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Nikhil Suresh :100902264

Ajil Devassy:100937945

Hello and welcome to my Padlet for Assignment Two. This series collects key ideas from the course, teaching pseudo-scientific concepts, red flags and reasons to believe. All posts include definitions, ties to course material, and resources for further understanding. Check out how your critical thinking skills are used for discovering pseudo-science and analyzing it.

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Explanation : A diagrammatical overview of important topics that took center stage in the course includes pseudo-scientific examples, danger signals (red flags), and reasons for belief. The chart should summarize concisely and show connections.

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Astrology: It is the belief that the positions of stars and other celestial bodies influence human behavior and events.
Connection: Very popular but with no empirical evidence, and confirmation bias often plays the role.

Object: Video: Understanding Astrology

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Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.

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Definition: Energy fields emanating from crystals heal or ward off ill fortune from a person.
Connection: Supported by anecdotical evidence and not by scientific validation.

Object: Scientific Critique

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Scientific American is the essential guide to the most awe-inspiring advances in science and technology, explaining how they change our understanding of the world and shape our lives.

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Definition: Alternative medicine using highly diluted substances to treat diseases.

Connection: Persistently debunked; its effects are attributed to the placebo effect.

Object: Mythbusters: Homeopathy FAQ

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Definition: Vaccination opposition based on misinformation or distrust of pharmaceutical companies.
Connection: Adds to the outbreak of preventable diseases.

Object: Flat Earth Explained

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Definition: Vaccination opposition based on misinformation or distrust of pharmaceutical companies.
Connection: Adds to the outbreak of preventable diseases.

Object: WHO Article on Anti-Vaccine Claims

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Definition: Claims that require extraordinary evidence to be corroborated.
Connection: Products like "miracle cures" often do not have reliable data.

Object: Extraordinary Claims and Evidence

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miracle - The Skeptic’s Dictionary - Skepdic.com

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What Hume has done is to take the commonsense Anglican argument against the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and applied it to miracles, the basis of all religious sects. The laws of nature have not been established by occasional or frequent experiences of a similar kind, but of uniform experience. It is “more than probable,” says Hume, that all men must die, that lead can’t remain suspended in air by itself and that fire consumes wood and is extinguished by water. If someone were to report to Hume that a man could suspend lead in the air by an act of will, Hume would ask himself if “the falsehood of his testimony would be more miraculous than the event which he relates.” If so, then he would believe the testimony. However, he does not believe there ever was a miraculous event established “on so full an evidence.”

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Definition: The dependence on personal stories rather than scientific evidence.
Connection: Often used in ads selling weight loss products and supplements.

Object: How Testimonials Mislead

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Definition: The dependence on personal stories rather than scientific evidence.
Connection: Often used in ads selling weight loss products and supplements.

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Definition: Only presenting favorable data and disregarding contradictory evidence.
Connection: A common tactic in climate change denial.

Object: Data Cherry-Picking

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Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Home - Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet

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Vital Signs of the Planet: Global Climate Change and Global Warming. Current news and data streams about global warming and climate change from NASA.

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Definition: Using the opinion of an authority figure instead of fact data as evidence.
Connection: Commercials tend to mis utilize doctors' endorsements without scientific merit.

Object: Appeal to Authority

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Traditional Spelling Rules Are Not Always Followed in English

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A spelling rule is a principle meant to assist writers and speakers of a language in the accurate spelling of a word.

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Reason for Belief - Desire for Certainity

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Reason for Belief - Desire for Certainity

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Definition: The psychological requirement of confidence in cases of uncertainty.
Connection: It leads to people accepting pseudo-scientific explanations during calamities.

The Psychology of Certainty

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Certainty Is a Psychological Trap and It’s Time to Escape

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The willingness to actually listen to others and to display your ignorance in a world full of know-it-alls is a bold move that now has a name—intellectual humility. It’s not only a developable skill, but it could just end the culture wars.

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Definition: Beliefs are strengthened when endorsed by a group.
Connection: Conspiracy theories take hold through communal validation.

Object: How Social Norms Reinforce Beliefs

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Definition: Mental shortcuts that lead to flawed reasoning.
Connection: People have a bias towards information that justifies their beliefs.

Object: Cognitive Bias Interactive

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Cognitive biases make our judgments irrational. This website helps you identify some of the most common biases and how to avoid falling victim to them.

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Definition-Discomfort with uncertainty lead to belief in supernatural explanations.
Connection: Often found in belief systems that explain life's mysteries.

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Fear: An Evolutionary Perspective on Its Biological, Behavioral, and Communicative Features

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AbstractFear is the multimodal state that accompanies the anticipation of an imminent or predictable aversive outcome. This state promotes adaptive autonom