# data[].attributes.headline
Saving Washington's salmon from toxic tire dust

# data[].attributes.subject
Saving Washington's salmon from toxic tire dust

# data[].attributes.body
This source was published on January 25, 2023 by Mugdha Flores as a part of a blog posted by the Department of Ecology State of Washington. This source gives more in depth information about how intense the effect of losing Coho Salmon is to the environment as well as discussing different strategies that the state of Washington has been trying in order to limit the amount of 6PPD-quinone that is polluting their streams. With this information of what is succeeding and not succeeding, these good strategies could potentially be enforced in other states that are having the same issues.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Saving Washington’s salmon from toxic tire dust

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
After researchers pinpointed the toxic chemical that is killing coho salmon in freshwater, we got to work, alongside several partners, to protect coho salmon.

# data[].attributes.headline
Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater 

# data[].attributes.subject
Abiotic oxidative transformation of 6-PPD and 6-PPD quinone from tires and occurrence of their products in snow from urban roads and in municipal wastewater 

# data[].attributes.body
In association with the International Water Association this journal article was published on January 24, 2022 and was written by Bettina Seiwert, Maolida Nihemaiti, Mareva Troussier, Steffen Weyrauch, and Thorsten Reemtsma. This source gives much more information on not only 6PPD-quinone but also on the different and specific transformation products that have occurred from road runoff that are specifically affecting the water systems.

# data[].attributes.headline
An urban storm water runoff mortality syndrome in juvenile Coho salmon

# data[].attributes.subject
An urban storm water runoff mortality syndrome in juvenile Coho salmon

# data[].attributes.body
This article was published on June 19, 2019 and was written by Michelle I. Chowa, Jessica I. Lundinb, Chelsea J. Mitchellc, Jay W. Davisd, Graham Younga, Nathaniel L. Scholze, and Jenifer K. McIntyre. This article is focused on explaining how road runoff has significantly increased mortality for Coho Salmon. It also discusses how all age groups are effected and that if the fish have already been exposed to the lethal contaminants they do not recover even when they are put into clean healthy environments afterwards.

# data[].attributes.headline
The lethal and sublethal impacts of two tire rubber-derived chemicals on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry and fingerlings

# data[].attributes.subject
The lethal and sublethal impacts of two tire rubber-derived chemicals on brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) fry and fingerlings

# data[].attributes.body
This international journal article was published on May 9, 2024 and was written by Danielle Philibert, Ryan S. Stanton, Christine Tang, Naomi L. Stock, Tillmann Benfey, Michael Pirrung, and Benjamin de Jourdan. While this article is discussing the effect of these road runoff chemicals on a different type of salmon, these salmon are very similar in a physiological way to Coho salmon. Their findings discuss how there are more dangerous chemicals from road runoff being pushed into water ways besides the 6PPD-quinone and because of this it is important that toxicology tests are done on water ways more often, similar to the one they do in this study in order to see what chemicals are polluting water sheds and to see how the different chemicals are effecting different life stages of the salmon.

# data[].attributes.headline
6PPD-Quinone and Beyond: Tire Rubber Additives and Transformation Products as Emerging Contaminants

# data[].attributes.subject
6PPD-Quinone and Beyond: Tire Rubber Additives and Transformation Products as Emerging Contaminants

# data[].attributes.body
In this YouTube video, published on April 19, 2023, a Doctor by the name of Zhenyu Tian talks about 6PPD-quinone and how it effects urban storm water. In this video you receive more of an explanation behind what is going on and more importantly what big organizations like NOAA Fisheries is doing to help reduce the issues at hand. I also find it more enlightening to hear from this Doctor because he has studied environmental chemistry for years so he already has a deeper understanding of what is really happening.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
6PPD-Quinone and Beyond: Tire Rubber Additives and Transformation Products as Emerging Contaminants

# data[].attributes.headline
Roadway Runoff Known to Kill Coho Salmon also Affects Steelhead, Chinook Salmon

# data[].attributes.subject
Roadway Runoff Known to Kill Coho Salmon also Affects Steelhead, Chinook Salmon

# data[].attributes.body
This article was published on August 24, 2022 and was written by NOAA Fisheries. This article not only continues to discuss the detriments of road runoff in relation to Coho Salmon, but it also includes how it is negatively effecting two other species of salmon that also happen to be on the endangered species list. It also includes how if we do nothing to correct these issues that in the next 30-40 years those species of salmon will be wiped out in the areas of this pollution which would have a huge effect on the ecosystems that they inhabit.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Stormwater runoff containing a toxic compound from automobile tires that washes into streams is lethal to protected coho salmon, Pacific steelhead, and Chinook salmon, according to new research published today. In contrast, sockeye salmon seem largely unaffected by the same compounds.

The newly identified risk to steelhead and Chinook salmon could help inform mitigation efforts for construction and overhaul of highways on the West Coast to ensure that future runoff is less lethal to salmon and steelhead. Some western states have already begun designing highways with inexpensive filtration measures shown to protect salmon.

"There is good news for the fish. Biofiltration appears to remove a decent amount of the toxicity," said Barbara French, a research scientist at NOAA Fisheries' Northwest Fisheries Science Center in Seattle. "As we learn more about the effects of roadway runoff on fish, we learn more about where these mitigation efforts are most warranted."

The Center has been continuously investigating the causes and conservation implications of fish deaths caused by urban runoff since 2002. This research has helped us better understand untreated stormwater runoff's scope and impact on ongoing threatened species recovery efforts, particularly in rapidly-urbanizing areas of California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington.

Steelhead are rainbow trout that migrate to the ocean like salmon. Their range extends farther south along the West Coast than coho salmon. Some steelhead populations still return to streams in Central and Southern California, for instance. Consequently, the new research showing impacts on steelhead expands the implications for roadbuilding and reconstruction.

What is 6PDD?

The tire compound 6PDD is one of the major antioxidant compounds used to reduce the breakdown of rubber in tires. It turns into another chemical, 6PPD-quinone, that is deadly to coho salmon at extremely low concentrations and is often found in urban streams. Stormwater run-off from roads kills both juvenile and adult coho within a matter of a few hours. Even stormwater diluted to a mixture of just 5 percent highway runoff still killed juvenile coho, the new research found.

While experiments showed that juvenile steelhead and Chinook salmon were not affected as severely as coho, they also suffered from toxic runoff. NOAA's work found that 42 percent of juvenile steelhead died following 24 hours of exposure in untreated urban stormwater runoff; up to 13 percent of Chinook salmon died. In contrast, juvenile sockeye salmon survived exposure to the road runoff.

The Endangered Species Act requires that roadbuilding activities by federal agencies, or with federal funding, consider impacts on listed species. This includes the 28 species of West Coast salmon and steelhead listed as threatened and endangered. California authorities have proposed new mandates requiring tire manufacturers to seek alternatives to 6PPD.

Understanding "Sublethal" Effects

It's not clear exactly how the tire compound affects or kills fish. The scientists also called for further research to assess "sublethal toxicity." These are less obvious effects that do not kill the fish directly but may weaken them and leave them vulnerable to other forms of mortality, such as predation.

"Unfiltered runoff is exceptionally hazardous to coho" said Nat Scholz, manager of the Ecotoxicology Program at the Northwest Fisheries Science Center. "Acute fish kills are also a concern for steelhead Chinook, but both species are somewhat less sensitive, and thus future studies will need to explore more subtle forms of impaired health, or sublethal toxicity." He added "Scientists will be looking closely for long-term disruptions to gill, heart, or brain function in salmon that survive a typical storm event."

He said that other compounds in stormwater runoff that have not been identified yet may also be limiting salmon survival, and thus population recovery. More research is needed to identify these novel chemicals and better understand how they interact with other (known) urban pollutants in salmon habitats, such as petroleum-derived compounds.

He said it is also important to salmon recovery efforts to understand how and where toxics wash into salmon streams. That information will help biologists avoid habitat restoration projects that could inadvertently lure salmon back to areas affected by toxic runoff.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Roadway Runoff Known to Kill Coho Salmon also Affects Steelhead, Chinook Salmon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Stormwater runoff containing a toxic compound from automobile tires that washes into streams is lethal to protected coho salmon, Pacific steelhead, and Chinook salmon, according to new research published today. In contrast, sockeye salmon seem largely unaffected by the same compounds.

# data[].attributes.body
This journal was published in April of 2024 and was written by Sean Dixon and Kelsey Furman. This journal entry is discussing how a team of researchers have been working on creating more eco friendly infrastructure as well as trying to get a clean water act passed to help protect our water ways from more potential pollution. They have been working for the past 2 years to increase funding to certain companies that have been constructing research projects to figure out alternatives to the harmful 6PPD-quinone chemicals that are being used.

# data[].attributes.body
This documentary was posted to YouTube on July 4, 2022 by an account called Eva's Wild. In this documentary it is talking about how a fishing guide by the name of Mark Titus went on a mission to see where all the salmon had gone too because he had noticed a significant lack of them in their normal habitat. On this adventure he explains how this significant of a loss of salmon is negatively impacting fishermen, tribal leaders, tribal ceremonies, and much more.

# data[].attributes.body
This short podcast recording was published on October 26, 2015 and recorded by Julia Rosen. Although this Podcast is from almost 10 years ago, I think it is important because it is the first time the scientists could prove that it was road runoff that was in fact increasing the mortality of Coho salmon to such a great extent. It also uses a lot of important statistics that I think would be good to look at in reference from then to now to see how we are either improving or declining in our endeavors to save the Coho salmon.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Researchers have found the first direct evidence that coho salmon near U.S. Northwest cities are being killed by chemical runoff from roads and parking lots that reach streams