# data[].attributes.body
Source: International Dialects of English Archive

# data[].attributes.body
We acquired the recording from the International Dialects of English Archive, a website that offers recordings of people from different parts of the world with different dialects. It is created with the purpose to provide learners with materials to learn more about dialects.

# data[].attributes.body
According to Bailey (2021), grammatical or syntactical variations refer to the process of how sentences are structured and constructed.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
NURLISA FARHANAH BINTI NOR AZHAR (2022765461)

# data[].attributes.body
Hello! My name is Nurlisa Farhanah binti Nor Azhar from LG243 2C. Along with my partner, Allysyia, we have created a padlet that acts as the medium for our e-Portfolio assessment.

It is our first assignment for the subject Global Englishes (EIC453) where are required to conduct an analysis of speeches from two Inner Circle Englishes. We've decided together to choose England and USA- South English.

# data[].attributes.body
There is a lot of new information that we have gained from doing this assignment. After weeks of doing thorough research and analysis of the variations of each English, we have come to appreciate how complex and unique England English and Southern American English are despite being in the same Inner Circle Englishes. Both Englishes vary in the phonemic, prosodic, lexical, as well as grammar and syntactic properties, and it is fascinating how a language so similar could be so different in many aspects.

Regardless, the analysis has indeed opened our minds as we understand the formation of the language itself. History has shown us how different cultures can affect the formation of the language and how English continues to develop as time goes by. Although time may have brought a change in every aspect, English will find a way to sustain itself through the impact of time. Despite the differences in linguistic features, the English language will continue its relevance globally.

# data[].attributes.body
Similar to lexical variation, the sample speech that we have used for this e-Portfolio is acquired from the internet, so we could not incorporate any grammar or syntactic variation into the speech. However, we will still elaborate on some grammar or syntactic variants that are usually found in England English and USA-South English from other online sources.

# data[].attributes.headline
England English Speaker's Demographic Background 

# data[].attributes.subject
England English Speaker's Demographic Background 

# data[].attributes.body
The speaker is a 37-year-old woman born and living in South Norwood, Southeast London, England. She was raised by interracial parents where her father is from Grantham while her mother is from Sri Lanka.

At the time the speech was recorded, the speaker was 21 years old and was a third-year student studying drama at a university.

Source: International Dialects of English Archive (2006)

# data[].attributes.body
England is one of the constituent units of the United Kingdom along with Northern Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. It is located between Wales and the Irish Sea on the west and Scotland on the North.

England is the largest country in the United Kingdom and is home to some prominent historical figures such as Queen Victoria, William Shakespeare, and Ada Lovelace.

Source: Thomas (2022).

# data[].attributes.body
According to Robinson (2007), Phonemic Variation can be referred to as distinctive accents that come with myriad types of forms of pronunciation features.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Comparison between England English and South-USA English

# data[].attributes.body
After listening to the sample speech, it is seen that the speaker used the standard accent of British English - General British English/Standard British English (BrSE) to read the sample speech. Therefore, this analysis will be focusing on the existing phonemic features in the aforementioned variants of English.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Non-rhotic

In Standard British English, the phoneme /r/ that comes after a vowel would usually be omitted when uttered (Hudson, 2021). This feature is also known as the Silent r or the r-dropping.

In the sample speech, this phonemic variation is prominent throughout the speaker's speech. The speaker incorporated the non-rhotic features on words like 'nurse', 'morning', and 'work' are pronounced with no /r/.

The phoneme /r/ is not included in the IPA transcription of the speaker's speech:

nurse [nɜːs]

morning [ˈmɔːnɪŋ]

work [wɜːk]

2. Dark L

Dark L or L-vocalisation occurs when a speaker pronounced the phoneme /l/ at the end of the word as a vowel or a /w/ sound (Robinson, 2007).

It is worth noting that not all British accent uses the Dark L, but it is common in the Cockney accent. However, there was one word pronounced with the Dark L by the speaker. The word 'animal' from the 5th sentence.

The speaker pronounced [ˈænɪmɫ] without the phoneme /l/ in the end and instead, her pronunciation sounded more towards the /w/ sound.

It can be assumed that the speaker picked up some of the Cockney accents while living in London as the accent is prevalent among working classes across London.

# data[].attributes.body
The creator of the attached video further explains the Dark L and the property differences it had with the Light L.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Light L /l/ and Dark L [ɫ] in English

# data[].attributes.body
1. Back-rounded open sound /ɒ/

According to Hudson (2021), words like shop and want are usually pronounced using a back-rounded open sound by the British.

Referring to the sample speech in the first sentence, the speaker pronounced the word 'job' as [ʤɒb]. Another example could be identified in the speaker's speech in the fourth sentence on the word 'on'. It is pronounced as /ɒn/ opposed to American English which would pronounce it as /ɑn/.

2. The frequency of /əʊ/

After analysing the speaker's speech, it is evident she repeatedly pronounced the diphthongs /əʊ/ in words that have the letter O at the start of the word itself.

For instance, words in her speech like 'old', 'so', 'bowl', 'only', and 'goat' were pronounced in the centre of the mouth as opposed to other English variants like American English whereby would pronounce at the back of the mouth.

old     [əʊ]

so      [səʊ]

bowl  [bəʊl]

only   [ˈəʊnli]

goat   [gəʊt]

3. The length of vowel /ː/

Hudson (2021) mentioned that vowel lengths in British English are significantly different from other English variants. In general, some of the lengths of vowel sounds in British English are pronounced longer.

This could be seen from the continuous vowel lengthening in the speaker's speech. Examples are best seen in the speaker lengthening the vowel /iː/ on the word fleece in the fourth sentence.

fleece  [fliːs]

4. Goose Fronting

In the speaker's speech, it could be identified that the speaker's pronunciation of the lexical pair 'foot and goat' is pronounced with the Contemporary Received Pronunciation (RP) vowels which are /ɵ/ and /əʊ/.

According to Lindsey (2019), this is a phenomenon called Goose Fronting which produced central vowels rather than front vowels. This happened to not only the word 'goose' but to other words like 'goat, foot, and cure'.

foot   [fɵt]

goat  [gəʊt]

The speaker was from Southeast London, so that would explain the reason why she used a contemporary received pronunciation.

# data[].attributes.body
Over the centuries, the English language has evolved from Old English to Middle English and to Modern English.

There are myriad varieties of English and British English is one of them.

Standard British English is a variety of the English language that is typically taught in British schools and used in professional communication in Britain (or, more specifically, in England or in southeast England). Sometimes it is referred to as British Standard English (BrSE) or standard English (Nordquist, 2018).

Source: Crystal (2022)

# data[].attributes.headline
The history of English arrival in England

# data[].attributes.subject
The history of English arrival in England

# data[].attributes.body
In the attached video, the speaker elaborates more on the arrival of the English language that starts in the British Isles.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Where did English come from? - Claire Bowern

# data[].attributes.body
In the video attached, the speaker elaborated on various spoken accents in British.

# data[].attributes.body
There are various types of regional dialects in England and here are some of them:

Geordie

Geordie is one of the most distinctive and strongest dialects in England and it is frequently found in the speeches of people from Newcastle.

The Geordie dialect is significantly different from the usual rules of Standard English. For example, in terms of pronunciation, the word button is pronounced as BOT-tdan instead of BUH-tun.

Scouse

The Scouse dialect is spoken by the people living in Liverpool. Similar to the Geordie dialects, the Scouse dialect is also strong and distinctive from other existing English dialects in England.

To give an example, people from Liverpool would utter woss dtha? instead of what’s that?

Yorkshire

The Yorkshire dialect is one of the most known dialects and it is differentiated by the pronunciation of the letter U as it is uttered as ooo instead of uh.

General British English

Rather than a dialect, General British English is regarded more as an accent. It is an accent that constitutes Received Pronunciation and Regional Variations.

General British English is used when referring to the standard pronunciation in dictionaries and is regarded as the standard model or the Standard British English (BrSE). It's also sometimes referred to as the Received Pronunciation.

In addition, it is also an international alternative to General American (Pronunciation Studio).

Source: F (2018) & Nordquist (2018)

# data[].attributes.body
Through a number of linguistic processes, colonists introduced English to America in the 17th century. It quickly acquired its consistency, standardisation, and syntax, as well as a distinct pronunciation and vocabulary. Over the course of 400 years, American English has grown and developed quickly as a result of a variety of linguistic, geographic, socioeconomic, and political variables.

According to Abu Fares (2019), in the 16th century, the Britain settlers who came to the North American Continent brought their English with them. The diverse dialectal differences contribute to the influence of the English language spoken in the New World.

In the book A History of American English by Dillard (1992), a language the settlers brought with them to the New World is Basque, which affected the language in early North America mainly in the field of vocabulary through “maritime” forms of language. The Pidgin English dialect, which was brought to the New World by slaves from West Africa in the 17th century also helped develop the language in early North America.

# data[].attributes.body
In layman's terms, lexical variation can be defined as the collection of different vocabularies speakers use to represent the same ideas or objects (Bailey, 2021).

# data[].attributes.body
Since the sample speech that we utilised for this e-Portfolio is acquired from the internet, we could not incorporate some lexical variation into the speech. However, we will still elaborate on some lexical variants that are usually found in England English and USA-South English from other online sources.

# data[].attributes.body
Standard Lexical Word

The sample speech is titled 'Comma Gets A Cure' which is written by Jill McCollough and Barbara Somerville. The vocabulary used in the sample was mostly standard words and does not frequently use advanced English words.

Other than that, most words are spoken and used by both British and Americans in the same way such as 'veterinary', 'territory', and 'superb'.

The speaker also seemed to be at ease uttering the speech, only once stuttering, alluding that she is familiar with the lexical used in the sample speech.

Word choice

According to Pyles (1993) as cited in Abu Fares (2019), vocabulary items can be utilised in a variety of ways in both British and American English. Even though most words in the sample speech are used similarly in England English and USA-South English to express the same semantics, there are other lexical used to describe the same referred item.

To give an example, the noun 'jacket' in the fourth sentence is sometimes referred to as 'anorak' in British English. But both 'jacket' and 'anorak' bear the same meaning which is outerwear commonly used during cold weather.

However, the speaker does not hint at having any issues pronouncing the words.

Spelling

In the sample speech, there were no lexical variants in spelling. However, it is general knowledge that some words in British English are spelled differently than other Inner Circle Englishes variants.

For an instance, as stated by Abu Fares (2019), there are many types of spelling differences between British English and American English but one of the most common differences is the (o) and (ou).

General British would include the letters (ou) before spelling the letters (r) and (l) while American English would only be using the letter (o).

Examples can be seen in the spelling of words like:

1. favourite (BrE) and favorite (AmE)

2. colour (BrE) and color (AmE)

3. honour (BrE) and honor (AmE)

# data[].attributes.body
1. Introduction
2. Background history
3. Sample of Speeches
4. Analysis of Variation

Phonemic Variation

Prosodic Variation

Lexical Variation

Grammar or Syntactic Variation

5. Conclusion
6. Reflection
7. References

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
William Shakespeare (April 23rd, 1564 - April 23rd, 1616)

# data[].attributes.body
The picture above is a portrait of William Shakespeare, a distinguished English poet, and playwright. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, a town in England, United Kingdom in 1564.

Shakespeare's works have accumulated to 38 plays, 2 narrative poems, 154 sonnets, and a wide range of other poems. Some of his renowned works include Romeo and Juliet and Hamlet, which these days are still being interpreted by modern media.

Sadly, he passes away on April 23rd, 1616. Nevertheless, William Shakespeare is still one of the most important literary figures of the English language, evermore.

Source: Shakespeare Birthplace Trust

# data[].attributes.headline
Transcription of Speech (England English) 

# data[].attributes.subject
Transcription of Speech (England English) 

# data[].attributes.body
1. wɛl, hɪəz ə ˈstɔːri fɔː ju: ˈseərə ˈpɛri wɒz ə ˈvɛtərɪnəri nɜːs hu hæd bin ˈwɜːkɪŋ ˈdeɪli æt ən əʊ zuː ɪn ə dɪˈzɜːtɪd ˈdɪstrɪkt ɒv ðə ˈtɛrɪtəri, səʊː ʃi wɒz ˈvɛri ˈhæpi tu stɑːt ə njuː ʤɒb æt ə sju(ː)ˈpɜːb ˈpraɪvɪt ˈpræktɪs ɪn nɔːθ skweə nɪə ðə djuːk striːt ˈtaʊə.

2. ˈivən səʊ, ɒn hɜ fɜːst ˈmɔːnɪŋ, ʃi fɛlt strɛst.

3. ʃi ɛt ə bəʊl ɒv ˈpɒrɪʤ, ʧɛkt hɜːˈsɛlf ɪn ðə ˈmɪrər ænd wɒʃt hɜː feɪs ɪn ə ˈhʌri.

4. ʃi pʊt ɒn ə pleɪn ˈjɛləʊ drɛs ænd ə fliːs ˈʤækɪt, pɪkt ʌp hɜː kɪt ænd ˈhɛdɪd fɔ wɜːk.

5. ðə ˈlɛtər ɪmˈplaɪd ðæt ði ˈænɪmɫ kʊd biː ˈsʌfərɪŋ frɒm ə reə fɔːm ɒv fɵt ænd maʊθ dɪˈziːz, wɪʧ wɒz səˈpraɪzɪŋ, bɪˈkɒz ˈnɔməli juː wʊd ˈəʊnli ɪksˈpɛkt tuː siː ɪt ɪn ə dɒg ɔːr ə gəʊt.

# data[].attributes.headline
Transcription of Speech (USA-South English)

# data[].attributes.subject
Transcription of Speech (USA-South English)

# data[].attributes.body
1. [ˌwɛɫ ˈhiɹz ə ˈstɔɹi ˈfɔ ˌju | ˈseɹə ˈpʰeɹi ˌwʌz ə ˈvɛɾɹ̩ˌneɹi ˈnɹ̩ːs ˈhu əd ˌbɪn ˈwɹ̩kɪn ˈdejli ˌæɾ ən ˈəʊɫd ˈzu ˌɪ̞n ə dɨˈzɹ̩ɾɨd ˈdɪstɹɪkt əv ðə ˈtʰeɹəˌtʰɔɹi̞ | ˌsəʊ ˈʃi wə̝z ˈve̞ːɹi ˈhæpi ɾə ˈstɐɹɾ ə ˈnʲu ˈʤɐːb æ̝ɾ ə sə̥ˈpɹ̩b̥ ˈpʰɹ̥aːvɨˀt ˈpʰɹ̥æk˺ˌtɪs ɪn ˈnɔəθ ˈskʷejəɹ | ˈniə ðə ˈdʲuk ˈstɹɪjt˺ ˈtʰæwə]

2. [ˈivən ˈsəʊ ˈʔɐin hɹ̩ ˈfɹ̩s ˈmɔːnɪŋ | ˈʃi ˌfɛɫˀt ˈstɹejəst]

3. [ˌʃi ˈejɾ ə ˈbəʊɫ əv ˈpʰɔɹɪʤ̥ | ˈʧɛkt ɹ̩ˌsɛɫf ɪn ðə ˈmiɹə ˌæn ˈwɐʃt ɹ̩ ˈfejs ɪn ə ˈhɹ̩i̞]

4. [ˈðɛ̝n ˌʃi ˈpʰʊɾ ɐɾ̃ ə ˈpʰl̥ejn ˈjɛləʊ ˈdɹɛs əɾ̃ ə ˈ7is̠ ˈʤæːkʰɪt | ˈpʰɪk˺t ˈʌp ɹ̩ ˈkʰʲɪˀt n̩ ˈhɛ̝ɾəd ˌfɹ̩ ˈwɹ̩k]

5. [ðə ˈlɛ̝ɾɹ̩ ɪmˈpʰlaːd ðət ˌði ˈænɪməɫ ˌkʰʊd bi ˈsʌfˌɹɪŋ ˌfɹʌm ə w- ˈɹejə ˈfɔːm əv ˈfʊt ɪn ˈmæʊ̙θ dɨˈziːz | ˈwɪʧ wəz səˈpʰɹ̥aːzɪŋ bəˌkʰʌz ˈnɔːmli ˌju wʊɾ ɪkˈspɛ̝k˺t tʰə̥ ˈsi ɪt ˌɪn ə ˈdɔːg ˌɔɹ ə ˈgəʊt]

# data[].attributes.body
The speaker has been living in Georgia for more than 30 years. Therefore, his southern accent could be heard throughout the sample speech. The speaker’s resonant placement is forward and slightly nasal. He has a definitive drawl which is common in states like Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.

Standard American English is slightly different from the southern dialect due to the Southern drawl. Hence, this analysis will focus on the Southern American dialect to identify the phonemic varieties of the spoken language.

# data[].attributes.body
The video explains how English arrives in America and how it develops through various sources.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The History of English - American English (8/10)

# data[].attributes.body
The speaker is a 76 years old male who was born in Macon, Georgia. He was a history professor at Auburn, Alabama for about 30 years. He went to Emery to do his Ph.D. and graduated back in the 1970s. He went to the University of South at Sewanee, Tennessee to get his bachelor’s degree.

The speaker was 59 years old when the audio was recorded.

Source: International Dialects of English Archive (2005)

# data[].attributes.body
Georgia is a state in the southeast of the United States, and its landscape includes mountains, agriculture, and coastal beaches. The nation’s capital city is Atlanta, which is the home of the Georgia Aquarium and the Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site, dedicated to the African-American leader’s life and times.

Source: Norrell (2022)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968)

# data[].attributes.body
Martin Luther King, Jr., is a civil rights legend. Dr. King spearheaded the effort to use peaceful protest to eliminate segregation and combat discrimination in the United States in the middle of the 1950s. His remarks, which are among the most well-known from the 20th century, had a significant impact on the public mind. His involvement throughout the civil rights struggle helped black Americans who had previously been denied access to school and jobs.

Source: National Geographic (2020)

# data[].attributes.body
Prosodic or suprasegmental qualities include length, pitch, and stress or accent. The supra-in suprasegmental refers to traits that are above and beyond segmental values, such as the location or mode of articulation.

The word "prosodic" originates in poetry, where it describes the metrical organisation of verse. The application of stress to particular syllables, which establishes the poem's versification, is one of the fundamental elements of poetry. (Fromkin et al., 2011)

Thus, prosodic variations are the varieties of prosodic features that occur in the English language.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
A map to show the regional dialects in the United States

# data[].attributes.body
The Atlantic littoral, where the earliest colonies were founded, is where the dialect regions of the United States are most easily distinguished. There are three distinct dialects: Northern, Southern, and General American. Each has its own set of dialects.

Northern

Eastern New England Accent's most important feature is non-rhoticity (drop the "r" at the end of syllables). Like the famous phrase “pahk yuh cahr in hahvuhd yahd” (Park your car in Harvard Yard).

In New York Accent the vowel in words like thought, north, and dog are pronounced high and diphthongized, pronounced θʊət, nʊəθ, and dʊəg (“thaw-uht,” “naw-uht” and “daw-uhg”).

The Great Lakes Accent is usually associated with a phenomenon known as the “Northern Cities Vowel Shift”. In Chicago and Detroit, the e in bet can be retracted, to something like bɜt (bet can sound slightly like “but.”)

Southern

Coastal/Lowland Southern English (classic southern accent) is known to be non-rhotic. Unlike most non-rhotic dialects, there is often no linking r between a final r and a vowel sound. So, for example, “better idea” would be pronounced “bettuh idea”.

Inland/Mountain Southern English is sometimes perceived as more guttural. Their prominent feature is v owel breaking where words with short vowels like cat and dress, can turn into diphthongs (or even triphthongs). So, cat can become kæjət for example “ka-jut”.

General American

The general American accent is less distinct in its dialect than the South and the North. They are known as Standard American English.

They are rhotic, meaning the r is pronounced at the end of words like car and mother.

The short-a as in cat is raised and diphthongized before nasal consonants. Hence man and can’t are pronounced something like meən and keənt (“meh-uhn” and “keh-uhnt.”)

Source: Potter (2022) & GrammarBook.com

# data[].attributes.body
The video shows how American accents are spoken around the United States.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
50 People Show Us Their States' Accents | Culturally Speaking | Condé Nast Traveler

# data[].attributes.body
Word Stress

The English language's lexical resources are littered with an abundance of French borrowed vocabulary. This is the result following the Norman Conquest that happened in 1066.

This is relevant to one of the prosodic variations in General British English whereby the first syllable of words of French origin is usually stressed (Hudson, 2021).

The stress can be heard from the sample speech as the speaker puts more stress on the first syllable than the second syllable on french origin words in the sentences. Some of the words included are 'porridge' and 'mirror' in the third sentence and 'letter' in the fifth sentence.

1. [ˈpɒrɪʤ]

2. [ˈmɪrər]

3. [ˈlɛtər]

High Falling Intonation

According to Hudson (2021), a General British English speaker has a proclivity to speak in a high-falling intonation and then would hit the primary stress high before dropping the intonation down.

An example can be seen in the first sentence, "Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo in a deserted district of the territory..."

The speaker's tone is mostly monotone in most of her speech but in some parts like the ones above, it can be heard that she started her sentence with a high falling intonation and then hits the primary stress high for words in the middle of sentences before dropping the intonation at the end of the sentence.

# data[].attributes.body
Preposition usage

The use of prepositions in General British is different from other varieties of Native Englishes like American English.

This can be identified in the first sentence, "Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo..."

In General British English, the preposition 'at' is often used instead of 'in' to refer to an institution or the place where the subject is doing the action, Maxwell & Clandfield (n.d.).

BrE: "Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily at an old zoo..."
AmE: "Sarah Perry was a veterinary nurse who had been working daily in an old zoo..."

Since the speaker is a General British English speaker, she had no problem reading the sentences fluently without feeling awkward and rigid.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Flaps:  voiced alveolar flap [ɾ]

According to Fromkin et al. (2011), most American speakers produce a flap instead of a [t] or [d]. The sound is produced by a flick of the tongue against the alveolar ridge. It sounds like a very fast d.

The feature is prominent throughout the sample speech because the speaker incorporated flaps in words like veterinary, deserted, and headed.

Veterinary  [vɛɾɹ̩ˌneɹi]

Deserted    [dɨˈzɹ̩ɾɨd]

Headed      [hɛ̝ɾəd]

2. Syllabic Sounds [ɹ̩]

According to Fromkin et al. (2011), liquids and nasals may be syllabic because the sounds may function as the core of a syllable. The diacritic under ɹ in [ɹ̩] means that the r is syllabic and it is pronounced as its own syllable, as opposed to being part of a syllable preceding or following it.

The speaker incorporated this feature in words like nurse, hurry, and letter.

Nurse  [ˈnɹ̩ːs]

Hurry   [ˈhɹ̩i̞]

Letter   [ˈlɛ̝ɾɹ̩]

# data[].attributes.body
This video explains about the IPA variations for syllabic sound [ɹ̩]. This feature is often found in most Southern American accent.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Monophthongization

Monophthongization or diphthong reduction is also known as “flattening” when diphthongs are changed to monophthongs. In the southern vowel shift, the diphthong /aɪ/ becomes monophthongized to [aː] (Dorrill, 2003).

The speakers exhibit this feature in words like private and surprising.

Private        [ˈpʰɹ̥aːvɨˀt]

Surprising   [səˈpʰɹ̥aːzɪŋ]

2. Diphthongization

Diphthongization is a process where a monophthong becomes a diphthong, it is also known as vowel breaking. Southern American English has the tendency to have the vowels [æ] and [e] glide up and form a diphthong (Dorrill, 2003).

This feature can be seen in the speaker’s pronunciation of square, stressed and rare.

Square     [ˈskʷejəɹ]

Stressed  [ˈstɹejəst]

Rare         [ˈɹejə]

# data[].attributes.body
1. Length

Speech sounds that are identical in their place or manner features may differ in length or duration. In English, vowel or consonant length cannot change a word but it is used to emphasise (Fromkin et al., 2011).

The southern American accent often elongated vowels where the vowels are pronounced longer to emphasis. This feature is prominent in the speaker’s speech sample on words like very, surprising, and normally.

Very           [ˈve̞ːɹi]

Surprising  [səˈpʰɹ̥aːzɪŋ]

Normally    [ˈnɔːmli]

The speaker would lengthen the vowel [e], [a], and [ɔ] and emphasis on the adjective and adverb.

2. Stress

Stressed syllables are certain syllables in a word that are louder, somewhat higher in pitch, and slightly longer in duration than other syllables in the word (Fromkin et al., 2011). Voiceless stops /p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated when they occur in a stressed syllable.

This feature is common in American Southern accents as found in the speaker’s speech sample in words like territory, practice, and kit.

Territory   [ˈtʰeɹəˌtʰɔɹi̞]

Practice   [pʰɹ̥æk˺ˌtɪs]

Kit            [ˈkʰʲɪˀt]

# data[].attributes.body
In conclusion, despite being almost similar to each other on the surface, England English and South American English are very much different from each other. From phonemic, prosodic, lexical, to grammar or syntactic variations, both English variations have their own distinctive future that makes them both unique. This e-Portfolio has definitely provided a wider insight into the overall history of English and its variations which will definitely benefit both of us in the future.

# data[].attributes.headline
American English: USA-South vs USA-North

# data[].attributes.subject
American English: USA-South vs USA-North

# data[].attributes.body
In American English, some of the vocabulary are different according to the regional dialect. Joshua Katz, a PhD student in statistics at North Carolina State University created a map data on dialect differences based on his research.

# data[].attributes.body
In many USA-South English varieties, speakers may use two modal verbs in a row. (Charity-Hudley and Mallinson, 2014)

I wonder if we might could get a copy of last year’s test?

Standard English does not distinguish between singular and plural you, so the use of Southern English y’all for the plural helps to relieve some of the confusion between these two meanings. (Charity-Hudley and Mallinson, 2014)

“Perhaps no one word embodies this region quite like y’all does.” Y’all fills a gap in the pattern of pronouns.”

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
ALLYSYIA NURFITRY BINTI AZMAN (2022750701)

# data[].attributes.body
Hi! I'm Allysyia Nurfitry Binti Azman from LG243 2C. This is our first assignment for the subject EIC453: Global Englishes.

My partner and I have created this padlet to analyse the variations of phonemic, prosodic, lexical, and grammar/syntax between England English and Southern American English.

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
NURLISA FARHANAH BINTI NOR AZHAR (2022765613)

# data[].attributes.attachment_caption
ALLYSYIA NURFITRY BINTI AZMAN (2022750701)