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The Western Apache, Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, and Kiowa Apache tribes were among the principal Apache tribes. The California Gold Rush of 1849, which saw the invasion of ancestral lands by settlers, mining firms, and American troops, had an impact on numerous Southwest tribes.The south west tribes started 7000 BCE and ended 1849. Each town in the Southwest cultural region has always made an effort to preserve a delicate balance between population and natural resources.

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Around the middle of the 1700s, the tribes of the Plains started to ride horses that had been brought over from Europe. The diseases that the Indians could not have survived were brought by the settlers. By the time of the Louisiana Purchase, it is estimated that between fifty-five and two-thirds of the Plains Indian population had perished from smallpox. the great plains was in north america

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In September 1778 the first treaty between the U.S and Native Americans was created. They agreed to maintain their friendship and help protect each other from the British. But they were still suspicious of each other. In 1795 most Native Americans living in Ohio were forced to surrender their land. The Hopewell treaty of 1785 was between the U.S. government the Cherokee and the Choctaw.  They agreed to have "protection" and to remain friends. Despite this treaty white settlers were already moving on to the Native Americans land. Treaty of Canandaigua helped restore 1 million acres to the Native American tribes. Over the years this land was slowly reduced. There were many other treaties between the Native Americans and the United States and most of these would be broken.

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American Life in the West - Early 1800's

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American Life in the West - Early 1800's

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life for some people started in the Early 1800's but most other people came later.  The Americans at that time started to colonize the west to establish towns and latter cities. Most people were farmers of some sort. There weren't that many people that weren't farmers.

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The Slaughter of Buffalo (Buffalo wars) - 1800's

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The Slaughter of Buffalo (Buffalo wars) - 1800's

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During the 1800's some native american tribes learned to hunt buffalo by horse back. "Buffalo" bill Cody was one of the main contributes in this event with him killing more than 4,000 buffalo's. There were also many other random people that hunted buffalo for sport. Most of this event happened in or around Yellow Stone National Park. Yellow Stone started being protected in 1872.

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Early Cattle industry - between 1800 -1900

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Early Cattle industry - between 1800 -1900

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The cattle industry hit its peak from 1876 through 1880. Josef McCoy was one of the main people who started cattle farming. The reason that it went down after 1880 is because harsh weather and many people stopped wanting beef. Another reason that the early cattle industry declined was probably over grazing, as the cattle grazed more and more the grass started to die because it didn't grow faster than the cattle ate it. Cattle farming originally started in Texas. They had originally had a cattle called the Texas long horn because they required less water and food, Texas is dry. they then switched to the cattle we know today because they had a lot more meat and took less time to mature.

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Many white settlers wanted to move southwest but had one main problem. The Native American tribes were living on this land. Andrew Jackson created the Indian removal act which caused many Native Americans to lose there land. In order to keep their land some Native Americans adapted to the white culture. Some tribes  refused to leave their land. Some tried to buy their land legally. Some went to court. And others like the Seminoles and Creek waged war to protect there land. All these acts did not stop the Native Americans from being removed and forced off their own land.

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Hopeless Treaties with the Native Americans 

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Hopeless Treaties with the Native Americans 

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The Removal Act of 1830 strengthened the U.S. government's use of treaties as a tool of evicting Indians from their tribal territories. The nations of the American Indian were viewed as domestic, dependent tribes. Tribal treaties that have been negotiated. Numerous treaties between the US and indigenous peoples have been signed. Here is what would transpire if the government did as promised.

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Forced Assimilation throughout the US 1830- 1953 

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Forced Assimilation throughout the US 1830- 1953 

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The US had wanted to force the Natives to no longer act like Natives but instead to act like the settlers settling the areas in the US. The first big forced assimilation was in 1830 as the Indian Removal Act happened which forced Natives out of their homelands. The Natives then had to go west of the Mississippi. Although President Jackson had said the removal was voluntary the Natives who refused to leave had to face the consequences as the government wanted the Natives of the land. The Natives who refused to leave had been pressured to sign treaties that made them give up large parts of their land. Over those years the Natives had to give up new land which forced them to live on the reservations. But living on the reservations was hard for the Natives so the government changed their laws on forced assimilation. So the Natives no longer were isolated on the reservations but the Dawes act came into power and that caused whole tribes to no longer be granted small areas of land instead only individual tribe members were granted small areas of land. The Dawes act was supposed to be a way to force the Natives to act like the white settlers. The Dawes act had lasted until 1934 as the government realized that the disbanding of reservations didn't succeed. So once the government realized its faults it put out an Indian Reorganization Act that gave Natives new rights. The new act slowed down the process of only giving land to individual members of a tribe. But the forced assimilation didn't exactly stop until 1953 as reservations had stopped being independent entities for politics as the reservations ceased to exist. The government also helped out the Natives as they gave aid to Natives wanting to leave the reservations for other habitable areas. The government also gave the Natives an employment and relocation program to help aid the Natives.

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Gold rush (mining industry) January 24, 1848

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Gold rush (mining industry) January 24, 1848

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James W. Marshall was one of the first people to find gold in the west and tell everyone east.  The biggest place people went to during the gold rush was California. the only people to make a large profit from the gold was the first people to go there.. The gold rush negatively affected today because  now we cannot find large amounts of gold today.

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Life on Reservations were hard for the Natives as they had lost a lot of their lands to the government. 1851 was the year the Indian Appropriation Act was passed and the act allowed Native tribes to be moved onto reservations for farming so that the government could keep the Natives under control. The Natives found it hard to live on these reservations because the Natives weren't really allowed to do their culture traditions because of the small space they had. Another reason why it was so hard for the Natives was because tribes that were feuding often were put onto the same area, but this also caused conflict because some Natives were hunters and farmers so they had to adapt to trying to be farmers. Also with how close everyone lived that mae dieases spread like crazy around everyone. There were more reasons why the Natives had a hard life on the reservations is because many Natives were encouraged to act like the white settlers, Natives were taught to write and read and English because the settlers wanted the Natives to no longer act like Natives.

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The struggle farmers had was great. The peak of farming was 1860 - 1910. The first people to start farming in west america was the Native Americans but the first Non native american farmer was probably Henry Segre and his family . Most of the problems they had were climate problems. They would wake up before the sun rises to start there work.

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On May 20, 1862, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Homestead Act. Daniel Freeman filed the first claim under the Act on January 1, 1863. Due to the Southern states' Union-secession, the Civil War resolved the slavery question. Thus, the Homestead Act was finally approved and signed into law in 1862. By offering adult heads of families 160 acres of surveyed public property in exchange for a small filing fee and five years of continuous residency on the land, the Homestead Act sped up the settlement of the western territories.

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The trail had been named after a man named John Bozeman. The whole trail started with Bozeman and John Jacobs as they wanted to open up the pathways to only wagons. The trail expanded from the Oregon Trail which was in central Wyoming to western Montana. The trail had skirted the Bighorn Mountains and went through many rivers. But the main reason why the Bozeman trail is such a big thing is because the trail had went through Native territory which was Fort Laramie. At first using the trail was successful but people just had to be weary of being attacked while on their trip. 1866 was the year the US sent out troops to protect the wagons. The troops presence had made the tribes upset so a 2 year conflict started. The conflict became so much that the US decided to make a peace policy with the Natives and the peace policy caused the US to lose the conflict between the Natives. Once the policy was recognized the US abandoned the Native's territories.

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About 160 men, women, and children, including aged or infirm, were killed when the U.S. Army launched a surprise attack on a non-combatant encampment of Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians along the Big Sandy Creek in southeast Colorado in 1864.  it happend in Colorado territory. The long battle for dominance of eastern Colorado's Great Plains was a contributing factor in the Sand Creek Massacre. The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 granted Cheyenne and Arapahoe possession of the region north of the Arkansas River to the Nebraska border. Following the Civil War, more compassionate rules regarding Indian tribes were implemented as a result of public outcry over the killing.

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Ghost dance was a religious movement. The first one was in 1869 and was created by Wodziwod. In 1873 -73 it spread to California and Oregon tribes. Wounded Knee Massacre was an event that lead up to the Ghost dance and the slaughter of about 150–300 Lakota Native Americans by United States Army troops, this happened by Wounded Knee Creek in southwestern South Dakota.

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Expansion of the Railroads - Between 1870 -1890

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Expansion of the Railroads - Between 1870 -1890

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Between These two times the US expanded fast with the amount of Railroad tracks tripling. The person who played a large part of this was J.P. Morgan who was a New York financier. The Expansion of railroads was important because it opened easier expansion west.

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The Red River War was a military campaign that was started by the US military. This military campaign was set to remove some Native american tribes from Texas.

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The "Battle of Little Bighorn" was fought between Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his men against the Cheyenne Natives and Lakota Sioux. The reason for conflict started off when there had been a discovery of gold in Native lands, the US had ordered the Native tribes off the lands but some tribes resisted which caused Custer and his men to come and confront the Natives. There had been a standoff between Custer and the Natives which the Natives had won because they outnumbered Custer and his men. Many Natives had been upset with the US as the US signed treaties that said the US wouldn't invade Native areas, but instead the US ignored those treaties and interrupted the peace between both groups. The interruption of peace caused many Natives to join Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. So when the spring of 1876 hit there was an estimated 10,000 Native Americans who gathered at a camp that resided near the Little Bighorn River. Those Natives were there to resist the US and its new policies. Custer on June 25 had gone into Little Bighorn Valley with 600 of his men. Custer and his men went in without reinforcements so word spread around the camp and the Natives had gotten ready to attack. Since the Natives had so many people Custer and his men were defeated as there were too many Natives. 200 men of Custer's and Custer himself had been attacked by an estimated 3,000 Natives and so within an hour Custer and his men died. The Natives had won the battle with the US losing and thinking that they need to put more effort to have more control over the Natives.

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The war was between the US, Lakota Sioux, and Northern Cheyenne. The reason for the war was because there was gold found on Native land and the US wanted to have control over the land to keep finding gold but the Natives refused the US. The US had advanced on the land even though there had been treaties in place to stop the US from coming onto the Native land. The reason the US advanced is because with the gold rush happening in the area President Ulysses S. Grant couldn't deny the people their dreams to find gold. During the May of 1875, the Sioux and other Native tribes went to Washington DC to remind President Grant that there were treaties in place that didn't allow the US to dig up their land for gold. President Grant tried to solve this issue by offering the tribes $25,000 and relocating the Natives to Native territories, but the Natives didn't want money they wanted the Americans off their land. President Grant didn't know what to do after the Natives refused so Grant ordered the Bureau of Indian Affairs to give the Natives an ultiamtum that if the Natives returned to their Native lands by Janurary 31, 1876 volutarily then they wouldn't be forced to be removed by the US from unceded terrioties. But President Grant's order didn't work as many NAtives ignored the order. Since many Natives refused the Natives had to be turned over to the War Department and that started the Great Sioux War. After that many battels took place as the first battle started with the Battle of Powder River and the last battle was the Battle of Little Muddy Creek. The war had seemingly began to slow down as the Spring of 1877 many Natives had surrenderd. The Northern Cheynee had surrendered in April of 1877 and had been ordered and sent to Native Terriories, after that Touch the Clouds and Roman Nose surrenered in the Spotted Tail Agency. May 5th was when Red Cloud and many of the Crazy Horse Natives surrendered, but the last to surrender was the Chief Sitting Bull in 1881 as one of the last things they did before surrending was lead a group of Natives into Canada.

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In the year 1877 on October 5th Chief Joseph the leader of the Nez Perce surrendered to General Nelson A. Miles and General Oliver Otis Howard. Joseph had surrendered at Bear Paw Mountain which is located in Montana Territory. The Nez Perce had nonviolent conflict with the settlers for many years as the Nez Perce aided William Clark and Captain Lewis on their expedition. The first violent conflict that happen between the US Army and the Nez Perce was at the Idaho Territory which was the White Bird Canyon on June 17th 1877. The Nez Perce had won the conflict against the US Army. Many of the Nez Perce had no military training so they had went against the US Army who recruited vets from the Civil War. From September 30th to October 5th 1877 the Nez Perce and the US Army had a battle and the Nez Perce surrendered on October 5th. Generals Miles and Howard then had been praised for winning and won the Medal of Honor, but not everything was great for everyone as the Nez Perce were supposed to be safely returned to Wallowa Valley but the Nez Perce were not returned to Wallowa Valley and instead they were sent to Oklahoma and Kansas. The Nez Perce then had to stay in those territories until the mid 1880's and while at those territories the Nez Perce had hardships.

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The Dawes Severalty Act was passed in 1887 and the act allowed tribal lands to be broken up by the federal government. The plan was to assimilate the Natives into the US Society as the government was trying to encourage Natives and their families to start agriculture and farming. Encouraging the Natives and their families then would cause tribal lands to no longer be groups but individual tribal posts. Another part of the act was that any Native who accepted the divide was allowed to become a US citizen. The US government then after passing the act had taken 90 million acres of tribal land from the Natives who resided on them. After taking the land the government then sold the land to US citizens who were not Native. This act had affected the Natives as the head of the Native families would receive 160 acres of farmland or around 320 acres of grazing land, but the Natives only got this land if they accepted the division. Native Americans had to enroll with the Office of Indian Affairs if they wanted to receive land. Once their name was enrolled their name would go on the "Dawes roll" which then allowed the government to determine whether the Native was capable of receiving land. Natives were paid for the land but the Native Americans were underpaid and since Natives weren't used to spending money the money they received had went away fast. This act is compared to the Homestead Act because both times the people involved in the act got land but the main difference is that Natives had control of land that was most times unsuitable for farming. While the tribes were given control of lands that they already controlled. Most times these lands were habitable. The goal of this act was to create a division between Native's and to get rid of and split up tribes.

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The Homestead Act had first got intoruduced in 1862 as the act allowed that a U.S citizen could buy 160 acres of land. The land was located west of Mississippi river and East of the Rocky Mountains, the land that was sold was unoccupied. This was beneifical for many people as imigrants were allowed to recive land if they were 21 years or older. On April 22, 1889 one of the most major land rushes happend. There was a estiamted 50,000 people that had been lined up to claim about 2,000,000 acres of unoccupied land. At noon on the 22nd of April the people lined up were allowed to go claim land. There was an estimated 10,000 people who settled the un settled area in Oklahoma, on April 23, 1889 the area had a population of over 10,000 people as some people snuck in earlier to try and hide so they could claim more land.

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On December 29 the U.S. Army's 7th cavalry surrounded a band of ghost dancers and told them to surrender there weapons.  As this was happening a fight broke out and a shot was taken (we are still unsure who fired the first shot.) This ended in a bloody massacre. Roughly 150 Native Americans were killed along with 25 cavalry men. Half of the Native Americans killed were women and children.

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The 1800s were the years when the "Farmer Alliance" became popping up around the US as farmers had been having crop failures and bad marketing. So in 1892 the "Populist Party" had been formed as the "Farmer Alliance" had become nothing. The "Populist Party" was more field and land related, the "Populist Party" wanted an increase in the currency and income tax increase, and for the government to have control and ownership over the railroads in the areas.  The "Populist Party" also wanted direct elections held for Sentaors of the US. Many of the things that the party wanted was to strengthen the democratic part of the US. Throughout the years the "Populist Part" had gotten governor seats in Colorado, Washington, North Carolina, and Montana, but the party had also gotten power over state legislatures. 1892 was the year James Weaver the party had voted on Weaver being a canidate for becoming Presdient in the US, during that time the party had gotten bigger and in 1896 the group disbanned because the party then became of National organization.