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Translation techniques

Here's a brief outline of a widely-accepted list of translation techniques [quoted from http://www.ice.urv.es/trans/future/sample/techniques.html]:

This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk"). Borrowing can be for different reasons, with the examples below being taken from usage rather than translated texts:

the target language has no (generally used) equivalent. For example, the first man-made satellites were Soviet, so for a time they were known in English as "sputniks".

the source language word sounds "better" (more specific, fashionable, exotic or just accepted), even though it can be translated. For example, Spanish IT is full or terms like "soft[ware]", and Spanish accountants talk of "overheads", even though these terms can be translated into Spanish.

to retain some "feel" of the source language. For example, from a recent issue of The Guardian newspaper: "Madrileños are surprisingly unworldly."

2. Calque

This is a literal translation at phrase level. Sometimes calques work, sometimes they don't. You often see them in specialized, internationalized fields such as quality assurance (aseguramiento de calidad, assurance qualité, Qualitätssicherung...).

Just what it says - "El equipo está trabajando para acabar el informe" - "The team is working to finish the report". Again, sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. For example, the Spanish sentence above could not be translated into French or German in the same way - you would have to use technique no. 4...

This is the mechanical process whereby parts of speech "play musical chairs" (Fawcett's analogy) when they are translated. Grammatical structures are not often identical in different languages. "She likes swimming" translates as "Le gusta nadar" (not "nadando") - or in German, "Sie schwimmt gern", because gerunds and infinitives work in different ways in English and Spanish, and German is German (bringing in an adverb to complicate matters). Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English wants the verb up near the front; Spanish can have it closer to the end.

Now we're getting clever. Slightly more abstract than transposition, this consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - "Te lo dejo" - "You can have it".

6. Reformulation (sometimes known as équivalence)

Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or, even harder, advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Would you have given the name Sonrisas y lágrimas to the film The Sound of Music in Spanish?

Here something specific to the source language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the target language culture. Sometimes it is valid, and sometimes it is problematic, to say the least. Should a restaurant menu in a Spanish tourist resort translate "pincho" as "kebab" in English? Should a French text talking about Belgian jokes be translated into English as talking about Irish jokes (always assuming it should be translated at all)? We will return to these problems of referentiality below.

Another model describes a technique known as compensation. This is a rather amorphous term, but in general terms it can be used where something cannot be translated from source to target language, and the meaning that is lost in the immediate translation is expressed somewhere else in the TT. Fawcett defines it as: "...making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another". One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages which use forms such as tu and usted (tu/vous, du/Sie, etc.) into English which only has 'you', and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. If you want to read more, look at Fawcett 1997:31-33.

For a more complete description of existing definitions and classifications of translation techniques, read the article Translation Techniques Revisited: A Dynamic and Functionalist Approach.

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Translation techniques Here's a brief outline of a widely-accepted list of translation techniques [quoted from http://www.ice.urv.es/trans/future/sample/techniques.html]: This means taking words straight into another language. Borrowed terms often pass into general usage, for example in the fields of technology ("software") and culture ("punk").

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

2. She hates reading.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession

4. He painted the house blue.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Spanish

1. Me gusta nadar.

2. A ella le desagrada leer.

3. Escribir puede ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. Él pintó la casa de azul.

5. Ella ha leído este libro diez veces.

6. Mi nuevo vestido azul está pasado de moda.

7. Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza y yo llevamos diez años de casados.

9. Ella me miraba con inocente inconsciencia.

10. Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

Pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.

Ella me miraba cándidamente inconsciente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una nueva cara fresca en la industria del modelaje.

Luis Espinosa

4-830-1576

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Evelyn Muñoz

1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession

Escribir puede ser una vocación más que una profesión

4. He painted the house blue.

Él pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Ella leyó este libro diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul esta pasado de moda

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo llevamos diez años casados.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella me miraba cándidamente desconcertada.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una nueva cara en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming. A mí me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading. Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession. Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada más que una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue. Pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times. Ella leyó este libro diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion. Mi nuevo vestido azul está pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone. Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years. Maritza y yo llevamos diez años casados.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious. Ella me miraba sinceramente inconsciente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry. Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

He painted the house blue.

Él pintó la casa de azul.

This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados ​​por diez años.

She was looking at me candidly unconscious.

Ella me miraba con franqueza inconsciente.

Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
I like swimming.
Me gusta nadar.

She hates reading.
A ella le disgusta leer.

Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.
Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada más que una profesión.

He painted the house blue.
Él pintó la casa de azul.

This book was read by her ten times.
Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

My new blue dress is out of fashion.
Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

Alberto is known by everyone.
Alberto es conocido por todos.

Maritza and I have been married for ten years.
Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

She was looking at me candidly unconscious.
Ella me miraba de manera sincera y sin consciencia.

Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.
Lorenzo era una cara fresca y nueva en la industria del modelaje.

-Edgar de La Torre

4-827-451

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir puede ser una vocación inspirada más que una profesión.

4.He painted the house blue.

Él pintó la casa de azul.

5.This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro lo leyó ella diez veces.

6.My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7.Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8.Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados durante diez años.

9.She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella me miraba de manera sincera e inconsciente.

10.Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era un rostro fresco y nuevo en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una una vocación inspirada mas que una profesión.

4. He painted the blue house.

El pintó la casa azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo llevamos diez años de casados.

9. She was looking me at candidly uncounsious.

Ella me estaba mirando con indiferencia.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo fue un rostro nuevo en la industria de modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

2. She hates reading.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession

4. He painted the house blue.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry

Traduccion:

Me gusta nadar.

A ella le detesta leer.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada más que una profesión.

Él pintó la casa de azul.

Ella leyó este libro diez veces.

Mi vestido azul nuevo está pasado de moda.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

Ella me miraba cándidamente inconsciente.

Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

Francisco Mayorga 4-823-2440

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming - Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading- Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession - Escribir podria ser una vocación inspirada en vez de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue - El pintó la casa de azul

5. This book was read by her ten times - Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion- Mi nuevo vestido azul esta pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is know by everyone- Alberto es reconocido.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years - Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious- Ella me estaba mirando francamente inconsciente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry - Lorenzo es un nuevo rostro en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en vez de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

El pintó la casa de azul.

5. this book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul esta pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados durante diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella me estaba mirando con seriedad sin darse cuenta.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming

Me gusta la natación

2. She hates reading

Ella odia leer

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession

La escritura podría ser una vocación inspirada en vez de una profesión

4. He painted the house blue

Él pintó la casa azul

5. This book was read by her ten times

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda

7. Alberto is known by everyone

Todos conocen a Alberto

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years

Maritza y yo llevamos casados diez años

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious

Ella me estaba mirando inconscientemente

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling

Lorenza fue un rostro fresco en la industria del modelaje

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

Pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.

Ella me miraba cándidamente inconsciente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una nueva cara fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

- Me gusta nadar

2. She hates reading.

- Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession

- La escritura puede ser más una vocacion inspiracional que una profesión

4. He painted the house blue.

- Él pintó la casa azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

- Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

- Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

- Alberto es conocido por todos

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

- Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

- Ella estuvo mirándome francamente inconsciente

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

- Lorenzo era una nueva cara fresca en la industria de modelaje.

Adrian R. 4-829-1813

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.
Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.
Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.
Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada más que una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.
Él pintó la casa de azul.

5. This bo ten times.ok was read by her
Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.
Mi nuevo vestido azul está pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.
Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.
Maritza y yo hemos estado casados por diez años.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.
Ella me miraba con candidez, inconsciente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.
Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
Evelyn Muñoz

1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession

Escribir puede ser una vocación más que una profesión

4. He painted the house blue.

Él pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Ella leyó este libro diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul esta pasado de moda

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Alberto es conocido por todos.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo llevamos diez años casados.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella me miraba cándidamente desconcertada.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una nueva cara en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
Nadar me apasiona.

2. She hates reading.

A Ella no le gusta leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

Pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Diez veces ella a leído este libro.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Todos conocen a Alberto

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo por diez años estamos casado.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.

Ella me miraba francamente

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una nueva cara fresca

en la industria del modelaje.

Name : yonatan Miranda

I. D:1-748-1677

# data[].attributes.body
Jahaira A González

4-758-638

1. I like swimming. Nadar me gusta.

2. She hates reading. A ella no le gusta leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

El pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Diez veces ella ha leído este libro.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul está fuera de

moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Todos conocen a Alberto.

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten year.

Diéz años de casados tenemos Maritza y yo.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.

Cándidamente e inconsciente ella me miraba.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry. Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming. –

Me gusta nadar.

2. She hates reading. –

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be an inspired vocation rather than a profession. –

Escribir puede ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue. –

Él pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times. – Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion. –

Mi nuevo vestido azul está pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone. –

Todos conocen a Alberto

8. Maritza and I have been married for ten years. –

Diez años de casados tenemos Maritza y yo.

9. She was looking at me candidly unconscious.–

Ella me miraba inconsciente cándidamente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo fue una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me encanta nadar.

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer.

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir podría ser una vocación inspirada en lugar de una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

El pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Ella leyó diez veces este libro.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi vestido azul nuevo está pasado de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Todos conocen a Alberto.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo tenemos diez años casados.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella me miraba con franqueza, sin darse cuenta.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

En la empresa, Lorenzo fue una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.

# data[].attributes.body
1. I like swimming.

Me gusta nadar

2. She hates reading.

Ella odia leer

3. Writing might be am inspired vocation rather than a profession.

Escribir puede ser una vocación más que una profesión.

4. He painted the house blue.

El pintó la casa de azul.

5. This book was read by her ten times.

Este libro fue leído por ella diez veces.

6. My new blue dress is out of fashion.

Mi nuevo vestido azul ya pasó de moda.

7. Alberto is known by everyone.

Todos conocen a Alberto.

8. Maritza and I hsve been married for ten years.

Maritza y yo tenemos diez años ya de casado.

9. She was looking at me candidly uncounsious.

Ella estaba mirándome inconscientemente.

10. Lorenzo was a fresh new face in the modeling industry.

Lorenzo era una cara nueva y fresca en la industria del modelaje.