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Development of River Valley Civilizations

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Development of River Valley Civilizations

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2.5 million years ago: Paleolithic Era begins. Early humans developed tools and migrated out of Africa.

10,000 BCE: Neolithic Revolution; Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement.

3,000 BCE: First use of metals during the Bronze Age.

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3100 BCE: Ancient Egypt emerges along the Nile; Pharaoh Narmer unites Egypt; Known for pyramids and hieroglyphics

3000 BCE: Mesopotamian Civilization develops in the Fertile Crescent; Hammurabi’s Code (1754 BCE) creates the first codified laws

2500 BCE: Indus Valley Civilization is thriving (Harappan civilization, The Mohenjo-Daro) with advanced urban planning for cities

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570 CE: Birth of the Prophet Muhammad, leading to the rise of Islam in the 7th century.

800 CE: Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor

1095-1291 CE: The Crusades begin, aiming to reclaim the Holy Land.

1206 CE: Rise of Genghis Khan and the Mongol Empire, initiating global connectivity.

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In 1270; Mongols conquered South China; Yuan dynasty established.

In 1274 and 1281; Japanese shogunates repelled Mongol invasions.

In 1300; China became a unified state with an emperor ruling.

In 1392; Mongol rule faltered, leading to the Choson dynasty in Korea.

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In 1200; Spread new and influential agricultural developments across the world.

In 1200-1450; Thrived as a cultural system and expanded.

In 1258; The fall of the Abbasid Caliphate to the Mongols.

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Developments in South and Southeast Asia

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Developments in South and Southeast Asia

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“Period of Classical States”

In 1206; the Establishment of an independent Muslim Turkic government in Delhi, Sultanate.

In 1225-1400; Tran Dynasty ruled the Dai Viet kingdom.

In 1368-1405; Timur ruthlessly attacked much of South and Southeast Asia.

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In 1200; the Haudenosaunee Confederation; was the plan between Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk tribes to unite in a confederation and live in peace.

In 1250; the Inca expanded their land in South America through military conquest.

In 1325; Aztecs began to build Tenochtitlan.

In 1250-1450; Mayapan was the cultural and political center of the Maya civilization until they abruptly abandoned it in 1450.

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In 1200; The States of Tyo and Kongo emerged.

Around 1300; The Creation of Sofala, a new Swahili city-state, was due to demand for gold and trade.

In 1450; The Kongo kings ruled over their neighboring states as well, displaying the immense power they had.

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In 1215; The Magna Carta, a great charter issued by King John of England, was signed, representing mutual limits in power.

In 1291; The Crusades, or Holy Wars, came to an end.

In 1337; The Hundred Years War between England and France began, ending in 1453.

In 1346-1353; Bubonic Plague hit Europe, killing ⅓ to ½ of Europe’s population.

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In 1200; Artisans were crafting goods with the intent of trading them thousands of miles away along trade routes.

In the 13th and early 14th centuries; Trade along the Silk Road intensified due to increased demand for Chinese, Persian, and Indian goods.

Maritime trading across the Indian Ocean ramped up due to predictable weather patterns and improved technology.

Mediterranean and Trans-Saharan trade helped states such as Mali and Songhai to expand as they helped merchants improve trade in the region.

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The installment of nation-states across Europe had blossomed from patrons’ power growing in the 1400s.

By 1480, Ivan III created an independent Russia by refusing to pay for the Mongol's tribute and installing a focus on the military as well as Orthodox Christianity.

From around the mid-1500s to the mid-1700s, Muslim Empires such as the Ottoman, the Safavid, and the Mughal Empires all had established broken territory over Turkic lands and Southern Asia.

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Ottoman empires relied heavily on taxes on agriculture in which the tax was sent to the local landlord or aristocrat who then paid a portion to the central government.

The long and ruling system of serfdom over Russia throughout the 16th century had finally been abolished in 1861 long after Peter the Great’s reforms to Russian society.

The late Ming dynasty relied on powerful land-owners and had weaker military leaders compared to the simultaneous Ottoman and Mughal empires having a strong military focus.

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In the early 1500s, Sunni and Shi’a schools of Islam had seen divisions in agreeing on who was the rightful caliph following Muhammad’s death.

In 1550, the Protestant Reformation took place in which the power of the Roman Catholic Church started to face challenges by the people of Europe.

Sects or branches of Roman Catholicism, including those like Calvinism, spread throughout the 1600s.

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During the 1350 - 1600s, the Renaissance saw great innovations and outside-the-box thinking, like the printing press being invented in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg, which allowed the spread of the Bible.

In 1492, the Columbian Exchange had caused not only the transfer of goods, animals, and slaves but it had also led to larger innovations such as Transatlantic Slave Ships designated to carry mass amounts of slaves.

Leonardo Da Vinci brought ideas in the parachute, a particular kite, and the catapult.

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In 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed in hopes of finding Indian lands but instead encountered the Americas and the Western Hemisphere.

In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan set sail across the globe.

In the 1570’s; Spain had established a thriving trade sending silver to South and Southeast Asia through the Philippines.

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Transferred crops, foods, animals, slaves, and diseases between Europe, South America, and Africa.

Between 80-95% of the Native population in the Americas died.

Connected the whole world through the establishment of new trade routes.

Spread of new diseases such as smallpox, measles, mumps, whooping cough, cholera, influenza, chicken pox, typhus and more.

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In 1590; The Spanish Empire controlled the Caribbean, Mexico, and the Andes, the Philippines, parts of North Africa and the Mediterranean, as well as eastern Canada. Portugal controlled Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa, and parts of India.

In the 1600s; Joint-stock companies were created by nation-states to relieve them of some of the financial burden of overseas conquest.

In the 1750’s; Britain and France fought in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, and India, marking a change in global politics.

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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Internal and External Challenges to Power

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INTERNAL:

1560-1566: Ottoman Empire - Succession Issues:

The reign of Suleiman the Magnificent faced succession disputes, as competition among his sons destabilized governance.

1642-1649: English Civil

A conflict between Charles I and Parliament over authority and governance led to the king’s execution.

EXTERNAL:

1453: Fall of Constantinople

The Byzantine Empire was overthrown by the Ottomans, which marked a significant shift in regional power.

1683: Ottoman Siege in Vienna

The failed siege marked the beginning of the Ottoman Empire’s territorial decline in Europe.

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Looking back on the various periods we explored, there were some common connections between them. As history continued, there was a growing sense of nationalism and identity, as certain civilizations, empires, and nation-states began to form. Over time, different rulers came and went, changing the global political landscape greatly. As well as the rulers, technological developments, such as larger ships or improved maritime tools, allowed for the further exploration of the globe or the further exploration of what we know as human beings. Whether scientific, geographical, political, or something else, there were great similarities and differences as history went on, displayed through the key events we discussed.

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Red: Africa

Yellow: The Americas

Green: Europe

Purple: Asia

* Certain topics cover multiple regions