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It is wonderful to know about all these beautiful pieces of art, like calligraphy, and how it was made, and how they use all twenty-eight Arabic letters to complete it, and arabesque. A beauty to this culture with its knowledge needed, as well as its creativity to use shapes and nature. The geometric shapes have meaning to all of them and are used so much to make art projects more complete. Also, the meanings of these are beautiful and mean so much to what Islamic art and architecture are really like.

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Art and Architecture continues to be an important part of the Islamic culture. There are many more types of Islamic art such as vegetal patterns, geometric patterns, figural representation, etc. Similarly, Islamic architecture is part of many different styles of architecture, such as Moorish architecture, Mughal architecture, Indo-Islamic architecture, etc. Both art and architecture were made in the 7th century and are still relevant in our days.

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Islamic architecture is the most recognizable type of architecture and is a decoration utilizing geometric design and a variety of colors, especially with tiles. Architecture is the art of designing and constructing buildings. Islamic architecture has long been acknowledged as one of the most significant and influential art that translates the religion’s core teachings and beliefs into structures. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman and Iranian architecture and all the other lands that the Early Muslims’ conquests conquered in the seventh and eighth centuries. Afterwards, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to South and Southeast Asia. Islamic architecture began in the seventh century, as calligraphy and arabesque. Religious architecture came into its own in the period of the caliphates with the creation of the hypostyle mosque in Iraq and Egypt. The word “architecture” came from the Latin word “architectura” or from the Greek word “arkhitekton,” arkhi meaning “chief” and tekton meaning “builder.” Architecture was first invented at Saqqara in Egypt in 2630- 2611 BC. Although architecture was not invented by Muslims, they still find their own architecture very important to their culture.

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In this typical culture, they write Arabic calligraphy and then use this on walls. Calligraphy means ‘grace and beauty.’ In contrast to the landscapes or portraits of people, Islamic art includes different types of arts that are unlike arts in museums that are often seen. The practice of calligraphy uses all twenty-eight Arabic letters. They use a mixture of honey, black soot and saffron and saffron to make the ink. While the paper is made from alum, egg whites and starch. All their inks and paper are all handmade and very natural. In this culture, they use nature and real products to make their projects, like the ink and papers. Calligraphy has soft and smooth brush strokes that are clear to see. Thick brush strokes could be used or thin brush strokes. There aren’t many popular pieces of art that use words that are traditional.

Arabesque is a famous type of art in the Islamic Culture. This specific piece is made out of leaves. Arabesque means foliage (leaf) ornament and arabesque is used to symbolize the transcendent indivisible nature of god. Since Muslims and Arabs respect God so much, the arabesque symbolizes the nature of god. Arabesque could have different patterns. Sometimes it could be tiled, or repeated as many times as desired. The Eurasian decorative arts includes a lot of Renaissance art of Renaissance onwards. The “leaf” forms in arabesque are formed sideways from the stem of the leaf, that is called a “half-palmette”. Arabesques also included many geometric patterns. The square in arabesque represents earth, air, wind and fire. Without either one of those elements, it would be represented as a circle and wouldn’t be complete. The arabesque would be thought as both science and art, however the artwork is also mathematically precise. Arabesque requires lots of thought and ideas, but you would also have lots of creativity to create this masterpiece. Almost all of the artwork pieces are not made from actual nature products, which makes it more unique.

Geometric shapes and designs are treasured to this culture. Geometric shapes were used almost everywhere in Islamic art and architecture. They are used in patterns on walls, sculptures, designs for architecture, and even paintings. In arabesque, they use geometric shapes in the pieces. They have meanings to them, like squares mean the four elements, earth, wind, fire, and water. They all mean something important to this type of art, and they make Islamic art more complete than they already are. I bet you’ve seen many artworks with shapes.

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Arabesque symbolizes the unity of belief and the perseverance of the traditional Islamic culture. Arabesque is an ornament or style that engages flower or fruit and sometimes animal outlines to produce a pattern or lines. The Islamic arabesque was invented in Baghdad around the 10th century. It first appeared as a distinctive and original development in Islamic art in carved marble panels from around this time. In dance, Arabesque originally meant a group of dancers in a tuneful attitude on stage. Carlo Blasis created its new meaning, the position of the body based on balance through basis or equal distribution of weight. Arabesque was invented by Muslims and is still very important to the Islamic culture.

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Islamic art and architecture shows the culture and creative ideas of the Muslim Golden Age. In this culture, Islam made many decorations for festivals, churches decorated with walls of calligraphy, along with the design of arabesque and geometric designs. In Islam, people made many different arts that are in museums or mosques, which is where most of the arts are included in architecture.  People enjoy viewing Arabic calligraphy, floral motifs and famous work. They like it because it calms them down and it’s a sign of peace and grace. There is another piece of art called “arabesque”. In Islamic art and architecture, the variety of materials and designs makes it unique and different from arts that you usually see, and people still enjoy it today. People like to look at Islamic art and architecture because of the unique designs that are unlike the arts you see today.

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Islamic calligraphy is referred to as ‘Quranic art.’ Calligraphy is the art of beautiful handwriting. The word “calligraphy” comes from the Greek words for “beauty” (kallos) and “to write” (graphein). It can be used in many different ways. Calligraphy was made very popular through the interaction of tools, writing fluids, and surfaces. Hard surfaces such as stone or metal were used for calligraphy and are easier to use with a brush. Other surfaces are easier to write on with thinner tools such as a fiber-tipped pen, that produces a letter that has no noticeable thick or thin strokes and is neither curved nor straight. The foundation of Islamic calligraphy was laid down by the creative genius of three great calligraphers from Baghdad; the Vizier Ibn Muqla was part of the Abbasid court during d. 886-940, as were Ibn al-Bawwab and Yakut al-musta’simi of Amasya during d. 1298. Ibn Muqla established the principles of calligraphy. Calligraphy was viewed as a visual art form, more valued than painting, and ranked alongside poetry as a means of self expression and development.

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What would life be without art and architecture? The Islamic world has given us an invention that appeals to people’s minds: art. Most Islamic art is very abstract and repetitive, and looking at it or creating it can be a way of getting things out of one’s system. Some Islamic people draw to calm themselves down and bring all their thoughts together. Islamic art began in the 7th century, a time when the Islamic faith was first developing under the prophet Muhammad, in regions where Islam was the ruling religion. Over time, Islamic civilization created an easy movement of artisans and led to the exchange of artistic ideas and techniques. The Islamic architecture also began in the 7th century. It finds its highest expression in religious buildings such as the mosque and madrasah. Islamic people were fascinated by architecture because it translated the religion’s core teachings and beliefs into structures. Calligraphy and arabesque were also important traits in the Islamic culture.

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The complex of geometry of Islamic design - Elle

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The complex of geometry of Islamic design - Elle

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The complex geometry of Islamic design - Eric Broug

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Lesson 6, very easy & simple squarish Islamic Art/Arabesque pattern

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Arabic Calligraphy For Beginners | How to write Subhanallah | Calligaphy Tutorial with Marker

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque

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The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves, derived from stylised half-palmettes, which were combined with spiralling stems".

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http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/islamic-art.htm

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Islamic Art: History of Muslim Visual Arts

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Islamic Art, Definition, History: Architecture of Islam, Calligraphy, Ceramics

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy

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Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet. It is known in Arabic as khatt ( Arabic: خط‎), derived from the word 'line', 'design', or 'construction'. Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script.

From an artistic point of view, Arabic calligraphy has been known and appreciated for its diversity and great potential for development. In fact, it has been linked in the Arabic civilization to various fields such as religion, art, architecture, education and craftsmanship, which in return have played an important role in its advancement.

Although most Islamic calligraphy is in Arabic and most Arabic calligraphy is Islamic, the two are not identical. Coptic or other Christian manuscripts in Arabic, for example, have made use of calligraphy. Likewise, there is Islamic calligraphy in Persian or the historic Ottoman language.

The Arabic alphabet is known to be used by one of the most widely used languages in the world. Many scholars believe that the alphabet was created around the 4th century CE. The alphabet consists of 28 letters written from right to left. Each letter can be written in four ways, depending on where the letter is placed in a sentence. These four locations are also known as initial, medial, final and isolated.

The pens used for Arabic calligraphy vary from Latin calligraphy. The tools used for calligraphy are different assortments of pens and calligraphy ink. The most common calligraphy pen used is Qalam.

The Khamish Pen also known as a reed pen is used by Arab, Turkish, and Iranian calligraphers. The reed of the pen is grown along rivers. Although this pen has been used for over 500 years, preparing the pen is a lengthy process.

Bamboo pens are one of the oldest pens used for calligraphy. The edge of bamboo pens allow the performance of calligraphy to be in full movement.

The Java pen is known for the tool's hardness and ability to create sharp edges. The pen is good to use for small scripts.

The Handam pen consists of the same strength that the Java pen has. The pen is good to use for all kinds of scripts.

The Celi pen is used for large writing in Arabic Calligraphy. These pens are made from hardwood and cut and drilled.

The two most popular scripts used for Arabic calligraphy are Kufic and Naskh. Kūfic was derived from Iraq and initially used for inscription on stone and metal. Naskhī originated from Mecca and Medina. The script is used as a cursive script, for example on papyrus and paper.

The Thuluth and Nasta'liq and Diwani script are other scripts used for Arabic scripting.

The Thuluth script used during the medieval times is known as one of the oldest scripts to exist. The script was used on mosques and for Quranic text due to the appearance of the text.

The Nasta'liq script is used more for Persian than Arabic scripting. Because of the upward slant to the left, the script is seen as different than the other scripts. The cursive look creates an elegant look when creating.

The Diwani Script was created during the Ottoman era. The lining and lettering of this script creates a sense of closeness when writing. Due to this reason, it's difficult to read since the letters intertwine.

Some classical calligraphers:

Ottoman era

Arabic calligraphy serves as a major source of inspiration for Arabic typography. For example, the Amiri typeface is inspired by the Naskh script used at the Amiri Press in Cairo.

The shift from Arabic calligraphy to Arabic typography presents technical challenges, as Arabic is essentially a cursive script with contextual shapes.

EL Seed, a French-Tunisian graffiti artist, makes use of Arabic calligraphy in his various art projects, in a style called calligraffiti.

The Hurufiyya (الحروفية letters) movement, since its beginnings in the early 20th century, uses the artistic manipulation of Arabic calligraphy and typography in abstraction.

Taking Shape: Abstraction From the Arab World, 1950s-1980s, a 2020 installation at New York University's Grey Art Gallery, explored how Arabic calligraphy, with its ancient presence in visual art, influenced abstract art in the Arab world. For Madiha Omar, the Arabic alphabet was a means of expressing a secular identity and appropriating Western painting, while Omar El-Nagdi explored the inherent divinity of Arabic calligraphy.

The Emirates logo is written in traditional Arabic calligraphy

The instruments and work of a student calligrapher. The phrase written on the top of the paper shows the Shiite saying "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala."

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Arabic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy based on the Arabic alphabet. It is known in Arabic as khatt ( Arabic: خط‎), derived from the word 'line', 'design', or 'construction'. Kufic is the oldest form of the Arabic script.

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The First Known Architect in History - Elle

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The First Known Architect in History - Elle

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https://blog.worthingtonmillwork.com/the-first-known-architect-in-history/#:~:text=first%20architect%20in%20history%20was,use%20of%20columns%20in%20architecture.

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Thought to be the very first architect in history was Imhotep. As one of the officials of the Pharaoh Djoser, he designed the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt in 2630 - 2611 BC.He may have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture. As an instigator of Egyptian culture, Imhotep's idealized image lasted well into the Ptolemaic period. The Egyptian historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a stone-dressed building during Djoser's reign, though he was not the first to actually build with stone. Stone walling, flooring, lintels, and jambs had appeared sporadically during the Archaic Period, though it is true that a building of the Step Pyramid's size and made entirely out of stone had never before been constructed. Before Djoser, pharaohs were buried in mastaba tombs.

Imhotep was always conceived holding his medical scrolls and his architectural drawings. He was a model figure who defined the training and selection process of all succeeding Egyptian priests and architects within Egypt's jurisdiction. Although the step pyramid for King Zoser of the 3rd Dynasty was important for the reason that it had exemplified unbelievable skill and the introduction of building with stone, it was also very symbolic. It architectonically represented Ptah-TaTanen, the architect of the universe, and his creation where he evoked the primeval hill (waret) to rise from the primeval waters of nun. The Pyramid of Steps was also designed to serve as a place to worship the sun that symbolized the dead king's ascent to the sun and passage across the heavens. The architecture highlighted Imhotep's abilities as an architect, a religious priest and an astronomer. Additionally, in the construction of the Step Pyramid Complex was intended to forever honor the dead.

Egyptians considered Imhotep as a creative and inventive intellectual by the way he enlarged the burial site at Sakkara that was also constructed in stages. He amplified the existing tomb by adding five mastabas that decrease in sizes creating this unique form of architecture known as the great pyramid of steps. The burial compartments are great accomplishments of Imhotep's work in design and engineering as well as debuted the progression of numerous complex structures such as tunnels, mortuaries, chapels, shafts and rooms for offerings. The massive tombs consisted of mud-brick walls and the style of the structure imitated a palace portico probably to mimic Djoser's palace in Memphis where he lived at one point in his life.

The fact that Imhotep was an architect, which was extremely unique at that time, got him special treatments from the royal family, several positions and privileges inside the royal palace. This earned him the title of chief of engineering, amongst other essential titles such as prime minister, crown prince and head of the Royal Court. Later, his architecture had tremendous influence on Christian religion and architecture. He was also honored by the Romans, particularly the emperors Claudius and Tiberius whom had inscriptions that praised Imhotep on the walls of many of their Egyptian temples.

The preservation of the kings body was very important to Imhotep, like the conservation of the nation was a responsibility. As a priest who knew all ancient practices and rules, it was a given that he had mastered the understanding of the nature of building. Amongst other values, for Imhotep, it meant definiteness.

Although not certain, it has been believed that during a 40 year period of the Third Dynasty, Imhotep influenced and was the ultimate master builder of numerous other projects which have been finished. He wrote an encyclopedia of architecture that was used as the main bases and as guidance for Egyptian builders thousands of years after his death.

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The First Known Architect in History | Worthington Millwork Blog

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Thought to be the very first architect in history was Imhotep. As one of the officials of the Pharaoh Djoser, he designed the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt in 2630 - 2611 BC.He may have been responsible for the first known use of columns in architecture.

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The evolution of the arabesque in dance - Elle

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The evolution of the arabesque in dance - Elle

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01472529908569336?journalCode=ldnc20

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabesque

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The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves, derived from stylised half-palmettes, which were combined with spiralling stems".

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The Architectural, Cultural, and Religious Significance of Minarets - Elle

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The Architectural, Cultural, and Religious Significance of Minarets - Elle

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https://www.archdaily.com/968046/the-architectural-cultural-and-religious-significance-of-minarets#:~:text=Islamic%20architecture%20has%20long%20been,the%20focus%20on%20interior%20spaces.

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The Architectural, Cultural, and Religious Significance of Minarets

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This article explores the minaret, one of Islamic architecture’s prominent religious and cultural features.

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https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/culturearch.html#:~:text=Over%20time%2C%20Islamic%20civilization%20brought,the%20hallmarks%20of%20Islamic%20architecture.

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The art of building was popular in virtually all times and places in the Islamic lands, providing places of communal worship, social service, and stately residence. The most important type of religious building was the congregational mosque, which had to provide sufficient space for the Muslim community to gather for weekly worship on Friday at noon. Famous examples include, the Great Mosque in Damascus, the Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Cairo, and the Great Mosque (now the Cathedral) of Cordoba. Muslims also commissioned many other building types, ranging from small mosques to use for daily worship, such as the Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah in Isfahan, to madrasas, or religious schools, and commemorative structures, such as the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Taj Mahal in Agra.

Like rulers everywhere, Muslims also commissioned great palaces, such as the Alhambra in Granada or the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul. These universal types of buildings were erected using local materials and forms that suited the climate and geography. For example, builders in the Mediterranean region initially favored post-and-beam structures built of stone and decorated with mosaic, whereas builders in Iran and the eastern lands built arched and vaulted structures of brick decorated with plaster. Over time, Islamic civilization brought about the easy movement of artisans and led to the interchange of artistic ideas and techniques. Muslim patrons everywhere appreciated exuberant and colorful decoration. The extravagant use of color, particularly tiles, is one of the hallmarks of Islamic architecture.

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PBS - Islam: Empire of Faith - Culture - Architecture

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The art of building was popular in virtually all times and places in the Islamic lands, providing places of communal worship, social service, and stately residence. The most important type of religious building was the congregational mosque, which had to provide sufficient space for the Muslim community to gather for weekly worship on Friday at noon.

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https://www.artsy.net/gene/islamic-art-and-architecture

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Islamic Art generally refers to work made beginning in the 7th century, a period when the Islamic faith was first developing under the prophet Muhammad, in regions in which Islam was the dominant religion. While Islam shares the prophetic tradition of Judaism and Christianity, the monotheistic religion has its own tenets and rituals, such as the belief in Allah as the one god and Muhammad as his prophet, daily prayer, charity, fasting during Ramadan, and, if possible, a pilgrimage to Mecca. However, Islamic art is difficult to define: not all Islamic art is religious, and not all artists who created it were Muslim. Islamic art includes architecture, calligraphy, decorative arts ( carpets, ceramics, and metalware, among other examples), and painting and stems from territories as diverse as the Arab world: Iranian lands, Turkey, India, China, and Spain. Early instances of Islamic art combined elements from existing traditions within Greco-Roman, Byzantine, and Sasanian art, as exemplified by The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. Over time, Islamic art developed a unique artistic language whose hallmarks included all-over decoration and the use of vegetal and geometric patterns, such as the Arabesque, among other forms. As writing is highly valued in Islam, calligraphy is ubiquitous, serving as decoration for objects and buildings. Additionally, while figuration is found in secular examples of Islamic Art, it is absent from religious works, in which the depiction of the human form is considered idolatry. While maintaining common elements, Islamic art across the globe is highly diverse, linking the Alhambra Palace in Granada, Spain, to the Taj Mahal in India.

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Islamic Art generally refers to work made beginning in the 7th century, a period when the Islamic faith was first developing under the prophet Muhammad, in regions in which Islam was the dominant religion.

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https://www.britannica.com/art/calligraphy

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calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting. The term may derive from the Greek words for "beauty" ( kallos) and "to write" ( graphein). It implies a sure knowledge of the correct form of letters-i.e., the conventional signs by which language can be communicated-and the skill to make them with such ordering of the various parts and harmony of proportions that the experienced, knowledgeable eye will recognize such composition as a work of art. Calligraphic work, as art, need not be legible in the usual sense of the word.

In the Middle East and East Asia, calligraphy by long and exacting tradition is considered a major art, equal to sculpture or painting. In Western culture the plainer Greek- and Latin-derived alphabets and the spread of literacy have tended to make handwriting in principle an art that anyone can practice. Nonetheless, after the introduction of printing in Europe in the mid-15th century, a clear distinction arose between handwriting and more elaborate forms of scripts and lettering. In fact, new words meaning "calligraphy" entered most European languages about the end of the 16th century, and in English the word calligraphy did not appear until 1613. Writing books from the 16th century through the present day have continued to distinguish between ordinary handwriting and the more decorative calligraphy.

It has often been assumed that the printing process ended the manuscript tradition. This is not quite true: for example, most of the surviving books of hours (lavish private devotional manuscript books) date from the period after the introduction of printing. Furthermore, certain types of publications, such as musical scores, scientific notation, and other specialized or small-audience works, continued to be handwritten well into the 19th century. Thus, although handwritten books could not be reproduced in quantity or with complete uniformity, they did survive the introduction of printing. Printing and handwriting began to influence each other: for example, modern advertising continues to incorporate calligraphy, and many calligraphers have through the years designed typefaces for printing.

Robert Williams

During the 2nd millennium bce, various Semitic peoples at the eastern end of the Mediterranean were experimenting with alphabetic writing. Between 1500 and 1000 bce, alphabetic signs found in scattered sites showed a correspondence of form and provided material for sound translations. Bodies of writing from this period are fragmented: a few signs scratched on sherds or cut in stone. Few of these are celebrated in terms of aesthetic value.

One interesting set of Semitic inscriptions was discovered in 1905 at an ancient mining site on the Sinai Peninsula. A sphinx from that discovery yields the taw, nun, taw, or t, n, t, meaning "gift." It is evident that the nun, or n, sign is a rendering of a serpent. Most of the early Semitic alphabetic signs were similarly derived from word signs of more ancient vintage.

The several Semitic peoples in the Middle East area spoke languages that were closely related, and this enabled them to use the same set of alphabetic signs. After some experimentation the alphabet was reduced to 22 signs for consonants. There were no vowel signs. The tribes of Canaan ( Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Aramaeans) were important in the development of alphabetic writing, and all seemed to be employing the alphabet by 1000 bce.

The Phoenicians, living along a 20-mile (30-kilometre) strip on the Mediterranean, made the great sea their second home, giving the alphabet to Greeks in the mutual trading area and leaving inscriptions in many sites. One of the finest Phoenician inscriptions exists on a bronze cup from Cyprus called the Baal of Lebanon (in the Louvre, Paris) dating from about 800 bce. The so-called Moabite Stone (also in the Louvre), which dates from about 850 bce, has an inscription that is also a famous example of early Semitic writing.

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Calligraphy, the art of beautiful handwriting. The term may derive from the Greek words for "beauty" (kallos) and "to write" (graphein). It implies a sure knowledge of the correct form of letters-i.e., the conventional signs by which language can be communicated-and the skill to make them with such

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Islamic archetecture can be in many places. Yet, it's mainly in Islamic churches.

As you see on the bottom of the wall, it's Arabic calligraphy. It also includes beautiful blue walls with magical designs, and the carvings of windows.

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Geometric designs were popular throughout Muslim cultures. People would make things out of nature, like, leaves, branches, flowers, etc.

They cut out several shapes and make them into beautiful.

It could be a pattern like a bunch of triangles, circles, just like the photo above. It could be inspired by shapes, patterns and it could have a flower in the middle, and it could have any color or shape.

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These designs usually were composed of either twining or sinuous scrolls of branches and leaves or ornate lines abstracted from such natural forms.

The arabesque of this period also allowed the inclusion of a broad range of elements—human beings, beasts, birds, fishes, flowers—in imaginative or fantasy scenes, usually with copious interlacing of vines, ribbons, or the like.

Delicate silverwork of northern Italy and, later, Spain also used the motifs, and they began to appear in the decoration of majolica at Urbino, armor at Milan, tapestry at Florence, and illuminated manuscripts at Mantua.

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Writing on harder surfaces, such as stone or metal, is more easily done with a brush.

A blunt pointed tool, like a ballpoint or fiber-tipped pen, produces a letter that has no noticeable thicks and thins on either curved or straight strokes.

The interaction of tools, writing fluids, and surfaces can affect the appearances of letters

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https://www-worldbookonline-com.eu1.proxy.openathens.net/student-new/#/media/pc369300/type/photo

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