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Polish priest and mathematician, he rejects the medieval belief, which was passed on to him from the classical Greek astronomer Ptolemy that preceded that the Earth is in the center of the universe. and formulates the groundbreaking theory that the sun is in the center of the universe (heliocentric theory)

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Belgian doctor and anatomist. In his De humani corporis fabrica librium septum, he documented human anatomy in greater detail than the classical Greek scientist, Galen, whose texts have been the reference point throughout medieval Europe. His text is a declaration of death from the inquisition for immortality, but he was not put to death.

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Francis Bacon (1561–1626) was an English philosopher and statesman who developed the scientific method and supported an empirical approach to research. In books such as Novum Organum he favored observation and experimentation over dependence on tradition. Despite scandal ending his political career, his ideas paved the way for modern science.

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Galileo Galilei (1564–1642), an Italian astronomer, physicist, and mathematician, was important in the Scientific Revolution. Galileo emphasized observation and experimentation, made significant advances to the telescope, and supported the heliocentric theory of the solar system. Despite his evidence contrary to Church doctrine, subjects to trial and house-arrest; Galilei would later be credited with the fundamental basis of modern physics and astronomy.

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Johannes Kepler (1571–1630) was a German mathematician and astronomer who is best known for discovering the three laws of planetary motion. He expanded on the work of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe and showed that planets move around the Sun in ellipses and not in uniform circular orbits. His discoveries provided substantial support for a heliocentric view of the universe and established foundations for Newton's theory of gravity and modern astronomy.

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William Harvey (1578–1657) was an English anatomist and physician who discovered the circulation of blood in the human body. Harvey's influential publication, titled De Motu Cordis (1628), demonstrated how the heart functions as a pump by constantly circulating blood in a closed system of arteries and veins. Harvey's groundbreaking research changed our understanding of the body, and ultimately established a foundation for contemporary physiology and medicine.

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René Descartes (1596–1650), a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist, is often called the father of modern philosophy. He is best known for his statement "Cogito, ergo sum" ("I think, therefore I am"), as well as for emphasizing reason as the primary source of knowledge. Descartes developed a method of doubt and analysis that has had an impact on both philosophy and science. He helped to form a foundation for analytic geometry in mathematics, which combined algebra and geometry. He had a tremendous impact on the scientific method and Enlightenment thought.

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Dutch mathematician, physicist, and astronomer Christiaan Huygens (1629–1695) is considered one of the fathers of modern mechanics, optics, and astronomy. He articulated the wave nature of light, discovered Titan, Saturn's largest moon, and gave an explanation of the rings of Saturn. Huygens invented the pendulum clock, which significantly improved the accuracy of timekeeping. Huygens' work on the laws of motion and centrifugal force were foundational to classical physics; he was also instrumental in the development of Isaac Newton's work.

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Robert Boyle (1627–1691) was an Anglo-Irish scientist and one of the founders of modern chemistry. He is most well-known for Boyle’s Law, which states that there is an inverse relation between the pressure and volume of a gas. A pioneer of the experimental method, Boyle championed careful observation and repeatable tests. His book The Sceptical Chymist (1661) attacked traditional alchemy and served to establish chemistry as a distinct empirical discipline.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) was a Dutch scientist often referred to as the "Father of Microbiology." Using handcrafted microscopes that he designed, he was the first person to observe and describe microorganisms, including bacteria, protozoa, and sperm cells. He provided rich descriptive observations about them, opening up an entirely new world that could not be seen by the naked eye, and provided an important conceptual basis for microbiology and cell biology.

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Isaac Newton (1643–1727) was an English mathematician, astronomer and physicist. He is universally considered to be one of the greatest scientists who ever lived. He created the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which are the basis for classical mechanics; he made breakthroughs in calculus, optics, and the study of light; importantly, he published Principia Mathematica (1687) which unified the understanding of motion on Earth and in the heavens. What is preserved in his contributions can be understood to have fundamentally impacted the future direction of all science.

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Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) was a French chemist termed the "Father of Modern Chemistry". He formulated the law of conservation of mass, showed that combustion involves oxygen, and helped develop chemical nomenclature. Lavoisier began the shift from qualitative to quantitative chemistry, and led the field for the development of modern chemical reactions and stoichiometry.