# data[].attributes.body
The Punic Wars is a chain of three conflicts where Rome won against Carthage in all three. Rome’s military and naval power greatly assisted in their triumph over Carthage in the first war. In The Second Punic War, Hannibal’s (Carthaginian war general) army invaded Italy and inflicted several defeats on Rome, but overall, Roman persevered and won through a strategic victory. Rome then forced Carthage into a peace treaty, but, The Third Punic War started because of Rome’s concerns about Carthage recovering. In the end Rome ensured the complete destruction of Carthage and making Rome the dominant power in the Mediterranean.

# data[].attributes.body
Julius Caesar was assassinated on March 15 in 44 BC.The event that lead up to his assassination was a group of senators concerned about his growing power and potential to become king. The senators eventually lead to Caesar being stabbed multiple times in the Senate during a session. This act triggered a period of civil war and ultimately led to the decline of the Roman Republic and the rise of Caesar's adopted son, Octavian or later known as Augustus Caesar.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Assassination of Julius Caesar                                      (44 B.C.E.)

# data[].attributes.body
Octavian (also known as Augustus Caesar) became the first Roman Emperor after defeating his challengers and establishing himself as the ruler following the assassination of his adoptive father, Julius Caesar. In the start, Octavian allied with Mark Antony and Lepidus, forming the Second Triumvirate, but later turned against them to strength his power in Rome. He was effectively able to transitioning Rome from a republic to an empire. Ultimately, his reign as Octavian had established a new political system that would last for centuries.

# data[].attributes.body
The Pax Romana was a period of peace and prosperity within the Roman Empire and lasted for 207 years. This era is characterized by the significant advancements in architecture, art, and culture. The Pax Romana allowed trade and communication that led to increased wealth and the spread of Roman culture throughout the empire.

# data[].attributes.body
The collapse of the Western Roman Empire was a slow and gradual process. It was marked by weaknesses, external pressures, political instability, economic decline, and a decline in civic virtue. A lead cause of the many issues in the Western Roman Empire was Germanic tribes increasingly pressuring on the borders. Eventually, it led to invasions and territory loss. The division of the empire into east and west was originally to improve government but ultimately worsened existing problems. The fall of the empire occurred in 476 AD when germanic tribes overthrew the last Western Roman Emperor.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Germanic tribes invading the western Roman empire

# data[].attributes.body
Justinian I was the Emperor of the Byzantine Empire and ruled for 38 years. He is known for his goal of restoring the Roman Empire and achieving some success in reconquering territories like North Africa and Italy. He is also known for reforming the legal system, most notably the Justinian Code which is a collection of Roman laws. Justinian also oversaw building projects such as the Hagia Sophia. Although he had many military and legal achievements, Justinian experienced many challenges, wars, and economic hardship.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

# data[].attributes.subject
The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity 

# data[].attributes.body
The Great Schism happened in 1054 and formally divided Christianity into the Roman Catholic Church (West) and the Eastern Orthodox Church (East). This split came from a mix of theological disagreements and political tensions, particularly regarding authority. The schism resulted in two distinct religious authorities and practices, with the Catholic Church maintaining its central governance and the Orthodox Church being a more decentralized.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
The Great Schism - Divide of Christianity

# data[].attributes.body
The Fall of Constantinople marked the end of the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of Ottoman rule in the city. The Ottoman Empire breached the city's walls and conquered Constantinople after a 55-day siege. This event greatly impacted the balance of power in Europe and paved the way for Ottoman expansion into Eastern Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
The Islamic Schism was the divide between Sunni and Shi'a. The issue stems from a disagreement over the rightful successor to Prophet Muhammad after his death. The Sunni believe in a legitimate leader, no matter the person, while Shi'a Muslims believe only Ali and his descendants were true successors. This disagreement led to a lasting split in the Muslim world. While both groups share fundamental Islamic beliefs, the schism has resulted in distinct religious, legal, and political changes within Islam.

# data[].attributes.headline
Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

# data[].attributes.subject
Three expansions of the Islamic Empires 

# data[].attributes.body
The Islamic Empires expanded through conquest, trade, and cultural influence. the first expansion was through Muhammad during the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-661. After this, the Umayyad Caliphate is known for its rapid expansion from Spain to India from 661-750. The Abbasid Caliphate had an uprising of culture and science in 750 to 1258, making it the longest lasting Caliphate.

# data[].attributes.headline
Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

# data[].attributes.subject
Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Tours was a battle between the Franks and the Muslims who seeked to conquer them. The Franks halted the Islamic advance into Western Europe. The Islamic army was heavily outnumbered and suffered significant losses. This battle is considered as a turning point in European history and prevented the establishment of a permanent Islamic presence in the region. While the Muslim were forced withdrawal after the battle, they had a presence in the region a little longer.

# data[].attributes.wish_content.attachment_props.alternative_text
Muslim armies defeated at the Battle of Tours

# data[].attributes.body
The fall of the capital city of Iraq, Baghdad,  was the end of the Abbasid Caliphate (an important dynasty) and a significant turning point in the history of the Islamic world. The grandson of Genghis Khan, Hulagu Khan, led the Mongol forces to breach the city's defenses and stormed the capital. The caliph attempted to negotiate but was ultimately killed. Baghdad was destroyed, and its population the population sustained significant loss.

# data[].attributes.body
Ghana is known for its massive exports of Gold and salt. These are the two most important items sold and highly stimulated the economy during the time of the African Kingdoms. Gold was collected from the savanna and salt deposits were found in the Sahara Desert. The trade of these items were sold on the trans-Sahara trade route.

# data[].attributes.body
Along with Ghana, Mali was well known for their output of gold and became very wealthy because of it. The country was ruled by Mansa Musa from 1312 C.E. to 1337 C.E. Eventually it grew to double the size of Ghana. The central city of Timbuktu became the center of trade and where Mansa Musa ordered Mosques and universities to be built.

# data[].attributes.body
Mansa Musa was the ruler of Mali from 1312 C.E. to 1337 C.E. He is widely known for his dedication to the country and grew the country to twice the size of Ghana. He ordered for the central city of Timbuktu to construct universities and Mosques. The central city was also the center of trade

# data[].attributes.body
Mali declined and it caused people to break away from it and form others around the Niger river. This civilization is known as Songhai and had two major leaders, Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammad. Sunni Ali later conquered Timbuktu (the major city of Mali). After all of this Songhai was conquered by Moraccans.