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BIOL-1-38338

Christina Gonzales

Ivory Castaneda

Renyiel Fernandez

April 29,2025

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The Boreal Forests are the "snow forests" of the world. Mainly in the northern hemisphere, these biomes may be the largest terrestrial biome, but it is cold and lonely within these woods.

Elevation: Around 150m-1100m

Temperatures:

Winter: -54℃ to -1℃

Summer: -7℃ to 21℃

Precipitation:

Snow: 20-40 inches

Rain: 10-20 inches

Their summer months are way shorter than their winter months, as they are 50-100 days where frost is not present. In exchange, the biome becomes warmer, rainy, and humid.

Wind will disrupt these areas and may cause fires. There are multiple patterns, but the main one is westerlies, with polar eastlies as a secondary option.

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Ecological role: They influence the vegetation growth. They are primary herbivores. They also affect the way carbon is stored in forests by consuming all the young trees which keeps them from storing in there trunks and roots.

interspecific interactions:

Predation: They are preyed upon by wolves and bears

Competition: The moose compete with other herbivores like deer for food especially during the season with the food is scarce.

Herbivory: Moose feed and many different plants, young trees, twigs, shrubs, which is also how they get there energy.

Parasitism: Moose are hosts to many parasites one of them is the winter ticks

Mutualism: This is rare to see in moose but one of them could be when the bacteria in there digestive system help break down there cellulose consumption.

Commensalism: Moose may provide shelter for birds when they are nesting, they do this with there antlers.

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An interesting fact is that Indigenous people use this plant to produce medicine teas, regardless of the toxins.

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Labrador Tea Plant (Rhododendron groenlandicum)

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Labrador Tea Plant (Rhododendron groenlandicum)

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Ecological Role: This plant is found in the Boreal Forest and is keep moisture in the soil and is a home and food for some insects and herbivores. Labrador tea is a native perennial shrub which inhabits the bogs, swamps and wet conifer forests of Canada and the northern United States. It is a member of the Ericaceae (Heath family).(Stephen white)

Interspecific Interactions:

Predation and Parasitism: Labrador tea plants are not predators. They are also not known to be hosts for parasites.

Competition: Competes with other plants for sunlight, soil and even water.

Herbivory: The Labrador tea plant is a great resource for most herbivore animals like moose and hares.

Mutualism: Grows in association with mycorrhizal fungi. The plant also can be involved in the cycling of nutrients.

Commensalism: Labrador Tea plants provide a home for several insects.

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Fun fact : Suillus tomentosus is a "host specialist"meaning it forms exclusive partnerships with lodgepole pine trees.

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Ecological role: Forms symbiotic associations with conifer roots, facilitating nutrient and water absorption; plays a crucial role in soil health and plant community dynamics.

Interspecific interactions:

Mutualism: Mutually beneficial relationship with coniferous trees, exchanging nutrients for carbohydrates.​

Competition: Competes with other soil microorganisms for space and resources.​

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Works Cited

Activity 2.4 Distribution Patterns and Population Size Estimates.

Canada, Natural Resources. “Boreal Forest - Natural Resources Canada.” Canada.ca, 2015, natural-resources.canada.ca/forest-forestry/sustainable-forest-management/boreal-forest.

“Ledum Groenlandicum.” Usda.gov, 2024, www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ledgro/all.html.

Leroux, Shawn J., et al. “Cumulative Effects of Spruce Budworm and Moose Herbivory on Boreal Forest Ecosystems.” Functional Ecology, vol. 35, no. 7, 3 May 2021, pp. 1448–1459, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2435.13805. Accessed 24 Sept. 2022.

Madaan, Sonia. “Taiga (Boreal Forest) Biome: Temperature, Climate, Location, Plants, Animals | Earth Eclipse.” Earth Eclipse, 20 Aug. 2017, eartheclipse.com/environment/ecosystem/taiga-boreal-forest-biome.html. Accessed 11 May 2025.

“Mushroom Reproduction and Spore Germination Explained | Britannica.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2024, www.britannica.com/video/spores-Fungi-billions-fungi-rise-generations/-108741.

“Mycorrhizal Fungi.” Www.spun.earth, www.spun.earth/networks/mycorrhizal-fungi.

NRDC. “Canada’s Boreal Forest: Why It’s so Important.” Www.nrdc.org, 1 July 2022, www.nrdc.org/stories/canadas-boreal-forest-why-its-important.

Petersen, Tanja K, et al. “Airborne Laser Scanning Reveals Uniform Responses of Forest Structure to Moose (Alces Alces) across the Boreal Forest Biome.” Journal of Ecology, vol. 111, no. 7, 14 Mar. 2023, pp. 1396–1410, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14093.

Rauschert, Emily. “Survivorship Curves | Learn Science at Scitable.” Www.nature.com, 2010, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/survivorship-curves-16349555/.

Read, David J, et al. “Mycorrhizal Fungi as Drivers of Ecosystem Processes in Heathland and Boreal Forest Biomes.” Canadian Journal of Botany, vol. 82, no. 8, 1 Aug. 2004, pp. 1243–1263, https://doi.org/10.1139/b04-123.

Schwartz, Charles. REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY of NORTH AMERICAN MOOSE.

“The Physical Environment - Regional Aquatics Monitoring Program (RAMP).” Ramp-Alberta.org, 2019, www.ramp-alberta.org/river/boreal/canada/physical+environment.aspx.

“What Are Mycorrhizae? | Mycorrhizae-Forming Fungus | Symborg.” Symborg, 12 Jan. 2024, symborg.com/us/what-are-mycorrhizae/.

White, Stephen. “Bog Labrador Tea.” Www.fs.usda.gov, www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/ledum_groenlandicum.shtml.

Yildirir, Gökalp, et al. “Parasexual and Sexual Reproduction in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Room for Both.” Trends in Microbiology, vol. 28, no. 7, July 2020, pp. 517–519, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2020.03.013. Accessed 4 May 2022.

https://naturalheritage.state.pa.us/ccvi/Labrador-tea.pdf

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Taiga biome is derived from the Russian word, meaning forest. Despite that fact that it's the largest terrestrial biome in the world, it's a cold and lonely place, and many people are not familiar with the name. Although Taiga biome is so cold and remote, humans have had a deep influence here. Ancient humans hunted animal species like the giant sloth to extinction. However, modern humans have caused more devastation in this biome in the past 400 years than those hunters did in 1000 years. Extensive hunting and trapping have brought some of the Taiga biome animals to the edge of extinction. But government intervention has slowed down this heinous activity, and we may see the population of these animals explode again in the near future.

Taiga biome, also referred to as boreal forest, coniferous forest or snow forest, is a biome consisting mainly of coniferous trees such as pines, lurches, and spruces. It spans across Eurasia and North America. The taiga biome is situated near the top of the world, with tundra biome occurring just below it.

Temperature

The average temperature in the taiga biome is below freezing point for half of the year. During winter, temperatures range between -54 to -1 degrees Celsius (-65 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit). Winters are freezing with a lot of snow. In the summer, the temperature range plummets to -7 degrees Celsius (20 degrees Fahrenheit). The highest temperature in summer might be 21 degrees Celsius (70 degrees Fahrenheit). The summer months in the taiga biome are typically warm, rainy and humid. Also, the summers are short and experience 50 to 100 days without frost.

Climate

The most part of taiga biome climate is dominated by Arctic air. Uniquely cold winds carry along extremely cold air from the Arctic Circle to this biome. During clear nights, when cloud cover is unavailable, the temperatures even plummet further. Due to the earth's tilt, the taiga biome faces away from the sun during winter.

This means radiation barely reaches the ground to heat it up. Winters come with exceedingly cold conditions and lasts for six months. Summer experiences rainy, hot and short season in this biome. In the taiga biome, fall is the shortest season. Spring is characterized by scintillating flowers, melting ponds, and animals coming out of hibernation.

Location

The taiga biome is situated in the north part of the northern hemisphere and occurs in the continents of America, Asia, and Europe. It spans across Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia and spreads through the northern hemisphere.

Precipitation

Precipitation takes place in two forms in the taiga biome: snow and rain. Precipitation falls in the form of snow during winter months; the annual precipitation being 20 to 40 inches (50 to 101 cm). Rainfall in the taiga biome typically occurs in the moist summer, registering an average annual rainfall of 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 cm). This brings the average precipitation in this biome to approximately 40 inches (101cm).

Plants

Since the climate of taiga biome is extremely cold, there are only a few verities of plants. Coniferous tree with cones are the most dominant tree species in this biome. There are four dominant kinds of conifers here; spruce, evergreen, pine, and fir. The fourth dominant coniferous tree in the taiga is a deciduous tree known as tamarack. Under specific conditions, broad-leafed trees like aspen and birch have developed ability to endure the harsh conditions in this biome.

Plants have developed unique adaptations to endure the extremely cold conditions of the taiga biome, including their type, shape, leaf, color and root system. For example, evergreen trees are always green, and since they don't shed their leaves when temperatures cool down, they don't grow them back when spring sets in.

Plants use lots of energy to develop new leaves. These plants derive their energy from the sun and soil. Soil acts as a nutrient source, while sunlight aid photosynthesis. The soil in the taiga biome is nutrient-deficient, and the sun is scarce. These two aspects limit the quantity of energy in the tree. By not shading their leaves, the evergreens can utilize that limited energy for other important aspects like structural growth, instead of growing new leaves.

While the taiga biome has fairly high precipitation, the ground becomes frozen in the winter, which means plant roots cannot get water. Some plants have adapted narrow need-like leaves, instead of broad leaves, to minimize water loss through the process of transpiration. Also, evergreen trees contain less sap to minimize the risk of needle damage coming from freezing temperatures.

However, the needles encompass a chemical that usually repels animals trying to eat the needles. The characteristic dark green color of the plant needles helps absorb sunlight, and because the needles are ever available, once the temperature starts to become warm, photosynthesis starts immediately. The evergreens have also adapted a conical shape that lets the snow to slide off the branches instead of piling up.

The piling up of snow is disadvantageous as it can cause the branches to break due to their weight. Other plant species found in the taiga biome include Black Spruce, Douglas Fir, Jack Pine, White Fir, White Spruce, Balsam Fir, Paper Birch, Eastern Red Cedar and Siberian Spruce.

Animals

The cold temperatures limit the number of animal species that can survive in the tiger biome throughout the year. Typical examples of large animals that live in the taiga biome include bears, dears, and mouse. Typical examples of smaller animals that live in this biome include moles, squirrels, chipmunks, bobcats, and ermine.

The taiga biome harbors numerous species of birds and insects like woodpeckers, bald eagle, warblers, chickadee. The ponds and bogs found in every part of the taiga biome in the summer offer incredible breeding grounds for a huge array of insects. Lots of migratory birds come to the taiga biome to reproduce and feed on the large population of insects.

Animals living in the taiga biome have developed remarkable adaptation to cope with the cold conditions here. The majority of animals in this biome migrate to warmer areas at the onset of cold winter months. Other animals hibernate when temperature drop and they can stay that way until favorable climatic conditions manifest. Some animals have adapted to existing in the cold conditions by developing a layer of thick fur or feathers to insulate them from the freezing conditions.

On other occasions, animals change the color of their fur or feathers seasonally to avoid being spotted by predators. A typical example of a small animal that has developed this adaptation is the Ermine. Ermine has a natural dark brown coat, but changes it to white when winter sets in. This impressive adaptation helps the ermine to camouflage in the snow, making it hard for predators to spot it.

The taiga biome faces a formidable threat every day: Destruction by humans and nature. Nature causes destruction to this biome by instigating forest fires and diseases by parasites and herbicides. Also, spruce trees which grow on top bulky moss are habitually blown over by powerful winds. Plantation forestry, large-scale lumbering, soil scarification, introduction of exotic trees, the use of herbicides and pesticides and ditching are human factors that have led to habitat loss.

However, the greatest threat to taiga biome is large scale logging. The wood is transported to pulp factories to manufacture pulp and paper. Other threats to taiga biome include human-caused forest fires, mining, oil and gas exploration, road construction and climate change.

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Taiga (Boreal Forest) Biome: Temperature, Climate, Location, Plants, Animals | Earth Eclipse

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Taiga biome is derived from the Russian word, meaning forest. Despite that fact that it's the largest terrestrial biome in the world, it's a cold and lonely

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Animal: Moose (Alces Alces)

1. Pattern of dispersion?

They are generally solitary animals, but can congregate in small groups, especially during winter near food and shelter. Juvenile moose, particularly males, tend to disperse farther from their natal range than females. In summer, moose, including bull moose and mothers with calves, may be distributed more randomly throughout their habitat.

2. What is the gestation time for the animal?

Gestation length ranges from 216-240 days with a mean of 231 days.

3. What is the sexual maturity?

Female moose can become sexually mature as young as 16 months, although 28 months is more typical.

4. How many offspring are usually produced? What type of survivorship curve does this organism produce (Type I, II, III)?

Moose typically produce one or two offspring, with one calf being the average. Moose exhibit a Type I survivorship curve.

Plant: Labrador Tea Plant (Rhododendron Groenlandicum)

1. Pattern of dispersion?

Labrador tea plants have small, winged seeds that are easily dispersed by wind. This wind dispersal mechanism can lead to a random distribution with plants are scattered across the landscape without a specific pattern.

2. What is the gestation time for the animal?

They don't have a gestation time, however, Labrador tea reproduces sexually through seed production and asexually by vegetative sprouting.

3. What is the sexual maturity?

Labrador tea plants typically reach sexual maturity, meaning they can produce seeds, in their 3rd or 4th year of growth.

4. How many offspring are usually produced? What type of survivorship curve does this organism produce (Type I, II, III)?

Labrador tea flowers are capable of producing a high number of seeds, with averages often exceeding 50 seeds per flower. Labrador tea plants exhibit a Type I survivorship curve.

Microorganism: Mycorrhizal Fungi (Suillus Tomentosus)

1. Pattern of dispersion?

Mycorrhizal fungi generally exhibit a clumped pattern of dispersion, meaning they tend to be concentrated in areas where resources are abundant, such as around plant roots.

2. What is the gestation time for the animal?

They don't have a gestation time, however, they reproduce through spores and their lifespan is closely tied to the host plant they are associated with.

3. What is the sexual maturity?

Mycorrhizal fungi do not have a traditional sexual maturity like other organisms. While they do exhibit some signs of sexual reproduction, they primarily reproduce asexually through spores.

4. How many offspring are usually produced? What type of survivorship curve does this organism produce (Type I, II, III)?

Mycorrhizal fungi produce a vast number of spores as their main means of reproduction, sometimes producing millions to billions of spores per plant. They generally exhibit a Type III survivorship curve. This means they have a very high death rate in their ealry stages of life, but if they manage to survive beyond this point, they flourish.

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Describe a human disturbance affecting your biome.

Logging, gas drilling, mining, and oil industries are one of the biggest issues attacking the Boreal Forest. Each year, one million acres of the environment suffers due to trees being cut for toilet paper, paper towels, and facial issues purposes.

What is being done to address/solve the problem?

Canada, which is where a Boreal Forest flourishes in, has established laws where it regulates harvesting to ensure that the forest wouldn't be harmed in an overdone manner.