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The famous portrait of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln was actually a composite, combining Lincoln's head with John Calhoun's body. This marks one of the earliest known instances of photo manipulation, demonstrating that image alteration has existed almost as long as photography itself.

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William H. Mumler created the first 'spirit photographs,' claiming to capture images of deceased loved ones alongside living subjects. His most famous work was a photo of Mary Todd Lincoln with the 'ghost' of Abraham Lincoln. Though eventually exposed as a fraud, his work sparked a movement in spirit photography that lasted decades.

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Two young girls, Elsie Wright and Frances Griffiths, created a series of photographs supposedly showing them interacting with fairies. The photos famously fooled Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and weren't admitted to be fake until the 1980s. The images were created using simple cardboard cutouts.

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The Soviet Union regularly manipulated photos to remove 'enemies of the state.' A famous example shows Communist Party official Nikolai Yezhov being removed from a photograph with Stalin after his execution, demonstrating how photo manipulation became a powerful political tool.

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NASA often colorizes photos of space because they primarily capture images in black and white, especially with telescopes like Hubble and James Webb. These images are then processed to create full-color images, often using "false color" to highlight different wavelengths of light or chemical elements that might be invisible to the human eye. This process enhances our understanding of the universe by making subtle details and features more visible

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1982: National Geographic's Pyramid Shift

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1982: National Geographic's Pyramid Shift

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National Geographic's cover featured the Great Pyramids of Giza, but digitally moved them closer together to fit the magazine's vertical format. This became a landmark case in photography ethics and led to discussions about digital manipulation in journalism.

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The release of Adobe Photoshop revolutionized photo manipulation, making sophisticated image editing accessible to anyone with a computer. This democratization of photo editing tools marked a new era in digital manipulation.

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A campaign photo of John Kerry and Jane Fonda at an anti-war rally circulated widely during the presidential campaign. The image was later proven to be a composite of two separate photos taken at different times, highlighting the growing problem of political photo manipulation.

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The term 'deep fake' entered popular consciousness as artificial intelligence and machine learning made it possible to create highly convincing fake videos and images. This technology raised new concerns about the authenticity of digital media.

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Tools like DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion made AI image generation accessible to the public. The viral fake image of Pope Francis in a puffy white coat, created using Midjourney, demonstrated both the capabilities and dangers of AI image generation technology.