# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Policy and Legislation

Over the last decade, youth related issues were brought into the national agenda by the Peruvian government, which developed different tools and policies to address youth needs and rights. The government of Alejandro Toledo established the National Youth Council (CONAJU) in 2002 to implement youth policies through the National Youth Commission (CNJ). As a ministerial authority, the CNJ developed the Guidelines for the National Youth Policy which led to the establishment of the first National Youth Strategy (2006-2011). CONAJU and CNJ were merged under the Ministry of Education (MINEDU) and replaced by the National Secretary for Youth (SENAJU) in 2007. SENAJU is the current state body in charge of formulating and implementing youth policies as well as creating space for consultation with young people under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education. The SENAJU co-ordinated the process for the establishment of the National Youth Strategy (2012-2021) gathering youth groups, civil society organisations and representatives from indigenous communities.

The Strategy constitutes a kind of "National Agreement" for young people in Peru. It promotes a national dialogue between the State, civil society, as well as young Peruvians, and provides these actors with a strategic roadmap along six key areas of intervention: 1) access to inclusive and quality education; 2) youth participation and representation; 3) employment and entrepreneurship; 4) health; 5) culture, identity and integration; and 6) environment and sustainable development. Although the strategy demonstrates the willingness of the government to address youth related issues, it has yet to be fully operationalised and the SENAJU has neither the authority nor the resources to fulfil its mandate. As a non-ministerial body under the Ministry of Education, the SENAJU lacks both autonomy and decision-making power. Additionally, due to a lack of legitimacy and clarity of its mandate, the SENAJU is not able to play a co-ordinating role and there is no effective co-ordination mechanism between the different entities in charge of youth-related issues, which leads to frictions and overlaps. A similar lack of co-ordination can also be found at the intergovernmental level between the central, regional and municipal authorities in charge of youth issues.

Health

Socio-economic inequalities, compounded by gender, cultural and geographical discrimination, impede the public health system of Peru. Young women as well as youth from poor, rural and indigenous communities do not have adequate and equal access to basic health services and information. Peru's youth is exposed to a variety of risks, including high rates of alcohol, tobacco and drug abuse, as well as diseases related to sexual and reproductive health. Although the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Peru is low (0.2 per cent of youth aged 15-24), new infections are concentrated among youth due to a reluctant use of contraceptive methods. The rate of STD among young women (15-24) has significantly increased from 0.2 per cent in 2004 to 0.5 per cent in 2014 according to the Peruvian DHS, posing a serious risk for youth well being. As for alcohol consumption of teenagers, results show that more than half (58.6 per cent) of youth aged 17-19 are consumers of alcohol (Young Lives Survey). Alcohol and tobacco consumption is related to an urban lifestyle, high levels of education, predominantly for youth from richer and Spanish-speaking households.

Regarding early pregnancy, birth rates among young women aged 15-19 vary widely depending on residence (42 per thousand in rural vs. 17 per thousand in urban areas) and wealth (44 per thousand in poorest vs. 14 per thousand in wealthiest households in 2014). The adolescent fertility rate was 48.5 per 1,000 women aged 15-19 in 2015 (UNDP), and the majority of these births are the result of unintended pregnancies, reflecting the insufficient awareness of sexual and reproductive health. Abortion is illegal in Peru (except in case of a threat to the life or health of the woman) and complications of abortion are the main cause of maternal death. More worrying, this indicator has deteriorated over the last decade for rural, poor, less educated, indigenous young women. In addition, gender-based and domestic violence are common in Peru; hence sexual intercourse at an early age is highly associated with coercion. Although gender-based violence has significantly decreased for women aged 15-29, almost a third of young women had suffered physical and/or sexual violence from their intimate partner in their lifetime in 2014.

Finally, youth are at higher risk of perpetuating violence but also of being victim of it. According to the National Youth Survey of 2012, 58.6 per cent of Peru's youth consider gang activity and crime to be the most serious problems affecting their lives and health. A 2015 report by SENAJU shows that youth (15-29) have both the highest rates of deaths associated with criminal acts compared to other cohorts and represent the highest proportions of the prison population (41.8 per cent, for youth aged 18-29).

Education

The low quality of Peru's educational system is another major concern. The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), which analyses the performance of students in mathematics, reading literacy and science, ranked Peru as the worst performing country in 2012 despite an overall improvement for math, reading and science. Main barriers towards high-quality education are poor infrastructure, inadequate learning materials, out-dated curricula, and a lack of well-trained teachers. According to the World Bank, Peru spent 3.3% of its GDP on education in 2013. Nevertheless, over the past decade Peru has made significant progress in providing universal basic education. In 2014, the net enrolment rate in primary schools was 92.8 per cent. Enrolment rates have also increased for secondary and tertiary levels and female enrolment has had a significant increase over the last decade. More girls are now enroled in secondary and tertiary education than males: in 2014, the net enrolment rate in secondary schools was 79.4 per cent for young females and 77.4 for young males (World Bank). In addition, the literacy rate of people aged 15-24 years has also increased and was estimated at 98.94 per cent in 2015, showing an improvement in education quality. Dropout rates have also experienced a significant reduction, including in rural areas and for indigenous youth. However, dropout rates for lower and upper secondary education is still very high for youth living in rural areas, with low income and/or indigenous origins.

Persistent inequalities related to geographical location, cultural identity and gender remain major problems while poverty status and ethnicity are still important factors of poor education outcomes. Indigenous youth face a variety of challenges - they are more likely to be poor, usually from uneducated households and live in rural areas, where access to public services is limited. These factors impede the educational attainments of young indigenous people significantly. Spanish-speaking students are more likely to access and to complete basic education than students whose maternal language is indigenous (more than 12 per cent of young Peruvians speak an indigenous tongue as their maternal language, in some provinces the rate raises over 50 per cent). Although more indigenous youth now enrols in education further than primary level, the gap between indigenous enrolment rates and Spanish-speakers remains significant.

Employment

Young Peruvians still face a number of challenges when they enter the national labour market, above all the lack of decent employment opportunities and skills mismatch. Young women and indigenous youth are the most afflicted. Gender, location and ethnicity have a significant impact on the access and quality of employment, the most vulnerable groups being rural, low educated, female, poor and indigenous young people.

The relatively low youth unemployment rate (9.2% in 2014) is an imperfect indicator. Indeed, the unemployment rate among young Peruvians is almost three times higher than that for adults. The integration of young people on the labour market also remains precarious: the labour force participation rate among youth (15-24) was 61.4 per cent in 2014 (ILO). The majority of youth works in the informal sector, while every second young worker is exposed to precarious working conditions, such as low wages, unstable employment, no social security or health insurance, and dangerous environments. In addition, more than one-sixth of the youth are inactive (neither in the labor force nor in education or training) with a majority of women (almost three fourths of Peruvian NEET). Even though the rate of youth NEET has decreased over the last years, from 16.5 per cent in 2004 to 15.3 per cent in 2014, this reduction seems small compared to the increase in youth population over the decade. Many Peruvians who leave school lack the foundational learning-, practical-, and life-skills demanded by the labour market. Especially marginalised youth groups are less likely to access vocational training and high-quality education, and face difficulties in the school-to-work transition. Lack of information about job opportunities and skills mismatch are major issue, with a high proportion of youth being over-educated for their jobs.

However, the structure of the labour market has changed significantly over the past decade: while in 2004 31.29 per cent of youth were contributing family workers, this proportion is only a fourth in 2014 (24.35 per cent). More and more young people are employees (28.5 per cent in 2014 compared to 20 per cent in 2004) (ENAHO). In addition, the share of youth (15-29) with below-average wages has improved, dropping from 64.2 per cent in 2004 to 57.2 per cent in 2014 (ENAHO), for both young males and females.

Youth Participation

Even though there has been an increase in youth participation in civic and political activities, their participation to social, economic and political spheres of public life remains low. Less than 7 per cent of youth were civically engaged in 2014 (ENAHO) (i.e. the percentage of youth who during the past month have volunteered their time to an organization). In addition, institutional trust seems to have deteriorated, with a high proportion of youth who declared not being confident in institutions, such as national government, civil services, police, military, judiciary services and media: for instance, 80 per cent of youth declared that they did not trust the Congress in 2014 (ENAHO).

Yet, the National Youth Strategy of 2012 identifies 'Youth Participation and Representation' as a strategic priority of public policy and defines as its objective "to promote the integration, civic participation, and political engagement of young people in national development and the democratic system." In this line, the National Secretariat for Youth (SENAJU) established the volunteer program Voluntariado Juvenil, which articulates, promotes and co-ordinates youth volunteering in Peru. The priority areas of intervention are poverty alleviation, humanitarian aid, and public policies that contribute to the Millennium Development Goals. The programme Jovenes Electores also aims to promote political participation among young people, while the programme Jóvenes Voluntarios organise awareness-raising activities about civic and political life, elections and young people's rights. Finally, the Youth Parliament of Peru is comprised of 130 members allowing young people (18-29) to become familiar with decision and law-making processes.

Migration

Persistent social and economic inequalities in the Peruvian society are the main factor that drives migration from rural to urban areas, and across national borders. In 2009, 76,400 young Peruvians left the country, representing about 54 per cent of all emigrants in that year. Between 1994 and 2008, the total number of young emigrants was around 500,000.

The wish to leave Peru varies between age groups (56.3 per cent of youth aged 15-19, 36.5 per cent of youth aged 25-29) and between rural (33.3 per cent) and urban (51 per cent) youth (ILO). Most of the emigrants are male, aged 25-29, and relatively highly skilled while the share of female migrants is increasing. The main destination of internal rural-urban migration is Lima; international migrants predominantly aim at Chile, Bolivia, the United States and Spain. The main drivers of emigration are better economic perspectives and living conditions, education and family reasons. However, most of the young and skilled migrants are exposed to non-professional jobs and social exclusion.

References

Foreign Policy in Focus (2011): Peru's Leftist Student Revival. Machel McCatty (2004): The Process of Rural-Urban Migration in Developing Countries.National Youth Institute of Statistics and Informatics - Peru (2014) Peruvian National Household Survey ENAHOPopulation Reference Bureau (2013): The World's Youth. 2013 Data Sheet.UNESCO (2010): Explaining and overcoming marginalization in education: a focus on ethnic/language minorities in Peru.UNESCO (2012): Youth and skills: Putting education to work.UNFPA (2005): Public Youth Policies and Reproductive Rights: Limitations, Opportunities and Challenges in Latin America and the Caribbean.UNICEF (2008): Situation of Children in Peru. Executive Summary.USAID (2010): Evaluation of USAIDs/Peru's Education Program: Apprendes and Cett-Andino.USAID (2014) Demographic and Health Survey ENDESSecretaría Nacional de la Juventud (2012): Plan Estratégico Nacional de Juventudes. 2012-2021.Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud (2012): Perú: Primera Encuesta Nacional de la Juventud 2012. Resultados Finales. http://fpif.org/perus_leftist_student_revival/
ILO (2013): Youth Employment and Migration in Peru. http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_emp/---ed_emp_msu/documents/publication/wcms_230171.pdf

National Youth Policy (2014): Factsheet Peru.
http://www.youthpolicy.org/factsheets/country/peru/

UNESCO (2015):
www.uis.unesco.org/DataCentre/Pages/country-profile.aspx

Secretaría Nacional de la Juventud (2014): Website.
http://juventud.gob.pe/
Young Lives (2014) Young Lives Survey

Back to Peru page Back to the Youth Inclusion Project homepage

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Key Issues affecting Youth in Peru - OECD

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The article contains general information on youth-related issues in Peru. Due to a lack of legitimacy and clarity of its mandate, the National Secretary for Youth (SENAJU) is not able to play a co-ordinating role and there is no effective co-ordination mechanism between the different entities in charge of youth-related issues, which leads to frictions and overlaps.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The United States is not known for its generosity to the unemployed. But the coronavirus crisis has transformed our system for compensating jobless workers. As tens of millions of workers suddenly became unemployed, Congress passed an expansive relief package with an unprecedented $600-per-week supplement for jobless workers. The goal was to replace their wages so they could survive the economic lockdown.

As a result, though, many people may now be eligible for substantially more money while unemployed than they made while they were working. A new analysis by Peter Ganong, Pascal Noel and Joseph Vavra, economists at the University of Chicago, uses government data from 2019 to estimate that 68 percent of unemployed workers who can receive benefits are eligible for payments that are greater than their lost earnings. They also found that the estimated median replacement rate - the share of a worker's original weekly salary that is being replaced by unemployment benefits - is 134 percent, or more than one-third above their original wage. A substantial minority of those workers, particularly in low-wage professions like food service and janitorial work, may end up receiving more than 150 percent of their previous weekly salary.

The research underscores one of the central - and most politically explosive - tensions of our economic crisis: What's the best way for our battered unemployment insurance system to keep jobless workers afloat during a historic downturn with no end in sight?

The idea behind a $600 payment was simple: In 2019, the national average unemployment payment was $370 per week and the national average salary for unemployment recipients was $970 per week. The additional $600 per week is meant to make up the difference, providing enough money on a weekly basis to fully replace the average unemployment recipient's salary. Other analyses of estimated average wages and unemployment benefits have already shown, though, that replacement rates likely vary quite a bit by state.

But looking at average wages doesn't tell the whole story, because the country's significant income inequality means that more workers fall into lower-wage categories. To address that problem, the new analysis simulates benefits for the median - rather than the mean - unemployment-eligible worker, drawing on Census Bureau labor supply data.

This data comes with a few important caveats. One is that because government data lags, the sample of workers the researchers drew on for the analysis does not reflect the much larger pool of people who are unemployed right now. If anything, Ganong told me, that means the researchers' estimates may understate how many unemployed workers will be eligible to receive more than their original salary during the current crisis, since the effects of the economic shutdown have disproportionately hit lower-income workers. Plus, the fact that workers are eligible for unemployment insurance doesn't mean they have the benefits yet. Delays in applying for and receiving unemployment payments have been widely reported across the country, and some workers are still struggling to get through their state's system.

The analysis illustrates how something that seems like a simple proposition - replacing jobless workers' salaries while a public health threat persists - is not something our unemployment insurance system was built to do quickly or easily. Most of the experts I spoke with agreed that back in March, when the unemployment insurance expansion passed, a flat payment was the most feasible solution. Unemployment benefits are always inconsistent across states, though, since each state sets its own rates. And now, those inequalities are even more pronounced. The median unemployment-eligible worker in Massachusetts is eligible for an estimated 125 percent of her former salary, compared to 166 percent in Mississippi.

The researchers uncovered other kinds of inequality, too. In some professions, like janitorial work, people who are employed by essential businesses are continuing to show up to their jobs under hazardous conditions. But in doing so, they may be eligible for less money than janitors who have been laid off or furloughed by a nonessential business. In an ideal world, Ganong said, the people who have kept working at hospitals or grocery stores would be receiving some kind of hazard pay. "But that's generally not the reality, which means there's a weakness in the current system," he said. "We're giving more money to certain workers to stay home than to other workers who are putting themselves at risk by going to work."

Several economists and unemployment insurance experts reviewed a draft of the analysis at FiveThirtyEight's request. Many were surprised by the number of workers estimated to be eligible for unemployment benefits that exceeded their original wages. "I think we all knew that some workers were going to be getting more than their original earnings," said Michael Strain, the director of economic policy studies at the right-leaning American Enterprise Institute. "I would not have guessed that it was quite this many workers, but I certainly think that it's a completely plausible figure."

Subscribe to our coronavirus podcast, PODCAST-19

The question is whether this will be a problem as the economy starts to reopen. In addition to the inequality inherent in possibly replacing some workers' wages at a higher rate, it might not make financial sense for workers to search for other jobs or even return to their original jobs if they're making substantially more money by staying home. Some experts don't see that as a bad thing - in fact, to some, providing an extra incentive to stay home during a pandemic might be a feature, not a bug. "My bigger worry is that workers will feel pressured to go back to an unsafe job," said Michele Evermore, a senior policy analyst at the left-leaning National Employment Law Project. But it could also make it more difficult for businesses to convince their workers to return - at least, at the salaries they were being paid before.

A fight is already brewing on Capitol Hill about whether the $600-per-week payment should be continued after it expires at the end of July. House Democrats have argued that it's working well, and proposed a straightforward renewal of the existing payment as part of a bigger relief package. Republicans, meanwhile, are pushing for a cap on benefits or a bonus for workers who return to work. Another option, Ganong and his coauthors point out, is for the federal government to provide workers with a percentage of their lost wages that, combined with state unemployment insurance payments, would come close to replacing their original salary.

But that would require a more complex calculation by state unemployment insurance agencies - one they might be unwilling or unable to implement. "In a perfect world, I would prefer to give people a percentage of their income,"said Heidi Shierholz, a senior economist at the left-leaning Economic Policy Institute. "But we might not be set up to do it." Many state unemployment insurance agencies are still using decades-old computer systems, for example, presenting potential technical challenges if Congress asked them to change the benefits formula. And Daniel Zeitlin, the director of policy at Washington state's unemployment office, said that while he didn't think it was impossible, any change would be difficult for a system already under tremendous stress.

Another route is to simply reduce the fixed bonus payment when the $600-per-week benefit expires, or - as some Democratic politicians have proposed - phase out the benefit as social distancing requirements are eased and the unemployment rate starts to go down. Ramping down to a payment as small as $100 or $200 each week would still be generous by historical standards, according to Gabriel Chodorow-Reich, an economist at Harvard University. And it would continue to provide some kind of buffer for workers who have trouble finding jobs.

Simply reducing the payment could end up exaggerating the lopsidedness rather than fixing it, though. According to the University of Chicago team's analysis, halving the payment to $300 per week would still mean that 42 percent of unemployed workers would be getting more than their original wages - and some people would be receiving a smaller fraction of their previous salary. A $300 weekly payment would leave one-quarter of unemployed workers with replacement rates below 60 percent. "Lots of people who earn more than the average or median wage are still living paycheck to paycheck," Shierholz said. With a lower replacement rate, some of those people might start to struggle to pay for necessities like rent or groceries.

So if Congress opts to extend the expanded unemployment insurance program past the end of July, politicians will have to decide how much an unevenly distributed benefit really matters, particularly as public health concerns continue to loom. And the fate of the next phase of relief to jobless workers may hinge in part on what state unemployment insurance agencies can actually do. "It looks like health concerns are going to prevent a fast recovery, so it makes sense to keep a substantial boost to replacement rates," Chodorow-Reich said. "In an ideal world, the next round of funds will probably be more tailored to workers' individual circumstances. The question is whether our totally antiquated systems will be capable of pulling that off."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Many Americans Are Getting More Money From Unemployment Than They Were From Their Jobs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The United States is not known for its generosity to the unemployed. But the coronavirus crisis has transformed our system for compensating jobless workers. As tens of millions of workers suddenly became unemployed, Congress passed an expansive relief package with an unprecedented $600-per-week supplement for jobless workers.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How the Unemployment Rate Affects Everybody

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Depending on how it’s measured, the unemployment rate is open to interpretation. Learn how to find the real rate and how it affects everyone.

# data[].attributes.headline
Each student: What have they learned?What surprised them?What you can do about it

# data[].attributes.subject
Each student: What have they learned?What surprised them?What you can do about it

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The term ' job ' can mean 1. A full or part-time position of paid employment. 2. A piece of work, usually at a specific price. 3. A specific task people do as part of the routine of their occupation. 4. A duty or responsibility. 5. A project, as in 'The airport job took twelve months to complete.' 5. The performance or execution of a task, as in "She did an excellent job."

Informally, it can also refer to somebody's pet going to the toilet. For example "I waited for my dog Tommy to do his job, after which we walked home," means my dog went to the toilet. A bank job can mean a bank robbery, as in 'There has been a wave of bank jobs in the suburbs.'

The Cambridge Dictionary has the following definition of the term:

"The regular work that a person does to earn money. A particular piece of work. Something that is your responsibility. A problem or activity that is difficult. A crime in which money or goods are stolen."

Etymology of 'job'

According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word 'job', with the meaning 'piece of work, something to be done,' emerged in the English language in Britain in the 1620s, from the phrase Jobbe of Worke (1550s), meaning 'task, piece of work'.

Some etymologists suggest that it was a variant of Gobbe, which meant 'mass, lump', via the sense of 'a cart-load'.

It was not until the 1650s that the meaning widened to include 'work people do for pay'.

According to literary records, people first used the term with the meaning 'a paid, permanent position of employment' in 1858. From 1795, printers used the word as a slang for 'piece of work of miscellaneous class' (handbills, posters, etc.).

In the 1660s, also in Britain, 'to job' - as a verb - appeared with the meaning 'to buy and sell as a broker'.

Types of jobs

In society, most of us have multiple jobs. A person may be an employee, a parent, and homemaker. They are all, in fact, by definition, types of jobs.

People with specialized training in certain types of work, either have a:

- Trade: these are manual jobs. Examples include carpenters, auto mechanics, hairstylists, and bakers. Butchers, plumbers, and tree surgeons are also trades.

To become a tradesperson, you usually have to do a course and complete a period of practical work.

- Profession: for this type of job you need a university qualification. Examples include lawyers, doctors, dentists, architects, librarians, engineers, and pharmacists. Scientists, physicists, teachers, university professors, and geologists are also professions.

Between trades and professions, there are technical and administration jobs. For some of them, you need a university degree.

We call all other positions unskilled jobs. You do not need any formal qualifications for them. Examples include fruit pickers, maids, janitors, retail assistants, farm laborers, cleaners, etc.

Many CEOs of giant multinationals have no college degrees. In fact, many of them started off at the bottom of the employment ladder and worked their way up. Others went into business and became extremely successful and rich.

Richard Branson, the founder and CEO of the Virgin Group, left school at the age of 16. He has dyslexia and performed badly as a student.

In fact, his Headmaster Robert Drayson predicted that Branson would either end up in jail or become a millionaire. Today he has a net worth of over $5 billion.

Is a vocation a job?

A vocation is a type of job to which an individual is especially drawn. In other words, they receive a 'call' or a summons from a higher entity.

Originally, the term was used just for religious callings. However, today we consider many several non-religious occupations as vocations. For example, teaching or medicine are vocations.

The vocation of a nurse or doctor is probably to be a 'healer'.

Vocation may refer to work that is outside a person's money-earning sphere of activity. For example, an entrepreneur might have a vocation as a Sunday school teacher or a youth sponsor.

Since the American engineer, social reformer and public intellectual Frank Parsons (1854-1908) published his Vocational Guidance in 1908, the use of the term 'vocation' has widened to include the notion of people using their talents and capabilities to good effect in selecting and enjoying a career.

Full- and part-time jobs

In a full-time job, people work about thirty-five to forty hours per week. In a part-time job, however, the working week is much shorter.

The number of part-time jobs in the advanced economies has increased considerably since the turn of the century. Specifically, they have increased as a percentage of total jobs.

Jobs can also be categorized as self-employment, consulting, odd jobs, seasonal, temporary, or contract.

Most people receive money for the work they do. However, some don't. Examples of unpaid jobs include interns, students, homemakers, and caregivers (UK: carers) of family members. Mentors and volunteers are also examples of unpaid work.

There are thousands of different types of jobs. According to the UK's Office for National Statistics, there are 27,966 different job titles.

What is a day job?

'Day job' is a term that typically refers to low-paying work that people have while looking for their dream occupation.

For example, people may wait on tables in a restaurant or serve drinks in a bar while trying to become athletes, actors, musicians, successful authors. Many people also do this type of work while they are studying for a degree.

The implication of 'day job' is that the individual would gladly give it up if they managed to make a decent living from their real vocation.

If somebody is told 'Don't give up your day job,' it is a humorous way of telling them that their singing, acting, writing, or artistic ability is bad.

Job Characteristics Theory is a theory of job design developed forty years ago that is widely used today as a framework to study how work outcomes, including employee **satisfaction and productivity, are affected by certain job features.

** Employee satisfaction or job satisfaction is the pleasure we get from doing our job.

Job description

When a company has a job vacancy, it will try to fill it either internally or externally.

It will first write a job description, which includes everything the employee has to do. The description also has details of the salary, bonuses, qualifications required, etc. It will then place the description in a advert.

The advert will appear either on the company's notice board or externally in newspapers or employment agencies.

Video - What is a good quality job?

According to this OECD video, the quality of the jobs we have matter to our overall well-being.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The term ' job ' can mean 1. A full or part-time position of paid employment. 2. A piece of work, usually at a specific price. 3. A specific task people do as part of the routine of their occupation. 4. A duty or responsibility. 5.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
International Trade Administration | Trade.gov

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
OVERVIEW

Peru has made progress in education over the past 10 years. In Peru, there are over eight million school children and 1.2 million university students. The level of enrollment has increased substantially over the years and access to initial education has reached 70% of the total K-12 age population. But, at the same time, Peru has the challenge of improving educational quality. The country reached the anniversary of its 200th year of independence 2021, with a learning poverty rate of 56% - meaning that 56% of students at the age of ten cannot adequately read or understand simple text.

There is also the issue of inequality, since a student's place of birth and socioeconomic status in large part defines the educational possibilities in Peru. Naturally, those located in the isolated or rural areas outside the main population centers suffer the most from this phenomenon.

Covid Impact: According to the World Economic Forum, Peru ranked 27th in quality of the educational system for 2020 compared to 24th in 2019. Covid presented the largest shock to Peru's educational system in the last 100 years. Economically, the abilities of the state and families to invest in education have been reduced. There was also the halting of in-person classes, forcing the entire student population to learn from home - a location where many did not even have the technological capabilities in the form of computers or Internet connectivity to effectively learn.

According to a study carried out by Peru's National Institute of Statistics, in 2020, Internet accessibility in metropolitan Lima was 72% while in the rest of the country it was 43%, of which the most effected is the primary school sector with 30% accessibility. Across the board, this interruption has had a noticeable negative impact on children's learning progress, mental health, and socialization.

According to the Ministry of Education (MINEDU), in 2020, approximately 350,000 students moved from private to public schools, most of them being K-12 students. Another worrying trend according MINEDU is that in 2020 there was an increase in school dropouts from 1.3% to 3.5% at the pre-school and primary school levels.

Public Spending on Education in Peru: Public spending on education decreased by about one percent in 2020 to about $8.5 billion USD, representing 16% of total public spending or 4.25% of GDP. In 2020, Peru was ranked 48th in the world with regards to the amount invested in education per year, decreasing two spots from its 46th position in 2019. In gross numbers, Peru spends $1,000 per student on basic education. In contrast, an OECD country spends approximately $7,000 per student.

SUB-SECTORS

Higher Education: According to the IIE Open Doors 2021 Report, the number of Peruvian students in the U.S. increased by .3% with 3,556 students. After a difficult situation due to the pandemic, a main pillar in 2021 was the continued offering of courses online. Institutes took the opportunity to expand their course catalog. The new courses focus on the skills demanded due to the pandemic, such as data analysis, digital transformation, and digital marketing. The trend has been to offer courses on how to sell products online. There are also six-month creative marketing programs and others related to e-commerce. In addition, courses on digital marketing and human talent management have been launched, focusing on any sector.

Private universities in Peru have begun to invest in technology and infrastructure to adapt their campuses to the new "hybrid" format, which is a mix between virtual and in-person classes, with investments in IT and infrastructure expansion.

Secondary Education: Peru has eight million students between the ages of 5-16 years. Many of Peru's students come from the middle class, with families seeking education that is affordable and practical. Public schools in Peru are 100% managed by the MINEDU, whereas private schools are managed independently but under directives from MINEDU. Public schools in Peru are free, whereas private schools have different rates depending on the infrastructure, prestige, and quality of teachers.

The role of the private sector in schools in Peru has been key for the revitalization of education. Private schools have diligently met the growing need for quality education at an increasingly affordable level. For example, the chain of schools Futura Schools and Innova Schools operate in more than ten provinces of Peru, providing better educational quality in the current health emergency environment, with almost two years utilizing remote education. Private schools in Peru have provided better infrastructure and teaching, training, and assessment methods. The process of continuous improvement of private schools has generated skills in the market in order to provide comprehensive education in various parts of Peru.

According to a report by Apoyo Consultoría published in 2021, private regular basic education schools reach 83% of Peruvian provinces. On the other hand, the report shows that compared to public schools, private schools are characterized by having more qualified teachers, fewer students per teacher, more educational activities, and better infrastructure.

In this way, private schools perform better than public ones with respect to academic performance and dropout rates. One of the challenges for private schools is to find trained staff that is integrated into a competitive pedagogical model. This is why there are many training opportunities for college teachers.

OPPORTUNITIES

The private sector market for education in Peru presents several opportunities for U.S. firms. There are different school networks that provide innovative education and seek to cut the cost of higher education. Their goal is to expand geographical reach within Peru.

Universities in Peru are now focused on the digital aspect to improve their capacity to provide better services to students in a blended at-home and in-class environment. Universities are not only working on the implementation of new laboratories, workshops, and academic software, but also in increasing classrooms as a result of restricted capacity. Investments for adaptation also include new licenses for technology platforms, applications to track students, and even systems to improve air purification.

Because Peruvian universities are expanding their geographic reach, U.S. IT companies in the education field can offer partnerships through technological support, as well as best practices in pedagogy methods through special platforms and instructional learning design. Foreign universities, such as la Universidad de Tarapacá from Chile and the Instituto Tecnologico de Monterrey from Mexico, have begun investing in the Peruvian education market.

The Peruvian government has recently awarded a contract to the United Kingdom for the construction of 125 schools throughout the country that will benefit 142,000 Peruvian students. The U.S. Commercial Service Team at the U.S. Embassy has been working diligently to introduce potential U.S. sub-contractors to the United Kingdom implementation team.

DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES

During Covid, Peruvian students used Zoom, Google Teams, and MS Teams for their virtual classes and primarily relied on Google for investigation and research of information. The most common platform used to promote professional opportunities is LinkedIn and the most popular streaming platform used in Peru is YouTube.

The primary way Peruvian students receive information about educational opportunities abroad is through the international relations offices at their schools and universities. The general recommendation for U.S. study state consortia and/or education institutions to build digital outreach is through LinkedIn and Facebook.

EVENTS

RESOURCES

U.S. COMMERCIAL SERVICE CONTACT

Jorge Prado, Commercial Specialist

U.S. Commercial Service - Lima, Peru

Phone: +51 956023507

Email: Jorge.Prado@trade.gov

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. Includes a market overview and trade data.

# data[].attributes.headline
as all countries Peru has poverty, many families Can’t sustain themselves, maybe because the father or the mother’s work doesn’t make too much money or maybe because they don’t work at all, but the problem comes from the bad education system. In peru the good education is always in private schools, but not all families can afford to have that. The public schools don’t have a good education system (I’m assuming) so many kids aren’t having the education they deserve.

# data[].attributes.subject
as all countries Peru has poverty, many families Can’t sustain themselves, maybe because the father or the mother’s work doesn’t make too much money or maybe because they don’t work at all, but the problem comes from the bad education system. In peru the good education is always in private schools, but not all families can afford to have that. The public schools don’t have a good education system (I’m assuming) so many kids aren’t having the education they deserve.

# data[].attributes.headline
To get a job you first need a good education and some jobs even require a certain level of education. it’s easier to get a job depending on the school and collage you've studied. 

# data[].attributes.subject
To get a job you first need a good education and some jobs even require a certain level of education. it’s easier to get a job depending on the school and collage you've studied. 

# data[].attributes.headline
A job is a work that someone does to to gain money and sustain their family or themselves.

# data[].attributes.subject
A job is a work that someone does to to gain money and sustain their family or themselves.

# data[].attributes.headline
In developed countries such as Spain the government pays you a fee when you are unemployed and searching for a job.

# data[].attributes.subject
In developed countries such as Spain the government pays you a fee when you are unemployed and searching for a job.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Basic Account

Get to know the platform

You only have access to basic statistics.

Single Account

The ideal entry-level account for individual users

Instant access to 1m statistics

Download in XLS, PDF & PNG format

Detailed references

$59 $39 / Month *

in the first 12 months

Corporate Account

Full access

Corporate solution including all features.

* Prices do not include sales tax.

Related Studies: Available to download in PDF or PPTX format

Latin America and the Caribbean

All information
in a condensed format

Latin America and the Caribbean

331 page/s

English

pptx

Detailed references

Everything on "Latin America and the Caribbean" in one document: edited and divided into chapters, including detailed references.

Other Reports & Dossiers

Peru

Statista has been my savior on several occasions. The site is easy to maneuver and the data is in a format that can go right into a report or presentation.

Marlene Greenfield
Vice President, Hearst Magazines

Statistics on "Peru"

Population

Economy

National finances

Peru and the coronavirus

Discover Statista

Further Content: You might find this interesting as well

Statistics

Do you have any questions about our business solutions?

We provide you with detailed information about our Corporate Account.

Learn more about how Statista can support your business.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peru - unemployment rate from 1999 to 2020 | Statista

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This statistic shows the unemployment rate in Peru from 1999 to 2020.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Unemployment Rate in Peru decreased to 8.30 percent in April from 9.40 percent in March of 2022. The current reading is 6.8% lower compared to the same quarter of 2021 (15.1%) and by 0.7% compared to the same quarter of 2020 (9.0%). It is estimated that 455,000 people actively sought work. source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI)

Unemployment Rate in Peru averaged 8.22 percent from 2001 until 2022, reaching an all time high of 16.50 percent in September of 2020 and a record low of 5.60 percent in December of 2012. This page provides - Peru Unemployment Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. Peru Unemployment Rate - data, historical chart, forecasts and calendar of releases - was last updated on May of 2022.

Unemployment Rate in Peru is expected to be 8.80 percent by the end of this quarter, according to Trading Economics global macro models and analysts expectations. In the long-term, the Peru Unemployment Rate is projected to trend around 8.00 percent in 2023, according to our econometric models.

Peru Unemployment Rate

In Peru, the unemployment rate measures the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force.

| Actual | Previous | Highest | Lowest | Dates | Unit | Frequency |
| 8.30 | 9.40 | 16.50 | 5.60 | 2001 - 2022 | percent | Monthly |

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peru Unemployment Rate - April 2022 Data - 2001-2021 Historical - May Forecast

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Unemployment Rate in Peru decreased to 8.30 percent in April from 9.40 percent in March of 2022. The current reading is 6.8% lower compared to the same quarter of 2021 (15.1%) and by 0.7% compared to the same quarter of 2020 (9.0%). It is estimated that 455,000 people actively sought work.