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Congress is prohibited from establishing a law that prohibits the free exercise of religion or that abridges the freedom of speech, of the press, or the right of the people to peacefully assemble.

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The First Amendment enables individuals who do not align themselves with any religion to practice atheism.

In Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District (1969), the Supreme Court held that students do not "shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate." This case expanded free speech to symbolic actions like wearing armbands as long as they do not disrupt educational activities.

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Being necessary to the security of a state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.

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The Second Amendment enables individuals to keep firearms in their homes to protect themselves against potential burglars.

In District of Columbia v. Heller (2008), the Supreme Court clarified the right to bear arms outside of militia service by ruling that individuals have a constitutional right to possess firearms for lawful purposes such as self-defense in the home.

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The government is prohibited from quartering soldiers in any house without the consent of the owner, even in time of war.

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The Third Amendment abolished the British practice of housing soldiers in colonists' homes.

In Engblom v. Carey (1982), the Second Circuit Court ruled that evicting prison workers from housing during a strike constituted a Third Amendment violation when National Guardsmen were quartered in their residences.

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The government is prohibited from conducting unreasonable searches or seizures against a person, their houses, papers, or effects.

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The Fourth Amendment protects individuals being pulled over from unreasonable searches and seizures.

In Mapp v. Ohio (1961), the Supreme Court established the exclusionary rule which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court.

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Individuals are protected from self-incrimination and cannot be compelled to provide evidence or testimony against themselves or be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

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The Fifth Amendment enables individuals to refuse to offer testimony at a trial or speak to detectives in criminal investigations.

Miranda v. Arizona (1966) led to the establishment of "Miranda rights" which require law enforcement to inform individuals of their right to remain silent and to an attorney during interrogations.

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Individuals reserve the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury, to be informed of criminal charges against them, to confront and obtain witnesses, and to legal representation.

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The Sixth Amendment enables impoverished individuals accused of crimes to obtain legal representation.

In Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), the Supreme Court ruled that the right to counsel is a fundamental right and required states to provide an attorney to defendants who cannot afford one in criminal cases.

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Preserved is the right of individuals to a jury trial in civil cases where the claim exceeds a certain dollar value, and prohibited are judges from overruling facts revealed by the jury.

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The Seventh Amendment enables wronged individuals to file a lawsuit against another person, organization, business, or government entity.

In Tull v. United States (1987), the Supreme Court clarified that the Seventh Amendment codifies the right to a jury trial in civil cases involving legal rights but not equitable claims.

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Individuals are protected against excessive bail and fines, as well as against cruel and unusual punishments.

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The Eighth Amendment protects individuals from punishments that are overly painful, degrading, or humiliating.

In Furman v. Georgia (1972), the Supreme Court struck down the death penalty as it was being applied, deeming it arbitrary and capricious.

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The rights of individuals enumerated in the Constitution shall not be construed to deny or disparage others obtained by the people.

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The Ninth Amendment enables individuals to exercise fundamental rights not enumerated in the Constitution such as the right to privacy.

In Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court used the Ninth Amendment to support a constitutional "right to privacy," striking down laws banning contraceptives.

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Any powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved to the states or to the people.

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The Tenth Amendment empowers states to make decisions regarding their constituents such as setting a legal drinking age.

In United States v. Lopez (1995), the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause, reaffirming that certain powers are reserved to the states.