# data[].attributes.body
Wanted religious freedom and lower taxes and integration of the army with the lower caste

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Europeans scramble for Africa, Spanish-American War fought over Cuba and Philippines etc. Focused on exerting political authority over Natives and reaping the economic benefits of their labor.

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Term used to describe the social ideology that the strong see their wealth and power increase while the weak see it decrease. Used by many to justify racism, classism, sexism, imperialism and fascism. A scapegoat to justify the active oppression of others.

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War begins at Fort Sumter. Many fight because it's new and exciting.
North →  mostly farmboys, shopkeepers, urban workers
South → mostly non-slaveholding small farmers, slave owners
Abolitionists:
- Morality side: slavery is morally wrong
- Free Soilers: thought the US couldn't be free unless everyone was free

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Central Pacific and Union Pacific compete to build transcontinental railroad

Increased Chinese immigration, cheaper/faster westward development and trade, as well as conflict with Native Americans

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An attempt to quickly move west and expand.

Native Americans "removed" from land, Lincoln's act allowing any American, including freed slaves, to claim 160 free acres of land (still pay a fee and just for 5 years)

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Gives moral rationale to soldiers to keep fighting. Sends south into chaos (escaped slaves run to fight w/ the north)

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abolishes slavery (except as punishment for a crime)

South got around it with vagrancy laws, sharecropping, violence/fear/lynching, etc

Increased power of Black Americans but also made their lives less valuable to whites (increase in lynchings and violence)

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helped former black slaves and poor whites w/ food housing/medical care/schools/lawyers, and settled former slaves on abandoned land.

Was underfunded and ultimately failed

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farming in which families rent small plots of land in return for a portion of their crop

Was the southern white economy’s replacement for slavery

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forced labor for convicted black (mostly) men. Southern states leased prisoners to private railways, mines, and large plantations, southern states profited, prisoners weren't paid, terrible conditions.

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Start of Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1877)

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Start of Presidential Reconstruction (1865-1877)

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Johnson takes office after the Civil War, wants to rebuild/restructure/expand/unite the nation.

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restrictive laws against African Americans, required Black people to sign yearly labor contracts, imprisoned and then forced to work with vagrancy laws.

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white supremacist group. Violent towards minorities by preventing them from voting, and living safely. Used lots of violence and intimidation tactics.

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increased factories/mining/railroads/urbanization/migration with new tech like electricity, phone, camera.

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birthright citizenship, states can’t take away citizen rights without cause. No ⅗ clause, no confederates (traitors) in office, no compensation to slave owners. (but KKK and jury bias & intimidation)

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A community which organize workers for strikes and boycotts who want currency reform, less corruption, public employment and equality, Gave workers some power

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built to shorten transport time between Europe and Asia. Dozens of nations depend on it heavily for imports and exports for their economy

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System of government adopted in France consisting of a senate created to help France recover from financial distress.

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Soldiers seize Paris, progressive, separation of church and state, self-policing, socialist. Then defeated by the French Army

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Affected Black people and Chinese people mainly who were separated in public places. Enforced the idea that people were not equal nor did they deserve the same opportunities

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End of the British East India Company (1600-1873)

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End of the British East India Company (1600-1873)

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Indian spice trade, ruled until the Sepoy Revolt, helped Britain commercialize but also led to famine in India

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Period of economic growth and change

American Wages grow higher than those in Europe and industrialization demands a much higher workforce for unskilled labor.

Massive amounts of immigrants cause poverty and wealth inequality

Big businesses are able to develop monopolies and have authority over poor immigrant workers

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A period of art and architecture defined by the time period of the Gilded Age

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Groups of companies controlled by single corporate boards (like monopolies), widens the gap between classes

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Horizontal: businesses purchase competitors. Able to develop a monopoly of their certain product

Vertical: businesses purchase suppliers/distributors. Now has control over the entire manufacturing process of a particular product

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male suffrage for black men (still dealt with grandfather clause, literary tests, poll tax, intimidations)

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informal agreement between southern democrats and allies of the republican party to withdraw troops from the south but let Republican Hayes win the 1876 presidential election

Ended reconstruction, increased power of white Southerners

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(mostly south) legalized racial segregation, denied acces to vote/jobs/education/utilities/etc

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New imperialism and the Berlin Conference of 1814, a want for new resources like rubber, gold, diamonds. Mostly led by businessmen and missionaries. Lead to the invasion and colonization of most of Africa by Europe

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Said that no Chinese person can be naturalized. Directed at Asians in general, not just Chinese people.

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Landlocked country in Eastern Africa. Was never really colonized. Had strong military and unity

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Andrew Carnegie (influence from 1850-1900)

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Andrew Carnegie (influence from 1850-1900)

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came from scotland to pennsylvania. Worked as a telegraph operator for a railroad then made a fortune from his monopoly in the American steel industry.

Wrote “Gospel of Wealth”(1889): describes responsibility of philanthropy from the rich to the poor (trickle-down economics)

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Owned a monopoly on the oil industry in America, controlling up to 90% of the country’s oil at his peak. Gave him power over the entire economy

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Progressive Era’s leading financier, incredibly wealthy businessman on Wall Street that controlled a huge amount of the economy.

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(Manhattan): The rich upper classes of urban society demonstrate their wealth and power just to boast their money

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Wanted the prestige of an empire, personal owner of the Congo Free State (authorized by the Berlin Conference) extracted ivory, rubber through torture and murder of indigenous peoples.
- Belgian King (1865-1909)

- Congo Dictator (1885-1908)

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built an empire in Cape Colony in South Africa. Uses missionaries and deceitful deals and wars to get South Africa mines from natives eventually the natives surrender. Increases British power.
poster boy for imperialism
wanted to gain control and increase trade in Africa by building a railroad to Cairo from Cape town. Railroad was unsuccessful

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white rule from afar, trade with india was highly valued, gave Britain more power.

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American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886-)

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American Federation of Labor (AFL) (1886-)

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Skilled trade unions feel threatened by the Knights of Labor so they form the AFL. They fight for better conditions and pension.

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Protest for workers rights against McCormick Reaper Works which tried to ban unions. Protest turns violent and 8 people die. Setback for labor movement.

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Authorized the federal government to break up tribal lands by partitioning them into individual plots. Only the natives who agreed were allowed to become US citizens

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Shipping rates had to be reasonable and made public to reduce discrimination against small markets. Gives back some power to smaller businesses and common people.

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Millions of people immigrated mostly Europeans and Jews. Huge addition to the American working class. Also to poverty.

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Island in the Hudson Bay between NY and NJ used to register new immigrants coming to the US. Many were treated poorly since there wasn’t a lot of room

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law to reduce concentrations of power that interferes with trade and reduces competition. Pretty unsuccessful

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political movement aimed at improving farmer’s conditions. Was for the people and lower class.

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Spoke for an house about how learning from Native Americans would benefit the US, there wasn't a need to turn the West into a new Europe, it could simply be America

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Case where Alfred Dreyus a jewish captain in the french army was falsely accused and convicted of treason. Catholic church sided against him. He was declared innocent and then the French govt. cut off ties between the church and state.

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a movement toward Jewish political nationhood

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a test case where Homer Plessy refused to sit in a Black car on the train

Supreme Court decision, racial segregation constitutional by “separate but equal”

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period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States of America that spanned the 1890s to World War I. The main objectives of the Progressive movement were addressing problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.

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Leads to US entry into the war, many writers write anti-Spain, pro-Cuba, glorified narratives to encourage intervention

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President of naval war college, wants stronger navy and modernized navy with steel
On the American side during Spanish-American War

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(Cuba/Puerto Rico/Philippines/Guam):
Cuban movement for independence from Spain in 1895 gets US support because of yellow journalism. USS Maine sinks, US declares war on Spain. US wins.

US gets Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines, and Hawaii as territories. US starts intervening in South America

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Rhodes wants gold from Africa, first total war, Africans surrender which leads to Apartheid

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Supreme Court’s decision, government control of monopolies

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US takes Philippines in Spanish American War, they want independence, US crushes the resistance

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Says that Chinese trade should be open to all nations

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Rose to prominence in Spanish American War, comes into office after McKinley assassination as republican progressive

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Roosevelt’s domestic program, better wages, and working conditions, no slavery in the Philippines, Meat inspection Act, disease prevention

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United States Progressivism (height in early 20th century)

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United States Progressivism (height in early 20th century)

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Political ideology that emerged in response to social and economic changes that came about due to industrialization. (Women’s suffrage, better working conditions)

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The Qing Dynasty was on verge of collapse because of the Opium Wars. The Dynasty supported the rebellion to get rid of target Christians/foreigners

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End of Gilded Age and Belle Epoque (1900)

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End of Gilded Age and Belle Epoque (1900)

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Conservation, Preservation in the US (1901-)

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Conservation, Preservation in the US (1901-)

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Removes Native Americans and protects American land and animals and monuments

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Hull house was a settlement house to improve the lives of poor immigrants. Built playgrounds and established health clinics. They helped women women who were victims of domestic abuse gain protection legally

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Booker T. Washington (activist from 1880s-1910s)

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Booker T. Washington (activist from 1880s-1910s)

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Advocated for Black people’s rights and urged them to get educated in manual labor to achieve financial equality

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Purpose was to expose the issues such as poor living/working conditions of factory families that the government was responsible for. Journalists who didn’t necessarily hate the government, many did it simply for a living.

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Ended antagonisms between GB and France by giving GB Egypt and France Morocco and settled other territory disputes

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imperialism, if the Latin American government is bad then the US will control it, over 40 interventions. Increases US power.

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Russia wants a warm-water port, Japan and Russia both want to expand. Japan wins the war

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)(1905)

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Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)(1905)

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Representatives of unions for an anti-capitalist organization. Combined socialism and anarchism used strikes and protests. Aimed to increase power of minority workers and decrease power of the wealthy and the government

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Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Bloody Sunday attack on protesters for wages/conditions. Wave of mass/political/social unrest directed at the upper class and nobility. Worker strikes, and peasant unrest.

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Unions want a place in the government. The Socialist Democratic Party

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consumer protection laws, required labels and safety standards, Sinclair exposes low urban food safety

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The alliance of Great Britain, France, and Russia in WWI, caused other countries to band together, possible instigated WWI

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Anti-government movement, caused a lot of chaos. Aims to increase the power of the people but fails.

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Model T makes cars affordable with a faster, more efficient factory with an assembly line. Increases transport and decreases prices of products.

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Income tax is legal, congress can make an income tax to fund the government

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movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest and West. Avoiding discrimination and violence against Black people

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Advocated for rights for Black people by being intellects and to be smart as the white people.

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (1911-)

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) (1911-)

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Equal rights group founded after Race Riot of 1908 by DuBois, Wells and white reformers. Organized to fight segregations, lynchings, KKK and more.

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The Balkan states of Greece, Serbia, Montenegro and Bulgaria get rid of the Ottoman Empire.

First war between Balkans and Ottomans

Second between Bulgaria and the rest of the Balkans

Balkans overpower Ottomans, Bulgaria loses second War.

Balkans remove Muslim power from Europe

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Popular vote for US Senate, more power to people

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Creates a central bank to manage money supply, make loans and oversee banks

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Helps unions and the common Americans, decreased power of rich corporations

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Second Industrial revolution ends (1914)

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Second Industrial revolution ends (1914)

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Germany and Britain try to blockade each other. Britain uses the Royal Navy, Germany uses U-boats. Germany sank many ships, including the Lusitania.

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Tunnel systems dug into the ground to provide cover for troops in WWI. Deemed ineffective with the invention of fighter planes.