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Week 12 Group 4 - Language and Culture post listening questions. 

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Week 12 Group 4 - Language and Culture post listening questions. 

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Language and Culture - Details - Kahoot!

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Create interactive quizzes, polls, presentations, and more to engage your audience.

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Host a game of kahoot - put on your game show host hat and make learning awesome.

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GENIALLY

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You’ve got your pumpkin ready for the spookiest night of the year. Your mission: navigate through five haunted houses, solve their riddles, and amass a bone-chilling treasure trove of candy. 🎃👻🍬

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Writing is culturally transmitted.

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The rebus principle is the use of symbols to represent words or parts of words based on their sounds rather than their meanings.

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The rebus principle is when a symbol or picture is used to represent a sound instead of its literal meaning. It helped writing systems develop from pictures into sound-based writing.

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Most important invention for humanity is writing.

Pictograms are simplified images that consistently represent specific object

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Logogram is a sign or character representing the word or phrase

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Rebus principle: symbols represent sounds for example :nd2spk

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Writing is a way of communicating ideas using symbols (like letters, words, or signs) that represent language. (Novgul Reyimova)

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Writing is a system that allows us to conquer time and space.

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A morphographic system represents meaning units (morphemes) rather than sounds while phonographic system represents sounds.

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The rebus principle - using pictures for themselves not their meaning

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Digraphs- combination of two letters

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writing is culturally transmitted.

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The Rebus Principle means using pictures to represent sounds instead of their meanings.

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In an abjad, symbols represent only consonants.

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writing is culturally transmitted.

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Half of the world’s languages possess no written form. İt is optional

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Alphabets:

Each grapheme represents an individual sound, typically a phoneme

Abjads:

Alphabets that mainly represent consonants, with vowels often omitted

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The most important thing humanity invented is writing. Rebus principle is using images for sounds (👁️= i)

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The rebus principle is the use of existing symbols to represent sounds rather than meaning.

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Abujad system=Alphabet-like system that represents only consonants

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Cuneiform means çivi yazısı

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pictogram:merely representing an object

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arabic is only using consonants in it's writing system

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Animals don’t have thoughts, that’s why they don’t speak as we do.

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usually fixed signals, one form = one meaning

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Animals doesnt have language they are imitating

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Duality - combining sounds into meaningful words.Displacement -ability to talk about past and future.

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Types of animal communication: sounds, chemical signals, visual signals, touch, electrical and vibration signals.

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Noam Chomsky – “Green Sentence”

“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.”

Chomsky’s sentence shows that a sentence can be grammatically correct but semantically meaningless.

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Reflexivity is talk about language itself 

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Reflexivity is talk about language itself 

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Interchangeability refers to the ability of two or more items to be substituted for one another without affecting function, meaning, or outcome.

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Productivity is specific for humans.It allows us to create infinite sentences.

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Language divided is the gap between human language and animal communication

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Reflexivity is ability to talk about language itself

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animals and humans communicate is not the same the animals has limits in communication

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Week 9

Animal communication

Displacement-Ability to discuss things not present

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Displacement is the ability to talk about the things that not present

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Reflexivity refers to the capacity of language to refer to itself, or to grammatical structures where the action of a sentence applies back to the subject.

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Arbitrariness is the design feature that refers to the lack of natural

connection between a symbol and its meaning.

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Displacement is the ability to talk about an object or person when it is not currently there

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Animal communicate,imitate

Human use language

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Design Features of Language

1. Arbitrariness

There is no natural connection between a word and its meaning.

Example: the word “dog” doesn’t look or sound like a real Dog

2. Displacement

We can talk about things that are not here or not happening now.

Example: talking about the past, future, or imagination

3. Productivity (Creativity)

We can create new sentences infinitely.

You can say something no one has ever said before and still be understood

4. Duality of Patterning

Language works on two levels:

Sounds (like “b”, “a”, “t”)

Combine to make meaning (“bat”)

5. Cultural Transmission

Language is learned from others, not just instinct.

A child learns language from family and society

6. Discreteness

Language is made of separate units (sounds/words).

Example: bat vs pat → small change = different meaning

7. Specialization

Language is used mainly for communication, not for another physical purpose.

8. Semanticity

Words/signals have specific meanings.

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-animals are not producing the langauge, they are imitating.

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Reflexivity - using language to talk about language.

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When humans talk to animals, they respond to sounds not meaning.

This is stimulus–response, not real language understanding

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Animals communicate  but humans use language, animals dont have ability of producticity, duality and displacement

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Animals don't lack the organs needed for speech they lack the capacity for complex thought

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Displacement- is the ability to talk about things that are not present.

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ASL:American sign language

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Animals communicate. Humans use language.

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Closed and open systems

Animal Communication has fixed numbers of signals therefore it is closed system whereas human communication has infinite numbers of signals therefore it is open system

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animals don't have a language. they have a communication system.

productivity is the ability to create infinite new sentences

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Human and animal communication with Washoe the chimp in 1983

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This video goes over a prairie dog's ability to communicate through different frequencies of sounds and distinguish between predators.

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False cognates are words that look similar but mean different things. For example, in Emglish “embarassed” means shy, but in Spanish “embarazada” means pregnant.

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Assimilation-one sound becomes like nearby sound

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Great Vowel Shift: a major historical sound change in English (15th–18th centuries) in which long vowel sounds systematically shifted to new pronunciations, while spelling largely remained unchanged.

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Semantic change → changes in meaning of words.

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In English there are lots of latin originated words because of the christianity

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Languages are alive and thus may be subjected to change with time.

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Week 8.Grimm's Law is a linguistic principle that explains a systematic "chain shift" of consonant sounds that occurred as Germanic languages (like English, German, and Dutch) evolved from their ancient Proto-Indo-European roots.

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Week 8.Grimm's Law is a linguistic principle that explains a systematic "chain shift" of consonant sounds that occurred as Germanic languages (like English, German, and Dutch) evolved from their ancient Proto-Indo-European roots.

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*broadening:  a word meaning becomes more general (holiday was once used holy day)

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Broadening=

A word's meaning becomes more general

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Week 8: language change

Sound change is not random

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Sound change is regular and systematic.

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Language is constantly evloving, that is why language change is inevitable. Historical linguistics aims to understand the processes and patters of linguistic change.

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The story begins in April at the Tabard Inn in Southwark, London. A group of 29 pilgrims from all walks of medieval life (knights, cooks, monks, millers) has gathered to travel to Canterbury Cathedral to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket.

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Insertion (epenthesis): Adding a sound, e.g.. empty, sometimes pronounced with a [p] sound.

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William Jones showed that many languages share a common origin, like branches from the same tree. It helped scholars understand how languages are related and evolve over time

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Grimm’s Law is a rule in historical linguistics that describes how certain consonant sounds in Proto-Indo-European changed in Germanic languages. For example, the PIE sounds p, t, k became f, θ (th), h in English and German. This explains why words like “pater” in Latin became “father” in English, and “tres” in Latin became “three”. Grimm’s Law helps linguists understand how languages evolve over time and why related languages have systematic sound differences.

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Grimm’s Law is a rule in historical linguistics that describes how certain consonant sounds in Proto-Indo-European changed in Germanic languages. For example, the PIE sounds p, t, k became f, θ (th), h in English and German. This explains why words like “pater” in Latin became “father” in English, and “tres” in Latin became “three”. Grimm’s Law helps linguists understand how languages evolve over time and why related languages have systematic sound differences.

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“Seedbed” is often used metaphorically - a place or situation where something develops or originates.

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influence from a native language can lead to interference, which is considered negative transfer if it causes errors. Positive transfer occurs when similarities between the native language and target language help learning

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Diglossia - a situation where two language varieties coexistwith different social functions.

Code-switching- the practice of alternating between two or more languages in conversation.

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Language contact can occur directly and indirectly.

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Language contact happens when speakers of different languages, dialects interact regularly and influence each other's languages.

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The topic was language contact, including borrowing, code-switching, and the formation of pidgins and creoles. It shows how languages influence each other through social interaction.

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Code-switching occurs when a speaker switches between two or more languages or language varieties in the same conversation or sentence.

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A pidgin is a simplified, makeshift language with no native speakers used for basic communication, whereas a creole is a fully developed language with complex grammar that has become the native tongue of a new generation.

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The more powerful and prestigious language influences the weaker one.

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Code switching -alternating between two languages in conversation

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Creole is full developed while Pidgin is not.

Code switching alternating between two languages in conversation.

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Borrowing- transfer of words (lexical items) from one language to another

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Pidgin

language Definition: A simplified language that develops when speakers of different languages need to communicate but don’t have a common language

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In a pidgin language, the lexifier is the main language that supplies most of the vocabulary, while the grammar usually comes from other languages.

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Borrowing refers to transfer of words (lexical items) or grammatical structures from one language to another.

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Lexical borrowing is adaptation of words from one language into another.

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Pidginization is the linguistic process in which speakers of different languages create a simplified communication system with limited vocabulary and grammar.

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A creole develops when a pidgin becomes a fully functional language spoken by a community as a native language.

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Code-Switching refers to alternating between to

Languages in conversation.

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Week 7

Language Contact

A creole develops when a pidgin becomes a fully functional language spoken by a community as a native language.

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Week 7 - language contact

Creole languages develop when children acquire a pidgin as their first language.

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language contact: two and more distinct langauges or dialects come into direct or indirect interaction. Like trade migration, conquest, literatüre social media

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A pidgin is a simplified, makeshift contact language that develops naturally when two or more groups of people who do not share a common language need to communicate with each other.