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1. Pedigree- chart that shows the relationship within a family
2. Nondisjunction- error that occurs in meiosis when homologous chromosomes fail to separate.
3. Genome- full set of genetic information that an organism carries its DNA.
4. sex linked gene- gen located on a sex chromosome.
5. restriction enzymes- produced by bacteria to cut DNA molecules into precise pieces called restriction fragments.

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1. Cloning- producing a member of a population that has genetically identical cells produced from a single cell.
2. Selective breeding- produces animals with certain desired traits.
3. Hybridization- crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms.
4. Inbreeding- continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics.
5. Polypoid- have many sets of chromosomes.

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Determine if the pedigree chart shows an autosomal or X-linked disease.
If most of the males in the pedigree are affected, then the   disorder is X-linked (sex-linked).

If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal.

Determine whether the disorder is dominant or recessive.

If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder.

If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous.

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Human Heredity is to help scientists disern which are dominant and therefore are likely to be passed on from one parent to the next generation. A ressecive trait will only be passed on if it is from both parents. An example of this is eye color, if someone has brown eyes from one of the parents. These genes are controlled by genes and the complete set of genes within an organisms genome, which is called its genotype.

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1. What are the three components of a nucleotide in DNA? 

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1. What are the three components of a nucleotide in DNA? 

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Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

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2. Why are all X-linked alleles expressed in males, even when they are recessive?

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2. Why are all X-linked alleles expressed in males, even when they are recessive?

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Because everyone has at least one X chromosome; Men only have one X chromosome, so they can only inherit one copy for the trait to show up. Females would need to inherit two copies of it, which is harder.

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3. What does the formation of a Barr body inactivate?

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3. What does the formation of a Barr body inactivate?

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One X chromosome in a female cell

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Cloning

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Polymerase Chain Reaction- allows biologist to make copies of a gene.

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4.What is the role of restriction enzymes?

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4.What is the role of restriction enzymes?

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They are able to separate the DNA molecules at a sequence of bases.