# data[].attributes.body
Great help in further understanding people with NPD and how they view the world around them as well as how to spot signs in people around you.

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This article is geared toward the general public, and makes the information easy to process by using a listing format

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The traits that make up vulnerable narcissism are often misunderstood or not taking into as great consideration as they should be. The difference between the two subtypes lies in how these traits present and manifest, but tend to share the same core traits and reasonings.

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8 signs You’re Dealing With a Vulnerable Narcissist- Dr. Nafeesah Allen and Dr. Kristina Hallett 

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8 signs You’re Dealing With a Vulnerable Narcissist- Dr. Nafeesah Allen and Dr. Kristina Hallett 

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Popular Source

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Not All Narcissists Are Arrogant: 8 Signs Of A Vulnerable Narcissist

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This type of narcissist is harder to spot but can be just as toxic to be around.

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This article helps to identify why a person with NPD may present grandiose vs vulnerable symptoms. As well as identifying key difference between the subtypes.

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It’s a trade source because it is a bunch of different contributors who are all a part of the field, but there is no real study being done or analyzed. It’s a recitation of the knowledge for the public.

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Findings suggest that the likelihood of narcissism leaning vulnerable or grandiose has everything to do with how you are raised, and that it is possible that most everyone falls on the vulnerable narcissist spectrum. Because they suggest that everyone is on this spectrum it is perceived that consistent parental invalidation can lead to the development of NPD with vulnerable traits. This is due to the distinction between the two types lying mainly in a person’s self-esteem level.

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Vulnerable Narcissists more Susceptible to Eating Disorders- Author Unknown

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Vulnerable Narcissists more Susceptible to Eating Disorders- Author Unknown

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Trade Source

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Vulnerable narcissists more susceptible to eating disorders

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Vulnerable narcissists are more likely to develop eating disorders, according to a new study from The Australian National University (ANU).

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In psychology disordered eating is considered to be a maladaptive self-regulatory coping mechanism. By reading this study and seeing the link between narcissism and drug use, a theory that the risk of an eating disorder developing would also be at high levels in NPD patients.

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Scholarly articles follow a specifically organized format for the ease of following the study. The format allows for the study to be fully comprehended and followed.

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Higher levels of both narcissism and maladaptive behavior (drug use) have been found in younger men in contrast to older men. The severity of both these reports was also indicated to be higher in younger men. Risk taking behavior was also found to be more pronounced in men with higher distress symptoms.

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Pathological Narcissism and Maladaptive Self-Regulatory Behaviours in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Men- David Kealy

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Pathological Narcissism and Maladaptive Self-Regulatory Behaviours in a Nationally Representative Sample of Canadian Men- David Kealy

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Scholarly Source

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Abstract

Clinical observation has linked externalizing dysfunction. This study examined the relationship between pathological narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours among Canadian men. An online survey was distributed among a stratified, nationally representative sample of 1000 men from across Canada. The survey included brief self-report measures of pathological narcissism, maladaptive externalizing coping behaviours, and general coping strategies such as substance overuse and aggressive behaviours with narcissistic personality psychological distress. After controlling for the effects of age and general psychological distress, pathological narcissism was found to be significantly associated with alcohol overuse and aggressive behaviour. Significant though modest interaction effects were found between pathological narcissism and age - with regards to drug use - and distress - with regards to risk-taking behaviour. The findings point to the need for attention to narcissistic dysfunction as a clinical and public health issue among men.

Introduction

Narcissistic personality attributes continue to fascinate the public. The label "narcissistic" carries a profound stigma, often used to denote a self-absorbed and socially offensive individual who ultimately deserves rebuke. Yet a form of narcissism well-known to clinicians (Ogrodniczuk, 2013, Ronningstam, 2005) is associated with distress and impairment (Miller et al., 2007), and linked with other clinical concerns including interpersonal problems (Ogrodniczuk et al., 2009), depressive tendencies (Kealy et al., 2012), and suicidality (Ansell et al., 2015; Blasco-Fontecilla et al., 2009). This personality constellation, known as pathological narcissism, hinges upon distortions and fluctuations of self-image and admiration needs (Cain et al., 2008; Pincus et al., 2015; Ronningstam, 2011); severe clinical presentations are often diagnosed as narcissistic personality disorder. Where a stable but dynamic view of the self - including realistic positive appraisals - is a normal component of identity, pathological narcissism is defined by unstable and/or maladaptive regulation of self-image (Pincus and Lukowitsky, 2010, Ronningstam, 2011). Grandiose features - involving inordinate self-inflation and admiration-seeking - and vulnerable features - involving dysphoria and diminished self-esteem - often co-exist in a manner that can appear incongruous and perplexing. Indeed, while narcissistic subtypes have been described using various labels (see Cain et al. (2008) for a review), fluctuations between grandiose and vulnerable states are commonly observed (Gore and Widiger, 2016), and mixed presentations feature prominently in the clinical and theory-based literature (Caligor et al., 2015, Cooper, 2009; Kernberg, 2014; Kohut and Wolf, 1978; Kealy and Rasmussen, 2012; Levy, 2012; Pincus et al., 2014). This latter literature widely regards deficiencies and distortions of self-image as constituting the core of pathological narcissism: "narcissistic patients are desperately attempting to manage their vulnerability" (Gabbard and Crisp‐Han, 2016, p. 116).

The maladaptive self-regulatory strategies of those who suffer from pathological narcissism extend beyond fantasies of brilliance and admiration. Several authors have noted that narcissistic patients may turn to externalizing, sensation-seeking behaviours in order to diminish awareness of shame-related affects or combat feelings of emptiness (Grosch, 1994, Kernberg, 1984, Kohut and Wolf, 1978). Drugs or alcohol may be employed in an attempt to neutralize painful experiences of narcissistic injury, while risk-taking behaviour (e.g., reckless driving, risky sexual activity) may contribute a sense of aliveness during times when admiring responses from others are in short supply. Kohut also described the phenomenon of narcissistic rage, wherein the individual explodes with anger and/or aggression in response to feelings of inadequacy, shame, or humiliation (Kohut, 1972). Externally directed rage is thus thought to temporarily relieve the painful affects associated with a weakened self-representation and restore a sense of potency.

Partial support for the association between narcissistic features and maladaptive self-regulatory strategies can be found in the empirical literature (see Dowgwillo et al. (2016) for a review). Among college undergraduates, grandiose narcissism has been found to be associated with alcohol and drug use (Buelow and Brunell, 2014; Hill, 2015; MacLaren and Best, 2013), including binge drinking (Luhtanen and Crocker, 2005), as well as aggressive and dangerous driving (Edwards et al., 2013; Hill, 2015) and risky behaviours (Buelow and Brunell, 2014, Foster et al., 2009). Pathological narcissism, encompassing both grandiose and vulnerable features, was found to be associated with substance overuse in a sample of Iranian undergraduates (Mowlaie et al., 2016). Among student samples, aggression has been linked with both vulnerable (Fossati et al., 2010, Krizan and Johar, 2015, Lobbestael et al., 2014) and grandiose narcissism, particularly in the context of ego threat experiences (Bushman and Baumeister, 1998; Fossati et al., 2010; Lobbestael et al., 2014). Among clinical samples, narcissistic grandiosity has been associated with aggressive behaviour among both inpatient (Goldberg et al., 2007) and outpatient samples (Ellison et al., 2013).

Studies investigating the relationship between narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours in more representative community samples are comparatively scarce. Findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions revealed associations between features of grandiose narcissism and substance use (Stinson et al., 2008), as well as reports of violent behaviour - particularly when combined with impulsive traits (Larson et al., 2015). Interestingly, community studies have found an inverse relationship between narcissism and age, with higher levels of narcissistic personality features observed among younger adults (Stinson et al., 2008). Identity-related maturational processes may contribute to reduced narcissistic dysfunction (Cramer, 2017), and perhaps to a broadening of self-regulatory strategies. Given the relatively limited perspective of narcissism assessed in previous studies, further research regarding these associations in large representative community samples is warranted. The present study examined pathological narcissism - including vulnerable elements - and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Canadian men. Examining this issue among men is particularly warranted given their higher rates of substance abuse and aggression compared to women (Archer, 2004, Brady and Randall, 1999).

Our first objective was to explore the severity of narcissistic tendencies among Canadian-based men in the general community. We included age in this exploration and in subsequent analyses, due to most previous narcissism research involving young adult samples, and given previous reports of significant age differences in narcissistic dysfunction. Our second objective was to investigate the relationship between narcissistic features and men's use of unhealthy coping strategies, including drug and alcohol overuse, angry and aggressive behaviour, and risk-taking behaviour. Since these coping responses are likely to be influenced by psychological distress, we sought to control for this when examining narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours. We hypothesized that pathological narcissism would be significantly positively associated with each of the aforementioned maladaptive behaviour domains, even after controlling for the effects of general psychological distress. Finally, we examined potential interactions between pathological narcissism, age, and psychological distress. This was an exploratory investigation regarding the potential moderating effects of age and distress on the relationship between pathological narcissism and maladaptive behaviours.

Section snippets

Sample

The sample was a non-probability sample of 1000 Canadian men who took part in a national survey regarding men's mental illness, conducted in April 2016. Respondents were sourced from a Canadian online survey provider and screened regarding eligibility criteria, which consisted of being over the age of 19 years, being able to read English, and having access to the internet. Weighted randomization was then used to select respondents for the survey. Further screening was done to meet

Results

The mean K6 score for respondents was M = 7.51 ( SD = 5.38). Scores on the MDRS-22 substance use subscales were M = 0.63 ( SD = 1.51) and M = 1.12 (SD = 1.72) for Drug Use and Alcohol Use, respectively. Men's MDRS-22 Anger / Aggression scores were M = 1.39 ( SD = 1.68), and Risk-taking scores were M = 0.99 ( SD = 1.43). The mean pathological narcissism score is presented in Table 1, along with the results of t-test comparisons of the present sample (both overall and by age groups) with the

Discussion

The findings from this study provide evidence for the relationship between narcissistic dysfunction and men's use of unhealthy self-regulatory behaviours. Although general psychological distress accounted for a larger portion of the variance, pathological narcissism nonetheless emerged as being significantly related to several behaviours that often signify externalizing depressive symptoms among men. Narcissistic features were associated with substance overuse, angry and aggressive behaviours,

Acknowledgement

Thanks to Intensions Consulting ( http://www.intensions.co/) for assisting with data collection and analysis.

Identity change between late adolescence and adulthood

Sex differences in aggression in real-world settings: a meta-analytic review

Of tails and their dogs: a critical view of the measurement of trait narcissism in social-personality research

The narcissistic-masochistic character

The dark side of narcissism

Narcissism: shame, rage and addiction

View full text

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Pathological narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours in a nationally representative sample of Canadian men

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Clinical observation has linked externalizing dysfunction. This study examined the relationship between pathological narcissism and maladaptive self-regulatory behaviours among Canadian men. An online survey was distributed among a stratified, nationally representative sample of 1000 men from across Canada.

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This article had great relevance to my topic, it gave me insight into the specifics of how the two pathologies interact and develop. It also helped to identify why the specific traits may lead to people with NPD using food as a form of control.

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I can tell it is a scholarly article because of how it is set up. It has a specific structure including and introduction, abstract, discussion, as well as many references at the end.

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Findings of the study revealed a more significant link between vulnerable narcissism than grandiose in the prediction of an eating disorder developing. This is due to the many shared personality characteristics such as a high need for validation.

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Vulnerable Narcissism as a Mediator of the Relationship between Perceived Parental Invalidation and Eating Disorder Pathology- Danushika Sivanathan, Boris Bizumic, Elizabeth Rieger, and Elizabeth Huxley

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Vulnerable Narcissism as a Mediator of the Relationship between Perceived Parental Invalidation and Eating Disorder Pathology- Danushika Sivanathan, Boris Bizumic, Elizabeth Rieger, and Elizabeth Huxley

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Scholarly Source

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Vulnerable narcissism as a mediator of the relationship between perceived parental invalidation and eating disorder pathology - Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity

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Purpose Parental invalidation and narcissism have been proposed to play an important role in understanding the etiology of eating disorders. The current research aimed to address two main gaps in the literature. The first aim was to determine the differential associations of grandiose and vulnerable…

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I know quite a bit when it comes to the traits of a narcissist from class, so this article was very helpful in finding the overlap of traits between the two pathologies.

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This is a trade article because it is published and written by the people of the eating disorder center. It is published for those in the field as well as those who already have an interest.

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There are a wide variety of influential factors on the development of an eating disorder. These risk factors include women typically during adolescence. Those with mental disorders such as depression, anxiety, ocd, or low self-esteem are also big risk factors. Personality types including perfectionism also are at higher risk.

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Eating Disorder Risk Factors- Author Unknown

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Eating Disorder Risk Factors- Author Unknown

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Trade Source

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There are still many unanswered questions about eating disorders. Previous studies have shown that there are a number of risk factors that have been linked as possible causes of eating disorders. Eating disorder risk factors are characteristics that are more common in individuals suffering from eating disorders than among the general population. The presence of any of these eating disorder risk factors does not necessarily predict that an individual will develop an eating disorder. However, the more of these eating disorder risk factors that are present, the more likely it is than an individual will develop an eating disorder. If you or a loved one is suffering from an eating disorder, contact McCallum Place to learn about eating disorder treatment programs in St. Louis and Kansas City.
Gender
While eating disorders can occur in both men and women, females are as much as ten times more likely to develop anorexia or bulimia and 2.5 times more likely to experience binge eating disorder. This means simply that women and girls are at a higher risk for developing an eating disorder.
Age
Eating disorders can occur in individuals of any age from children to older adults. However, studies show a peak in the occurrence of eating disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Therefore, teenage girls and young women have the highest risk factor for developing eating disorders based on age.
Weight Concerns, Dieting, and Negative Body Image
Individuals who have previously shown weight concerns and a preoccupation with weight, have a history of dieting, and display a negative body image all show risk factors for developing eating disorders.
Psychological and Emotional Disorders
Studies have shown that depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and low self-esteem are eating disorder risk factors. Individuals who suffer from these emotional disorders are at risk of developing eating disorder in the future.
History of Sexual Abuse and Other Trauma
A history of sexual abuse is more common in individuals who suffer from eating disorders suggesting that this is an eating disorder risk factor. Additionally, other stressful events and traumas may also be linked to the development of eating disorders.
Childhood Obesity and Eating Problems
There is some evidence to show that adolescents and teens with a history of childhood obesity are at risk for bulimia and binge eating disorder.
Family Factors
Family discord, parental indifference, and overprotective parenting can be eating disorder risk factors. Additionally, the presence of psychological issues and a history of depression in a family can increase an individual's risk for developing an eating disorder. Finally, families that fail to embrace a positive body image or are overly concerned with physical appearance can also contribute to the development of eating disorders.
Genetics
There is evidence that shows individuals who have a close family member who suffered from an eating disorder or other mental illness are at a higher risk themselves of developing an eating disorder. Therefore, this suggests that there are genetic or biological eating disorder risk factors.
Participation in Specific Activities
Participation in certain sports and activities can be an eating disorder risk factor as these activities encourage athletes to be thin, quick, and extremely fit. These activities include swimming, gymnastics, wrestling, running, and dance.
Personality Traits
Certain personality traits may also contribute to the development of eating disorders. One of these personality traits that is an eating disorder risk factor is a high drive for perfectionism. Individuals who struggle for perfection are at risk for developing anorexia or bulimia.

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McCallum Place | Eating Disorder Risk Factors

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There are still many unanswered questions about eating disorders. Previous studies have shown that there are a number of risk factors that have been linked as possible causes of eating disorders. Eating disorder risk factors are characteristics that are more common in individuals suffering from eating disorders than among the general population.

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This article gave me insight into the traits and personality types most at risk for developing eating disorders.

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This is a scholarly article published by the Mayo Clinic. This clinic is known world-wide for their medical discoveries and research. The webpage article is classified as scholarly due to the nature its content. The article’s language is very professional and specialized to the topic.

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Are narcissists at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder?

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Are narcissists at a higher risk of developing an eating disorder?

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Overview on Eating Disorders
-Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors. These behaviors can significantly impact your body's ability to get appropriate nutrition.

Symptom Overlook
-symptoms may vary across individual and across specific type of eating disorder
-the most prevalent are anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and binge-eating disorder
-many types of disordered eating

Causes
-genetic: some people are at a higher biological chance of developing an eating disorder due to chemical imbalances
-psychological: may have low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior and troubled relationships

Risk Factors
- family history
- mental health disorders
-dieting or restricting
-stress

Complications
-depression and anxiety
-issues with growth
-serious health problems
-issues in relations
-death
-etc

Prevention
-have open discussion with children
-avoid dieting around children
-cultivate health and positive body image

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Eating Disorders-Author Unknown (mayo clinic) 

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Eating Disorders-Author Unknown (mayo clinic) 

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medical journal

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Overview

Eating disorders are serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions and your ability to function in important areas of life. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder.

Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors. These behaviors can significantly impact your body's ability to get appropriate nutrition. Eating disorders can harm the heart, digestive system, bones, and teeth and mouth, and lead to other diseases.

Eating disorders often develop in the teen and young adult years, although they can develop at other ages. With treatment, you can return to healthier eating habits and sometimes reverse serious complications caused by the eating disorder.

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Symptoms

Symptoms vary, depending on the type of eating disorder. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder are the most common eating disorders. Other eating disorders include rumination disorder and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder.

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia (an-o-REK-see-uh) nervosa - often simply called anorexia - is a potentially life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight, and a distorted perception of weight or shape. People with anorexia use extreme efforts to control their weight and shape, which often significantly interferes with their health and life activities.

When you have anorexia, you excessively limit calories or use other methods to lose weight, such as excessive exercise, using laxatives or diet aids, or vomiting after eating. Efforts to reduce your weight, even when underweight, can cause severe health problems, sometimes to the point of deadly self-starvation.

Bulimia nervosa

Bulimia (boo-LEE-me-uh) nervosa - commonly called bulimia - is a serious, potentially life-threatening eating disorder. When you have bulimia, you have episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling a lack of control over your eating. Many people with bulimia also restrict their eating during the day, which often leads to more binge eating and purging.

During these episodes, you typically eat a large amount of food in a short time, and then try to rid yourself of the extra calories in an unhealthy way. Because of guilt, shame and an intense fear of weight gain from overeating, you may force vomiting or you may exercise too much or use other methods, such as laxatives, to get rid of the calories.

If you have bulimia, you're probably preoccupied with your weight and body shape, and may judge yourself severely and harshly for your self-perceived flaws. You may be at a normal weight or even a bit overweight.

Binge-eating disorder

When you have binge-eating disorder, you regularly eat too much food (binge) and feel a lack of control over your eating. You may eat quickly or eat more food than intended, even when you're not hungry, and you may continue eating even long after you're uncomfortably full.

After a binge, you may feel guilty, disgusted or ashamed by your behavior and the amount of food eaten. But you don't try to compensate for this behavior with excessive exercise or purging, as someone with bulimia or anorexia might. Embarrassment can lead to eating alone to hide your bingeing.

A new round of bingeing usually occurs at least once a week. You may be normal weight, overweight or obese.

Rumination disorder

Rumination disorder is repeatedly and persistently regurgitating food after eating, but it's not due to a medical condition or another eating disorder such as anorexia, bulimia or binge-eating disorder. Food is brought back up into the mouth without nausea or gagging, and regurgitation may not be intentional. Sometimes regurgitated food is rechewed and reswallowed or spit out.

The disorder may result in malnutrition if the food is spit out or if the person eats significantly less to prevent the behavior. The occurrence of rumination disorder may be more common in infancy or in people who have an intellectual disability.

Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder

This disorder is characterized by failing to meet your minimum daily nutrition requirements because you don't have an interest in eating; you avoid food with certain sensory characteristics, such as color, texture, smell or taste; or you're concerned about the consequences of eating, such as fear of choking. Food is not avoided because of fear of gaining weight.

The disorder can result in significant weight loss or failure to gain weight in childhood, as well as nutritional deficiencies that can cause health problems.

When to see a doctor

An eating disorder can be difficult to manage or overcome by yourself. Eating disorders can virtually take over your life. If you're experiencing any of these problems, or if you think you may have an eating disorder, seek medical help.

Urging a loved one to seek treatment

Unfortunately, many people with eating disorders may not think they need treatment. If you're worried about a loved one, urge him or her to talk to a doctor. Even if your loved one isn't ready to acknowledge having an issue with food, you can open the door by expressing concern and a desire to listen.

Be alert for eating patterns and beliefs that may signal unhealthy behavior, as well as peer pressure that may trigger eating disorders. Red flags that may indicate an eating disorder include:

Skipping meals or making excuses for not eating

Adopting an overly restrictive vegetarian diet

Excessive focus on healthy eating

Making own meals rather than eating what the family eats

Withdrawing from normal social activities

Persistent worry or complaining about being fat and talk of losing weight

Frequent checking in the mirror for perceived flaws

Repeatedly eating large amounts of sweets or high-fat foods

Use of dietary supplements, laxatives or herbal products for weight loss

Excessive exercise

Calluses on the knuckles from inducing vomiting

Problems with loss of tooth enamel that may be a sign of repeated vomiting

Leaving during meals to use the toilet

Eating much more food in a meal or snack than is considered normal

Expressing depression, disgust, shame or guilt about eating habits

Eating in secret

If you're worried that your child may have an eating disorder, contact his or her doctor to discuss your concerns. If needed, you can get a referral to a qualified mental health professional with expertise in eating disorders, or if your insurance permits it, contact an expert directly.

Causes

The exact cause of eating disorders is unknown. As with other mental illnesses, there may be many causes, such as:

Genetics and biology. Certain people may have genes that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Biological factors, such as changes in brain chemicals, may play a role in eating disorders.

Psychological and emotional health. People with eating disorders may have psychological and emotional problems that contribute to the disorder. They may have low self-esteem, perfectionism, impulsive behavior and troubled relationships.

Risk factors

Teenage girls and young women are more likely than teenage boys and young men to have anorexia or bulimia, but males can have eating disorders, too. Although eating disorders can occur across a broad age range, they often develop in the teens and early 20s.

Certain factors may increase the risk of developing an eating disorder, including:

Family history. Eating disorders are significantly more likely to occur in people who have parents or siblings who've had an eating disorder.

Other mental health disorders. People with an eating disorder often have a history of an anxiety disorder, depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Dieting and starvation. Dieting is a risk factor for developing an eating disorder. Starvation affects the brain and influences mood changes, rigidity in thinking, anxiety and reduction in appetite. There is strong evidence that many of the symptoms of an eating disorder are actually symptoms of starvation. Starvation and weight loss may change the way the brain works in vulnerable individuals, which may perpetuate restrictive eating behaviors and make it difficult to return to normal eating habits.

Stress. Whether it's heading off to college, moving, landing a new job, or a family or relationship issue, change can bring stress, which may increase your risk of an eating disorder.

Complications

Eating disorders cause a wide variety of complications, some of them life-threatening. The more severe or long lasting the eating disorder, the more likely you are to experience serious complications, such as:

Serious health problems

Depression and anxiety

Suicidal thoughts or behavior

Problems with growth and development

Social and relationship problems

Substance use disorders

Work and school issues

Death

Prevention

Although there's no sure way to prevent eating disorders, here are some strategies to help your child develop healthy-eating behaviors:

Avoid dieting around your child. Family dining habits may influence the relationships children develop with food. Eating meals together gives you an opportunity to teach your child about the pitfalls of dieting and encourages eating a balanced diet in reasonable portions.

Talk to your child. For example, there are numerous websites that promote dangerous ideas, such as viewing anorexia as a lifestyle choice rather than an eating disorder. It's crucial to correct any misperceptions like this and to talk to your child about the risks of unhealthy eating choices.

Cultivate and reinforce a healthy body image in your child, whatever his or her shape or size. Talk to your child about self-image and offer reassurance that body shapes can vary. Avoid criticizing your own body in front of your child. Messages of acceptance and respect can help build healthy self-esteem and resilience that will carry children through the rocky periods of the teen years.

Enlist the help of your child's doctor. At well-child visits, doctors may be able to identify early indicators of an eating disorder. They can ask children questions about their eating habits and satisfaction with their appearance during routine medical appointments, for instance. These visits should include checks of height and weight percentiles and body mass index, which can alert you and your child's doctor to any significant changes.

If you notice a family member or friend who seems to show signs of an eating disorder, consider talking to that person about your concern for his or her well-being. Although you may not be able to prevent an eating disorder from developing, reaching out with compassion may encourage the person to seek treatment.

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Eating disorders are serious conditions related to persistent eating behaviors that negatively impact your health, your emotions and your ability to function in important areas of life. The most common eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. Most eating disorders involve focusing too much on your weight, body shape and food, leading to dangerous eating behaviors.

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-low self esteem
-perfectionism
-high impulse behavior
-troubled relationships
-high neuroticism
-sensitive to criticism

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selfishness, involving a sense of entitlement, a lack of empathy, and a need for admiration, as characterizing a personality type.

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rigid rituals and routines surrounding food or exercise with a preoccupation with weight and physical appearance

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What are the shared traits between NPD and eating disorder patients?

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What are the shared traits between NPD and eating disorder patients?

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a personality disorder that is categorized by a lack of empathy, heightened sense of entitlement, need for admiration, and an excessive interest in oneself

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Vulnerable narcissism is the counterpart to the more widely known grandiose narcissism, with its defining characteristics being: defensiveness, fragility, social withdrawal, and sensitivity to criticism.

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What is the difference between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism? 

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What is the difference between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism? 