the sensitivity of the film to light.

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A device that allows the camera to convert photons (light) into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device.

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The random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons.

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Random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise.

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The term used to denote aperture measurements on your camera. The “f” in f-stop stands for the focal length of the lens.

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The opening of a lens's diaphragm through which light passes. It is calibrated in f/stops and is generally written as numbers such as 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11 and 16.

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The visual quality of the out-of-focus areas of a photographic image, especially as rendered by a particular lens.

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The distance between the nearest and furthest elements in a scene that appear to be "acceptably sharp" in an image.

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A measure of how strongly the system converges or diverges light; it is the inverse of the system's optical power.

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The camera determines all aspects of exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity (makes all the decisions for you).

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A full manual control of Aperture and Shutter Speed. The camera lets you fully take over the exposure controls.

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A mode that lets you select a specific aperture value. The camera auto-selects the proper shutter speed based on how much light it detects.

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A mode where you choose a specific shutter speed while the camera adjusts the aperture to ensure correct exposure.

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A mode where the camera selects and sets both the shutter speed and the aperture. Everything else is manual.

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The length of time that the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light when taking a photograph.

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An exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds.

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A long exposure photography technique that lets you convey the feeling of movement or action in a still image.

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Accessories designed to support a camera. A tripod has three legs. A monopod is a camera support that has one leg.

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The act of shaking a camera during shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. Generally occurs when shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens.

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Using a long-duration shutter speed to sharply capture the stationary elements of images while blurring, smearing, or obscuring the moving elements.

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Taking a sequence of frames at set intervals to record changes that take place slowly over time. When the frames are shown at normal speed, or in quick succession, the action seems much faster.

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Using a moving light source - such as a flashlight, glow stick, light brush, or even a smartphone - to alter an image while taking a long exposure photograph.

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A technique where you move the camera as you press the shutter button. Generally features a moving subject that will remain sharp against a blurred background.

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Several photos are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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The mid-point between black and white on a logarithmic or exponential curve.

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Like partial metering, but spot metering only uses the dot in the center, which is less than 5% of the frame.

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Collects data from a small circular area in the center of the frame. It covers about 10-15% of the entire scene.

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Like partial and spot metering, only the area where the metering takes place is much bigger.

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Collects data from across the entire frame.

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A medium tone, one that is neither very dark nor very light.

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The lightest elements in an image.

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The darkest elements in an image.

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A darker border (sometimes as a blur or a shadow) at the periphery of photos.

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A form of print toning in photography, and refers to the warm colors that are produced by a specific chemical process in developing film.

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A specific part of the frame where the camera is able to focus on something.

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The process of shooting the same image, shot, or scene multiple times using different camera settings resulting in different exposures.

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A meter that indicates the level of light reaching the sensor.

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A camera setting used in conjunction with automatic and semi-automatic shooting modes. It allows the photographer to dial in an amount that the camera should adjust its calculation either up or down, to increase or decrease exposure.

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Helps you adjust the white balance and exposure settings of images by providing a reference point.

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Workspaces customize Photoshop's interface for specific tasks Too many panels to fit them all onscreen at once, so switch workspaces depending on what's needed.

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Where Photoshop holds many tools to work with. There are tools for making selections, for cropping and retouching images, for adding shapes and type, and many more.

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Groups of tools used to edit and manipulate your image. Photoshop contains over two dozen palettes that can be shown or hidden by using the Window menu and selecting the palette you wish to reveal.

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Used to open and save files, adjust the canvas size, access some of the editing tools, open and close various windows, and more.