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Leading scientist Nicolas Compernicus 1473-1543

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Leading scientist Nicolas Compernicus 1473-1543

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Nicolas Copernicus: Polish priest and mathematician. He denies the medieval belief, inherited from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy (c. 90-168), that the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun (heliocentric theory) in his De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the revolutions of the Celestail Spheres, completed 1530)

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1514-1564, Belgian physician and anatomist/ In his De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septem (Seven Books on the Structure of the Human Body, 1543), he describes human anatomy more accurately than the classical Greek scientist Galen (c. 130-201), whose works have been the standard reference throughout medieval Europe. His work brings a sentence of death from the inquisition (Catholic Church tribunal) for immorality, but he is not executed.

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English philosopher. His Novum Organum (1620) stresses the importance of the proper scientific method. Theories must be supported by proof acquired by experimentation and observation.

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Italian mathematician and scientist. The first to use telescopes for astronomy. He describes the surface of the Moon and the rotation of the moons of Jupiter. Also establishes basic laws of motion from experimentation. He is arrested by the Inquisition and forced to recant the endorsement of the heliocentric theory made in his Dialogo dei due massimi sistemi del mondo (Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, 1632)

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English physician and anatomist. He discovers the circulation of the blood and describes the purpose of arteries, veins, and the heart in De motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus (On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals, 1638)

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German mathematician and astronomer. Accepts the heliocentric theory after examining data gathered by the Danish astronomer Tycho Brahe _1546-1601). His Astronomia Nova (New Astronomy, 1609) and De Harmonice Mundi (Harmonies of the World, 1619) explain that the orbits of the planets are elliptical and not circular, as Copernicus had suggested

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French philosopher and mathematician. Develops analytic geometry and other mathematical techniques useful in theoretical science. He believes that mathematical proof is the model for rational scientifc inquiry. His best known philosophical work, Meditationes de prima philosophia (meditations on First Philosophy, 1641) emphazies the importance of accpting only indubitable evidence.

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Irish physicist and chemist. He investigates the properties of air and develops a theory describing the relationship between pressure and volume of gases (known as Boyle's Law). In The Sceptical Chemist (1661), he questions the accepted belief that the world comprises four elements (Earth, Air, Water, and Fire) and argues that they can be broken down into more fundamental elements. Chemical elements.

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Dutch physicist and astronomer. He proposes the wave theory of light, discovers the rings of Saturn, and builds the first reliable pendulum clock (originally an idea of Galilio)

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Dutch biologist. He designs a powerful microscope and uses it to describe bacteria, protozoa, spermatozoa, and blood corpuscles

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English physicist and mathematician. One of the most outstanding theoretical scientists in history. He discovered the law of planetary motion and formulated three laws of motion, which form the basis of physics until the 20th century (called Newtonian mechanics). They also invented the reflecting telescope (which uses a curved mirror to focus light). And developed the mathematical system known as calculus. Best known work is Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematic (The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

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French chemist. IN Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementar Treatise on Chemistry, 1789), he describes the constituent gases of air (calling the two most significant, oxygen and nitrogen). He shows that combustion can only take place in the presence of oxygen. Develops the modern system for naming chemical compounds and proposes that matter is never destroyed in chemical reactions (Law of conservation of Matter)