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1676 – Ole Romer :Determines the Speed of Light

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1676 – Ole Romer :Determines the Speed of Light

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Romer observed the eclipses of Jupiter's moon Io and noticed discrepancies in their timing. He concluded that light has a finite speed and calculated its approximate value.

Impact: This was the first quantitative evidence that light does not travel instantaneously, laying the groundwork for future studies on the nature of light

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1678-Christiaan Huygens:  Speed of light 

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1678-Christiaan Huygens:  Speed of light 

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Scientist(s): Christiaan Huygens

Description: Huygens published his mathematical wave theory of light, suggesting that light propagates as waves through a medium called the "luminiferous ether."

Impact: This theory explained phenomena like reflection and refraction and became a cornerstone of the wave theory of light

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1704 – Isaac Newton's Particle Theory of Light

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1704 – Isaac Newton's Particle Theory of Light

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Opticks, Newton proposed that light is composed of particles (or "corpuscles") that travel in straight lines. He used this theory to explain reflection and refraction.

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1801 – Thomas Young's Double-Slit Experiment

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1801 – Thomas Young's Double-Slit Experiment

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Young demonstrated that light passing through two slits produces an interference pattern, a hallmark of wave behavior.

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1865 – James Clerk Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory

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1865 – James Clerk Maxwell's Electromagnetic Theory

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Maxwell formulated equations showing that light is an electromagnetic wave, consisting of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

Impact: This unified the understanding of light with electromagnetism and solidified the wave theory

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1905 – Albert Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

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1905 – Albert Einstein's Photoelectric Effect

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Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by proposing that light is made of discrete packets of energy called photons, which behave like particles.

This discovery introduced the concept of wave-particle duality and earned Einstein the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921

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1924 – Louis de Broglie's Wave-Particle Duality

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1924 – Louis de Broglie's Wave-Particle Duality

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De Broglie proposed that particles, such as electrons, also exhibit wave-like properties, extending the concept of wave-particle duality to matter. This idea was foundational to quantum mechanics and changed the way scientists understood the behavior of light and matter

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This experiment demonstrated the diffraction of electrons, confirming de Broglie's hypothesis that particles can exhibit wave-like behavior.

Impact: It provided experimental evidence for wave-particle duality and further supported quantum mechanics.