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instructions to complete the geography section: -countries
-life expectancy
-crops

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Regarding to biology…

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From the point of view of mats…

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National life tables - life expectancy in the UK - Office for National Statistics

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Life expectancy in the uk. Male 79 years/ female 82 years

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Over the last 40 years life expectancy in the UK has been increasing, albeit at a slower pace in the last decade. This increase has been primarily because of improvements in mortality at older ages driven by advances in health care, and improvements in living and working conditions. In the latest period, 2018 to 2020, life expectancy at birth in the UK was 79.0 years for males and 82.9 years for females.

In the first decade of the 21st century, we saw improvements for males of between 42 weeks and 53 weeks, and improvements for females of between 29 weeks and 42 weeks, when comparing life expectancy at birth in one three-year period with the previous non-overlapping three-year period (Figure 2). However, in the last 10 years, improvements in life expectancy at birth have slowed. Since 2010 to 2012, the improvements for each period when compared with the previous non-overlapping period have been declining for both males and females, with the exception of 2017 to 2019 when improvements increased slightly.

In contrast, excess mortality because of winter flu led to particularly low improvements in 2015 to 2017. The changes observed in 2018 to 2020 when compared with 2015 to 2017 are the lowest we have seen, with a decline of 7.0 weeks for males, and almost no change (an increase of 0.5 weeks) for females, notwithstanding the relatively low improvements in 2015 to 2017 itself.

Across the UK, mortality increased in 2020, in a large part because of the impact of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In England and Wales, there was a 14.5% increase in the number of deaths compared with 2019. Taking into account the population size and age structure, age-standardised mortality rates (ASMRs) in England and Wales increased significantly, by 14.6% for males and 11.9% for females. ASMRs for 2020 were significantly higher than every year back to 2010 in males and 2009 in females.

Similarly, in Scotland the number of deaths rose by 10% and the ASMR increased by 9% in 2020, taking the rate back to the 2009 level. Provisional estimates for Northern Ireland show that the total number of deaths in 2020 was 11.0% higher than the five-year average (2015 to 2019).

The national life tables provide estimates of "period life expectancy", which is the average number of additional years a person would expect to live if they experienced the age-specific mortality rates of a particular time and place throughout their lives. When producing the national life tables we average mortality observed over three years in order to smooth out the impact of exceptional events, such as a flu epidemic, on reported life expectancy.

Despite this smoothing, the excess mortality observed in 2020 has led to estimates of life expectancy at birth for females in the UK for 2018 to 2020 which are virtually unchanged from 2015 to 2017, and estimates for males falling to levels reported for 2012 to 2014. The impact was slightly greater for males than for females, reflecting the larger increase in male mortality rates in 2020.

This does not mean that a baby born in 2018 to 2020 will go on to live a shorter life. The reported life expectancies assume that the higher-than-average mortality that we observed in 2018 to 2020 will continue. It is possible that life expectancy will return to an improving trend in the future, once the coronavirus pandemic has ended and its consequences for future mortality are known.

We have also published single-year life tables for the UK. These show that life expectancy at birth was 78.4 for males and 82.4 for females in 2020, a decline of 63 weeks and 45 weeks for males and females respectively compared with 2019, reflecting the higher mortality observed in 2020. Single-year life tables are volatile and a less robust indicator of mortality trends than three-year life tables. For more information see Strengths and limitations.

Other measures of lifespan

We can also look to other measures of lifespan, such as the modal (or most common) age at death, or the median age at death (the age at which exactly half the deaths in a time period were below and half were above). These measures give values more closely associated with "typical" ages of death and are always values higher than life expectancy at birth, as they are less influenced by deaths at younger ages and are more sensitive to improvements in mortality at older ages.

The modal age at death in the UK in 2018 to 2020 was 86.7 years for males and 89.3 years for females, in comparison with 86.5 years and 89.0 years respectively in 2015 to 2017.

The median age at death was 82.3 years for males and 85.8 years for females, in comparison with 82.4 years and 85.8 years in 2015 to 2017.

These measures show that the age at which death typically occurred in 2018 to 2020 was very similar to 2015 to 2017, and in fact the modal age at death increased between the two periods.

Another measure of lifespan are cohort life expectancies which allow for projected improvement in mortality over time. Our Past and projected life tables include both period and cohort life expectancies and will be updated in December 2021, alongside the 2020-based interim national population projections.
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National life tables - life expectancy in the UK - Office for National Statistics

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Over the last 40 years life expectancy in the UK has been increasing, albeit at a slower pace in the last decade. This increase has been primarily because of improvements in mortality at older ages driven by advances in health care, and improvements in living and working conditions.

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Crops

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from the point of view of geography..

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Atlantic diet