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There are various ways to greet teachers, but what is seen as the “standard way"? Honestly, how you greet your teacher shows your bond with them and how they want to be greeted. I’ve heard students greet their teachers with “Hello Mr./Ms./Mrs.,” and “Hey." Some teachers want to be greeted with their titles, while others prefer their names. I chose this variant because I find it interesting that our greetings for teachers change just based on that teacher but still mean the same.

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This website has various recordings of different ways students tend to greet their teachers. Just by the student’s tone, you can tell the bond between the student and teacher. It shows how professional it is as the way the student greets the teacher changes. It also has other examples of how a person would greet their mom, friend, or stranger.

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The Sociolinguistic Variable – All About Linguistics

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“It begins with the simple act of noticing a variation – that there are two alternative ways of saying the same thing” [1]

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A common and disgusting mispronunciacion and/or spelling of the word mischievous. Mischievous is pronounced "miss-CHI-vus" and there is no "ious" about it. Some people insist that mischievious is an "alternate pronunciation," but only in the way that irregardless is a synonym for regardless--that is to say, only for fucking retards.

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The origins of this word lie in the Anglo-Norman word meschevous, meaning 'troublesome', itself derived from mischief, which is made up of the prefix mis added to the word chief (from Latin caput 'head'). Early spellings tended to preserve the Anglo-Norman original with mes: mescheffus, mescheuous and meschievous. The correct spelling today is mischievous, although many people erroneously spell it mischievious. This misspelling is prompted by a variant pronunciation with stress on the second syllable, which was a valid alternative until around 1700, but is now considered non-standard. It was recorded in a pronouncing dictionary of 1802; despite seeing the attractions of this pronunciation, the editor dismissed it as a vulgarism, concluding that: 'In language, as in many other cases, it is safer to be wrong with the polite than right with the vulgar'.

The pronunciation of the word with 4 syllables goes back to the 15 th century, when it was commonly spelled mischievious, mischeevious or mischievieous. This pronunciation is probably due to a tendency for speakers to replace the less common -ous ending with the -ious found in words like envious, furious and curious. The Oxford English Dictionary considers this spelling 'regional, colloquial or humorous', while Merriam-Webster suggests it derives from an attempt to invoke a 'folksy' association, or an echo of the word devious. Urban Dictionary is more damning in its judgement, labelling it 'a common and disgusting mispronunciacion and/or spelling of the word mischievous'. The entry goes on to criticise attempts to legitimise such mistakes as linguistic evolution: 'Changes like this are driven by the illiterate and the ignorant, and it is careless to embrace them. And embarrassing.' I can't help feeling this person's rant would have greater force if it didn't contain a misspelling of mispronunciation.

Searching The Guardian online brings up numerous profiles on the Soul Mates dating site in which lonely hearts proudly advertise their 'mischievious' sense of humour. Assuming they are not covertly hinting at their devious character, they must be hoping to appear folksy. Either way, they are presumably not looking for someone who values good spelling. The misspelling is especially common on Twitter. Perhaps its most famous appearance was in a tweet by Sally Bercow, in which she defended her ill-judged comments about Lord McAlpine as 'mischievious not libellous'. As it turned out, her legal knowledge was just as flawed as her spelling.

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The origins of this word lie in the Anglo-Norman word meschevous, meaning 'troublesome', itself derived from mischief, which is made up of the prefix mis added to the word chief (from Latin caput 'head'). Early spellings tended to preserve the Anglo-Norman original with mes : mescheffus, mescheuous and meschievous.

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I think both variants are acceptable just as long as the teacher is okay with them. If the teacher prefers to be called by their title, the student should respect their wish. But, if the teacher doesn’t mind being called by their name or having informal greetings like “Hey” or “Sup,” it might be easier for the student and teacher to communicate. It also depends on the student and their preference on how to greet the teacher. So it all depends on how the student and teacher are.

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In high school, I would switch my language when talking to teachers. For example, if a teacher didn’t mind being called by their name, then I would call them that and say “hey” when greeting. But, if there were a teacher who wanted things to be more formal and professional, then I would keep it that way. So, I would use both variants depending on the teacher. Just like how in class we talked about the different ways to say something, but relatively it all means the same. I feel it is the same in this case because as long as you respectfully greet the teacher in both ways, it means the same. It just depends on what everyone is comfortable with.

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I couldn’t think of words that were introduced to me as “incorrectly” pronounced, so I searched up commonly mispronounced words on google. As I was going through lists, I found mischievous and was confused because I thought there was only one way to pronounce and spell them. I decided to look more into this word cause it was interesting how the word I thought to be correct was, in fact, “incorrect.” In the writing explained article, it goes over how mischievous is often spelled as mischievious, which is what caused the mispronunciation as well. The article goes over some examples of how these two words are different, and the word should be pronounced with three instead of four syllables. This article is really persistent on the idea that mischievous is the standard English form of the word and shouldn’t be spelled or pronounced in any other way. I believe their reason for identifying it incorrect is justified as the spelling and pronunciation did change. I found this interesting because I always spelled it as mischievious and thought it was four syllables.
According to the spelling trouble blog, the mischievious spelling and pronunciation come from the 15th century when speakers wanted to change the less common -ous ending to -ious as it was more common in words like devious, furious, and curious. It turns out that it was easier for them to say words like -ious rather than -ous, even if it meant that the terms were being changed incorrectly. But, they disagreed with this change as it completely changed how the word is pronounced and spelled and led to a lot of confusion.
Urban dictionary seemed to have a very particular opinion on this misspelling. It condemns that this is the evolution of language and instead believes that “changes like this are driven by illiterate and the ignorant, and it is careless to embrace them.” It is noticeable that they are enraged with this spelling, as they stated from the beginning: “a common and disgusting mispronunciation and/or spelling of the word mischievous.” This shows a lot of how the writer at urban dictionary feels about the spelling of mischievious. Throughout my research, I didn’t find any source that advocated for this use. There was a common theme of disapproval with this change in spelling and pronunciation. After reading all of these articles, I even think that this change wasn't necessary as it instead caused more confusion. It caused me to think that this word was pronounced as mis-CHEE-vi-ous instead of miss-CHI-vus.

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I commute to college everyday which means that I ride the train for about an hour. During this time, I usually look around and notice my surroundings. The trains have a lot of ads and signs to bring riders attention to some kind of marketing plan. They've all been strategically placed to make the riders notice them and become intrigued.

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One of their ads/signs were placed to promote the subways' new way of paying through OMNY. This ad basically says that once a rider swipes with the same card for OMNY 12 times, they would have it for free for the rest of the week. The sign was spread throughout the train cart I was in so everyone could see it no matter where they sat. And one thing I noticed was that this was in different languages, including Bengali, which is what I am familiar with. Different groups of people travel the train every day, so this would target many communities, especially those that don't speak English. This was a strategic way of marketing for the MTA as it made it easier for them to target different groups who would be interested in a deal like this. Those that don't speak English can easily read their own language if it's there and be aware of what is going on. It even has pictures to represent what is going so even if they don't understand the language, they can get an idea from the pictures.

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Snickers' campaign phrase is "you're not you when you're hungry," and this picture reinforces that. I saw this ad come up while watching a video a couple of days ago, and I found this one really intriguing. It was different from any regular snickers ad just because of the number of misspellings they did. I then looked more into this and found that this was a marketing plan they created with Google. They teamed up with Google so they could see the 500 most misspelled words on the internet. The main goal was to make people think about snickers as they targeted the most critical aspect of human requirement, which is hunger. So, the snickers marketing team used common misspelled words to play on the idea that the person misspelled what they were searching for, and snickers can help with that. This ad succeeded as it got 500,000 people to view it within three days of launching it. This ad's main target was for everyone who is hungry in general. They just wanted to get as many people to be more interested in snickers as possible, and they were pretty successful with that. Both of these examples include lexical and phonological variation as they both include certain word choices to refer to the same concept.

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Obama's "g-dropping", CBC speech (Sep. 2011)

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In class, we talked about how non-standard language, like r dropping, used to be more standard, but after world war 2, a change occurred that caused it not to be as common anymore. It would be used in movies, news, school, and many other areas that could influence a person's language. Then, standard language became common, and everyone adapted to speaking in standard language. To this day, standard language is still highly used, but there are some cases where non-standard cases tend to be used and have a positive attribute.

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In this video, Barack Obama used g-dropping in his speech to connect with his audience more as well as motivate them. He used g-dropping towards the end of his speech, where he says, "Stop complainin'. Stop grumblin'. Stop cryin'." This exemplifies covert prestige because g-dropping isn't the standard language, and Obama has a lot of authority to be able to do g-dropping to show his community that he is friendly and casual. He made this speech in September 2011, around the time when he announced his candidacy for re-election. This speech was at the Congressional Black Caucus, and so he probably followed g-dropping in this speech to get a wider audience to relate to him and become intrigued with what he had to say. Some negative attributes of this could be that people might find it offensive as he didn't fully follow the standard language in front of a large audience. Those who strongly favor strong language might feel that this could influence the viewers.

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For my topic, I chose greetings. I will observe different ways people greet me and each other. So far, I've collected 60 tokens.

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I was able to finish collecting 120 tokens for my projects. I've collected age, familiarity, and channel of communication for my social information. Some of my greetings were in a different language. Is that okay, or should I just translate it?

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While doing my research, I noticed that a lot of articles had titles along the words of "women should stop saying sorry," but I found this one interesting because it was different. Instead of telling women to apologize, this article mentioned that men should just start. This article talks about how we should stop telling women to stop saying sorry because it doesn't cause any harm besides possibly creating a kinder environment. But the author believes that instead of focusing on women, people should also encourage men to start apologizing. Apologizes just avoid tense situations and should be welcomed to be used by both genders. Women apologizing isn't the problem, but men not apologizing enough is the problem. The author uses professional people as her evidence to bring other perspectives on this topic. This article might be biased because it is written by a woman, but the author does a great job of bringing a male perspective on this topic. This shows that this is an issue that has been going on for a while and has been noticed by both genders. I find her evidence to be convincing as it showed me a different perspective on this topic. This article doesn't explicitly bring up dominance models but it reflects the idea of it by stating how...

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A few years ago, I was working with a male colleague - a generally well-respected colleague, someone deemed a "nice guy" - who struggled with receiving feedback during a brainstorming session. His tone was rude and dismissive. I apologized. He did not. Another time when I corrected some misstatements from a different male colleague, he lashed out in a hostile and publicly humiliating way. Again, I apologized. He did not.

We can debate whether or not I even needed to apologize, but that's irrelevant. Because the problem wasn't that I apologized; the real problem was that my male colleagues did not.

There is no shortage of professional advice for women - most of which is bullshit. At the top of that list: all that nonsense telling us to quit apologizing.

"Women are constantly told to change their vocabulary - to make it less apologetic and more assertive," Cindy Gallop and Tomas Chamorro-Premuzic wrote in Harvard Business Review. The list of don'ts is long: Don't use the word "just." Don't ask for permission. Don't second-guess yourself. And whatever you do, DON'T apologize.

This trend has been gathering steam for the past few years. And I'll admit, at first, there seemed to be some merit. Why was I saying "sorry" that I didn't receive an email? Why was I apologizing for having a conflict with a meeting? Did I really need to say "I'm sorry" if a colleague didn't understand the context of a conversation because they hadn't read a previous email? No, I didn't. But still the advice - nearly always given to women - didn't ring true for me. What's so wrong with a few polite, albeit unnecessary, "I'm sorry"s? Were a few hollow-but-socially-customary apologies really keeping me from reaching my full potential? Hardly.

When Rachel Hollis - yeah, that Rachel Hollis, the same one who refuses to apologize for anything - published her book "Girl, Stop Apologizing," the trend became crystal clear to me. This isn't about helping women; it's about censoring us.

Sure, those "I'm sorry"s might be unnecessary, but they can also make the world nicer, calmer, more respectful for everyone. Not only should we keep saying them, maybe we should encourage more.

"The world would be a much better place, and the workplace a great deal happier, if instead of telling women to say sorry less, we told men to say sorry a whole lot more," Gallop and Chamorro-Premuzic wrote in Harvard Business Review. "The truth is, we need to worry less about editing women, and more about editing incompetent and inappropriate men."
A-fucking-men.
Apologies - even unnecessary ones - are helpful. They can diffuse tense situations. They disarm defensiveness. They show humility. Dr. Deborah Tannen, a professor of linguistics at Georgetown, told the New York Times that apologizing is a natural part of our language.

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"Asking people to stop apologizing is like asking them to stop saying hello and goodbye. Those kinds of automatic courtesies are what make it possible to live together," Dr. Tannen said.

Like Harvard Business Review, Dr. Tannen said the question isn't whether women are over-apologizing, but whether men are under-apologizing.

"Most of the problems organizations and nations have (e.g., corruption, bullying, harassment, and toxic or destructive leadership) are the direct result of our failures to restrain or inhibit powerful men, yet we are perpetually worried about censoring women," Gallop and Chamorro-Premuzic wrote in Harvard Business Review.

When the #stopapologizing trend kicked up a few years ago, I'll admit that I started policing my own behavior. I censored myself and deleted all those superfluous "I'm sorry, but..."s from my emails. I resisted apologizing for miscommunications when I knew that I wasn't the cause of it. And you know what happened?

Nothing. Well, nothing positive anyway. I wasn't viewed as more assertive or confident to colleagues. Men didn't start taking responsibility for their own shortcomings. I didn't magically get promoted to leadership positions or earn more respect. I did, however, feel worse about myself. I grew exhausted with second-guessing my own words. I felt unnatural and kinda bad about myself.

Let me be very clear: I am not saying that women who are assertive or naturally avoid all those gratuitous apologies are wrong or that people should feel the need to apologize unnecessarily. Not. At. All.

What I am saying is that women who apologize more often than necessary are not the problem. Men who don't apologize enough are.

There is a general trend to censor women and call it "empowerment." Well, I call bullshit. True empowerment means women are comfortable to be themselves. That women are respected even if they apologize or defer to their colleagues. That women don't need to second-guess themselves in everything they say or do. That women are respected. Period.

Let's stop with the toxic advice.

As written in Harvard Business Review, "A better piece of advice for women? Speak freely and speak in any way that you like."

This article was originally published on

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Instead Of Telling Women To Stop Apologizing, Let's Tell Men To Start

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A few years ago, I was working with a male colleague - a generally well-respected colleague, someone deemed a "nice guy" - who struggled with receiving feedback during a brainstorming session. His tone was rude and dismissive. I apologized. He did not.

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I chose this article because I didn't realize that women use "just" so much. I realized that I tend to use "just" a lot as well and I found it surprising because I used to think it was common amongst both genders. This article talks about how women should stop using the word "just" as it undermines their authority and leadership. Women are taught to be empathetic, using words like "just" and "sorry." The author uses other examples of specific phrases or words that women use that undermine their authority besides sorry and just. Some of the examples used are "actually" or constantly asking questions if they are clear. This article shows a vast difference in women's language compared to men, as women tend to be softer. This article doesn't seem as biased to me because it brings in different point of views instead of just stating the author's opinion. The author gives their opinion but uses various things that people have said to show what they are trying to convey.

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Google Exec: Women, Stop Saying ‘Just’ So Much, You Sound Like Children

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Just when you finally got a handle on saying “sorry” so much, turns out there’s another detrimental phrase in your lexicon keeping you from being taken seriously as a woman: “Just.” As in, “Just checking in,” and “Just following up,” and “Just wondering if you’d decided.” A former Google exec says t…

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This post is directive because she uses the exclamation mark emoji to show how serious this post is. This exclamation mark makes the post more direct and is used to get her followers to do something, in this case, to get involved with the climate change crisis. The use of the exclamation mark is successful because even though it is only one emoji it sets out a message that this is important and is urging people to do it.

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This post is expressive because Cher uses a lot of emojis to describe how she is feeling. She uses the crying emoji to describe how she is feeling about her tooth pain. In the middle of her sentences, she uses an emoji to describe what she is feeling or trying to say rather than actually saying the word. So, in this post, she uses 💪 instead of saying strong. This is expressive because she uses specific emojis to express her emotions or feelings. The use of these emojis is successful as they show a lot of emotions.

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This post is phatic because Cher uses a happy birthday emoji. Cher uses a birthday cake and party popper emoji to tell her mom Happy Birthday. Saying happy birthday with emojis opens a conversation and sets up the structure of a conversation. This is a way of complimenting/showing interest as well as expressing happiness and pleasure, so Cher uses these emojis successfully in this post.