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Highlighted: dates

Bolded: Important (should remember)

Italics: People and Countries

( ): added info

[ ]: explaination/definition

/ : and

-> : and then or led to...

b/c: because

Blue: random facts should know

White: Chapter 3

Purple: Chapter 4

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ACTS:

Padlock Act 1937

Rural Electrification Act 1945

Offical Langauges Act 1969

War Measures Act 1970

Act Respecting the Preservation of Agricultural Land 1978

Candada Constitution Act 1982

Pay Equity Act 1996

Clarity Act 1998

EVENTS:

Stock market crash 1929

PERIOD:

The great depression 1929-39

La grande noicure

STRIKES:

Abestos Strike 1949

WARS:

WW1 1914-1918

WW2 1939-1945

Cold War 1945-1991

CONSTITUTION:

Election of PQ 1976

Referendum on Soverignty Association 1980

Canada Constitution Act 1982

Meech Lake Accord 1984-87

Charlotte Town Accord 1992

Referendum on soverignty 1995

Clarity Act 1998

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Exploitation of natural resources:

Cold war arm race for materials to rebuild after WW2-> natural resource from quebec led to regional development. important for Quebecs provincial economy

1940s: mining grew rapidly (cote-nord)-> building of railway from sept-iles, upgrading port facitilies, hydroelectric plants. (most funded by American iron ore companies during duplessis era (economic liberalism)

1950s : Quebec became worlds largest producer for pulp and paper and exporter for paper( intro to chainsaw boosted forestry)

1960s: natural resources important for provinces economy.

1970s: new tech allowed clear-cutting -> destroying top soil = cant be used for agriculture for decades. -James Bay for hydro electricty trying to be less dependent on oil.

1980s: polciy of sustainable developemt implemented

Consumer Society

After 1940s: recognization of Quebecs territory -> young immigrants went to Montreal/urban areas for jobs -> Urbanization increased-> housing became pricier $$$ ->young families couldnt afford-> suburb bungalows on edge of cities-> but suburbs needed public services and infrastructure( sewers systems, schools, sports centres, roads, highways and bridges)

1946-75: Rising salaries-> Americans focused advertising influence on the Quebecers with increased purchasing powers (also access to more credit) -> the Americans hollywood white picket fence homes was a leading cause of marketing in mass culture to convince people to purchase unneeded things without refecting the need, and value.

1960s-70s: autoroutes and more bridges were built, shopping malls, parking lots built in suburbs. -> Automobile was king in suburb municipalities-> public transport wasnt a major conern-> problem of traffic jams, climate change and infrastructure decay.

Canadian Constitution

After Statute of Westminster 1931 ( British Parliment could no longer pass laws for CAN)-> UK still had power to amend the canadian constitution though.

1960s-70s: many federal-provincial negotiations to repatriate the Constitution-> Quebec demaned autonomy for its "uniquness"-> other provinces+ Fed said nope.

->revived with the Victoria Charter 1971 (Robert Bourassa) -> failed b/c quebec opposed

1982 Canada repatriated the candian constitution.

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Prime ministers:

John A Macdonald: 1867–73

Wilfred Laurier 1896-1911

Robert Borden 1911-20

Mackenzie King 1921-30 1935-48

Pierre Elliot Trudeau: 1968-84

Brian Mulroney: 1984-93

Premiers:

Adelard Godbout: 1939-44

Maurice Duplessis: 1936-39 and 1944-59

Réné Lévesque: 1976-85

Jaque Parizeau: 1994-96

Just random important folk:

Lionel Groulx:

Freres untel:

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Artic Sovereignty

CAN claimed artic sovereignty when UK ceded islands to them.

international law says: occupy+administrate area= state sovereignty

Ottawa: opened Royal canadian Mounted police detachments. -> Can government forced 92 inuit to the high artic b/c totally uninhabited. -> families arrive-> very little to hunt -> scrapping from military dumps-> caught by RCMP->confiscated the scavenged food.

- inuit had been promised to leave after 2 years (lied to them)-> only left if one had diseases.-> those who survived were only repatriated [brought back] 20 years later.

John Amagoalik: founder of Nunivat(a forced relocator)

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Gender Equality

Women:

- women given right to vote federally 1918

-women right to vote provincially 1940

-Birth control availability 1960s

-Legal gains and legal capacity of married women 1964

-Divorce legalization 1968

-Abortion legalized 1980s

Recently: pay equity, work family balance ish, parity[equal or equivalent] in positions of power.

1980s-90s: wage gap discoverey between men and women -> traditionally female jobs(seceraty teacher nurse..) not paid as much as male jobs (mechanic, firman, engineer..)

-> 1996 National Assembly passed Pay equity Act (women recieved pay equal to men) -> men still hold authority positions

gender parity: fairer representation of women in organizations, buisnesses and political parties . -> Que and CAN had no parity in politicsbut Justin Trudeau first cabinet to do so 2015.

Que to help women with balnce employment +child bearing-> implemented measures( parental leave 2001/ subsidized daycare 1997)

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Duplessis era 1936-1939 & 1944-1959

From 1939-1944 Adelard Godbout (liberal government)

Maurice Duplessis

Economic liberalist [government shouldnt intervene with economy] ->instead governed by supply and demand

After ww2 b/c arms (cold war)-> consumer society -> Boosted INDUSTRIALIZATION. -> high demands: iron, wood, pulp and paper, aluminium, abestos...(quebec had lost of raw material) -> Quebec lured foreign investors by praising obedient workforce ( thats why duplessis was against unions and strike bc not= obedient), and with low tax+no govt intervention

-> AMericans exploited iron ore deposits ->building roads, railways, port facilities and export resources to US (DID NOT benefit Quebecs indutrial development)

Social Conservative [ preserve french language/catholic religon/tradition /status quo.] high value on farming and country living

Duplessis gave subsidies to Religious Communities for education/health care/social services (without questioning their activities) -> education/health care/social services suffered b/c nuns+priest not trained (baby boom-> but less equitment, facilities, teachers...)

Clericalism[ mainting or increasing chruches power]

catholic church strong during duplessis era-> they ran hospitals/orphanages/aid for poor/ youth groups...-> they support duplessis ex. opposing federal family allowance (baby bonus big no no b/c supposed to be provincial jurisdiction+ church think it underminded traditonal christan concept of men the head who gets all the money)

Provincial autonomy[ability of province to govern itself]

opposed federal insurance program

refused federal uni funding

Adopting Quebecs own flag 1948

implementing provincial income tax

Opposition[many opposed duplessis government]

trade unionist: Asbesto strike 1949 -> duplessis declared strikes illegal -> Padlock Act 1937: shut down communist propaganda printing buildings-> also used on union members (easier to stop the unions) ->supreme court struck the Act down 1957

Les insolence du freres untel: book by a priets-> showed the opposition and brought attention the poor church run education. (helped inspire quiet revolution )

Feminists/journalist/secularist intellectuals: critized his suppport to patriarchal catholic church

Duplessis died 1959= Quebec free to modernize

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Feminism

Women in QUE obtained right to vote in 1940 +right to run for office

1964 Recognition of the legal capacity of Married Women: married women no longer seen as minors and no longer needed to obey husbands. -> they could now be employed, open bank accounts, sign leases, buy homes...

1968 Divorce legalized (physical/metal abuse grounds for divorce)

1960 Birth Control pill (meant for regulating menstrual cycle) but now contraception. -> grew popularity even though catholic church condemned +law.

1969 Abortion: legalized for women if physical/mental health at risk -> or else criminal act (life sentence)-> many women did it illegally (causing death) -> DR. Henry opened abortion clinic-> sent to jail -> 1988 supreme court ruled that criminalizing abortion is unconstitutional. (women had the right to abort)

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Modernization of Agriculture:

Adelard Godbout created Hydro Quebec NATIONALIZED Montreals ligth/heat/power company ( Quebec farms behind ontario bc no electricty since electricity companies thougth rural areas not worth investment )

Duplessis at first didnt like nationalization bc economic liberalist-> but after he came back used hydro-quebec to bring electricty to rural regions. Rural Electrification Act 1945 (electricty on farms 19% rose to 90%)

1960s 70s Limited farmland ( swallowed by highways, shopping centres, suburbs..) -> 1978 Act repsecting the Preservation fo Agricultural land (regulate agricultral land use from being exploited for other purposes) + 1979 non-residents couldnt buy farmland to sell for higher prices. (kept foreign speculators out of the market)

Employer-Union Relations:

Since 1944 public sector has been fighting for the right to strike.(granted unionization from Godbout, not Duplessis)

1964 Jean Lesage -> Labour code: govt workers right to strike (excpet police/firefighters)

1972 Common front: 3 labour confederations united for an unlimited general strike -> govt passed special law suspending right to strike-> 3 leaders of common front sent to jail-> but strike continued (even by hsopital workers) -> 1975 QUE govt forced to sign an agreement where public sector wages surpassed private sector.

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Cold War 1945-1991

political confrontation after ww2-> US and USSR

Western Bloc: Americans+capitalist allies (capitalists)

Eastern Bloc: (communist)

Nato: North Atlantic treaty organization, fear of the soviet expansion in europe.

Both superpowers ended up having nuclear arsenal (way too destructive to use)-> proxy [repersentative] wars instead like korean and vietnam wars.

-> berlin wall 1961-1989(dividing communist and capitalists)

-west: capitalists

-east: communist

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Natural growth

Great depression+WW2 slowed birth rate

Men start coming back -> increase economic growth -> people started to increase family size. Baby Boom 1945-1960s (increase facilities and suburbs)

1960s birth rate drop, and in 1972 Quebecs level was 2.1 child per woman.-> b/c increased use of Birth Control pill -> women in labour market grew/ more divorces /more women education -> 1969 abortion legalized (restricted untol 1988)

Indigenous population growing 1941+ b/c imporved health care and high birth rate.

Immigration

End of WW2 more immigtrants again, from Europe (many Jewish arrivals b/c holocaust survivors)

Convention Relating to the status of refugees 1969 ( grant permanent aslyum and not forced back to origin country)

(Cultural communities began to from in Montreal )

Immigrants stayed in Montreal. making ethnic neighborhoods, while francophones moved to suburbs.-> most immigrants chose to learn english to get jobs easier-> Montreal started becoming more multicultural and english speaking.

1960s: dropping birth rate and more non-franco immigrants-> threatened survival of francophones.-> provincial government demaned from Fed government to select prospective [expected] immigrants to Quebec. -> 1968 Ministry of Immigration -> 1975 granted right to interview prospective immigrants to recommend to federal. -> 1978 Couture-Cullen Agreement: could develop criteria for immigrants

Quebec prioritized French speaking candidates to preserve french "unique character" -> Quebec became more multicultural (exformer french colonies liek Haiti)

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Post War 1946-1975

Many countries rebuilt -> enjoyed strong economic growth. -> boosted purchasing power

annual income(Canada) doubled 1946-1956 -> more peole spend= consumer society

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Residental School (indigenous kids)

Throughout CAN run by Fed govt and Churches(catholic, protestant, presbyterian)-> Govt aim was to assimilate indigenous youth/ Church aim to evangelize

Education was rudimentary[basic], purpose to teach christianity/Euro-canadien values.

When arrived to the schools-> seperated from sibling/hair cut/no more traditional clothing/ European names or numbers.->efforts of assimilation

Morning religous learning-> then manual labour

Morality rate 5% higher than CAN population/ Sexual, physical, emotional abuse

Residential Schools created in 1950s b/c of 1943 Act Respecting Compulsory School Attendance ( requiring kids in province to go to school)

Residental schools closed 1970s-> institutions still there until 1990s-> many indigenous have serious trauma from the residential schools ( depression, drugs, alcohol, prostitution, suicide, and violence problems)

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Neo-Nationalism

Decolonization movements took place gobally after WW2 ( African/asian countries rejecting colonialism b/c destructive to culture) ->influencing Quebec nationalists for Quebec to be liberated/ seperate country from English Canada ( political, cultral, economic)

Groups formed in 1957 to promote independent QUE ( peaceful and violent)

-> Front de Liberation du Quebec(FLQ): propaganda+terrorism -> October Crisis 1970: kidnapped James cross, Pierre Laport (murdered) in exchange for release of jailed members and manifesto on TV( only this one worked)

War Measures Act 1970 used by Pierre Elliott Trudeau-> depolying soldiers to arrest/detain people and suspened civil liberties.

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Quiet Revolution

Parti Liberal (liberal party of Quebec)-> immediatly began reform, which was a sharp contrast to Duplessis government.

They believed the state SHOULD intervene with provinces economy (allowing french canadiens to gain foothold of buisness world)

Maitre chez nous[masters in our own home]-> government wants to take hold of provinces economic and social development.(beginning of welfare state)

Major Changes:

Catholic Church lost role of providing social services in Quebec: Secularism[seperation of church and state]-> Liberal government both interventionist & progressive.

These political, economic, and social measures now controlled by Ministiries (health and education) and Crown corporations (organizations structured as private companies)

Ministries: Ministry of Education 1964

Crown Corps: - Hydro Quebec - Caisse de depots et placment du quebec ( pension fo Quebec citizens)

- Societe generale de financement ( stimulated economic sector and create jobs to offset english candien/american dominance on QUE economy)

Language:

Baby boom stopped in 1960s-> however quebec population continued to grow due to immigrants-> but immigrants chose english (language of integration)-> fear of french-canadiens becoming minority in Quebec

Laws to bring back french:

Bill 63: 1969 promoted french/ accepted free langauge choice in school (french furious)

Bill 22: 1974 (liberal Party) Robert Bourassa-> french offical language of Quebec ( children must pass english test to go to enlish school)

Bill 101/Charter of the french language: 1977 (Parti Quebecois) Rene levesque-> required kids to go to french school until end of highschool-> public signs, advertisments, education, buisnesses must be in french.

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Self-determination of Indigenous People

Indigenous people began land claims to expand territories beyond reserves. (attempt to gain ancestral land rights)+rights for fishing and hunting and control natural resources.

Demanded politcal autonomy: control of their own reserves/communities/resources/policies/programs.

1975 James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement: (govt QUE, Govt CAN, cree nation, inuit nation and Hydrfo-Quebec)-> Hydro-quebec gets to james bay while cree/inuit get compensated land + fishing/hunting -> positive first step to self-determination

1960 Indigenous granted the right to Federally vote (since BNA 1867 could vote if renounced indian status)

1969 indigenous right to vote in Quebec. (last province)

1969 White paper: Pierre Trudeau governmetn for Indian Act proposed to eliminate indian status+integrating them into canadien society/ without recognizing ancestral or treaty rights.-> faced with public pressure the Fed govt had to withdraw policy the following year.

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The Royal Commision on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (Laurendeau-Dunton Commission)

Created by Prime minister Lester. B Pearson

inquiry to reveal francophones arent repersented well among federal govt decison makers -> less access to french education and public services outside of Quebec.

Resulted in Offical Languages Act 1969: making Canada officially french-> billingualism imposed on all federal institutions( New brunswik only offical bilingual province)

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Creation of Parti Quebecois

Rene Levesque in liberal party (quebec) until 1967->during a convention he declared intention of obtaining a Soveriegn Quebec (but still economicaly tied to CAN with common currency) -> rejected by liberal party -> Levesque created his own political party( Parti Quebec): Non-violence approach for soverignity

PQ elected as Quebecs Govt 1976 (levesque premier 1976-1985)

Pierre Trudea & Rene levesque Adversaries

Major achievements:

- adoption of Bill 101

- First referendum on soverienty 1980(lost)

- Act Respecting the preservation of agricultural land 1978

- Act to govern the finacing of political parties 1977 (prevent money influence)

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Referendum

20th century Fed governemnt took many provincial powers (administration of social services...)-> Quebecers saw as unconstitutional-> Rene Levesque +parti Que wanted Que to be politically, economically, socially, culturally independent from Canda, but sill share common currency.-> Soverignty Association

1980 Quebecers choice in Referendum, "No" side won by 59.6% of the vote.(prime minst Pierre Trudeau promised before thsat if "no" won then changes would be made to the constitution.

After 1980 Referendum Trudeau wanted to change constitution, but in Brit Parliment-> Canada need to patriate[bring back] to amend.->supreme court said Fed didnt need province agreement for patriation.

Que of course asked for *Special status * and financial compensation-> canadian constitution signed in 1982 WITHOUT Que demands met. ( patriation of constitution not unilaterally->levesque refused to sign)

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Language

Effected by 1977 Charter of French langauge (bill 101) Parti Quebecois -> made french offical langauge in workplace/public institutes/buisnesses->(saw law for survival of french)->b/c many immagrants that arrived chose english instread of french to learn.

Children labgauge controveral 1960s-70s-> Bill 101 children of any race and ethnicity required to go to french schools (eng learning fro kids with a parent who went to eng school) -> bill 101 not apply to CEGEPS/UNI's/Private schools

Bill 101 also stated french be the public signage langage for buisnesses -> Supreme court said invalid b/c violated freedom of expression. (Que didnt sign constitution but still has precdence[more importance] over them)

Que used non-withstanding clause to ignore supreme court ruling, but in 1993-> new law allowed langauges other than french fro buisness signs(on the condition that french was predominant.)

Alliance Quebec: anglo alliance challenging bill 101 in supreme court.

Globalization of the Economy

Globalization: intergration of markets and the free movement of goods, workers and financial capital all leading to unified global market.

New technologies ~1980s: free trade agreements+mulitnational companies grew larger-> helping to create single global economic space. (eg european investor invest in china with japnese machinery, selling to NA)

Countries reaction to globalization: free trade agreements or protectionist policies -> negotiations free trade agreement US <-> CAN 1968 (goal to have zone for exchange without tariffs.)

NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement 1994, between USA, Canada, Mexico.

these also effect unempolyment b/c industries relocate for cheaper resources or better workers of lower wages. -> eg. Que population grown-> rural regions decline populaiton (rural exodus)-> devitalization

Devitalization:

-aging population

-young fams oving ubran cities

-loss of loca services(schools, grocery stores, banks...)

-high unemployment and weak economic activity.

Rural municipalities: local jobs related to one activity( forestry , mining, fishing, manufactoring...)-> fragile economy -> if primary indurty closes=town abandoned = gost town

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Indg occupied entire territory of North America -> now they only make up 1% of Que population -> Ing want self-government+ control over natural resources in their regions -> Govt signed Peace of the braves with James bay Cree 2002.-> allowed hydro-quebec build electricity stuff. (compensatoin for land and jobs for cree)

Constitution Act 1982 + canadian charter of rights and freedom affirmed ing ancestral/treaty rights -> but under 1876 Indian Act fed govt continue to own reserves -> Indg can own buildings but not the land+ have management power throug elected band councils.

1990 Oka Crisis: Indg determination for recognition of rights-> territorial conflict between Kanesatake Mohawks and govt of Que/CAN-> Oka town annoced golf course to be built on mohawks ancestral cemetry-> obvi big no no-> police died after renforcment called-> standoff for 78 days -> negotiations: govt purchased land, gold course abandonned-> but land that the Mohawks live on not transferred to them by govt to this day.

2016 truth and reconcilliation commission of canada :commission condemned concept of residential schools (whose goal to destroy Indg culture) -> many testimonies from former residential school students of their abuse and sexual harrasment.

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The Accords

Meech Lake Accord: 1984-87-> attempt to reintegrate Que in Canadian Constitution. (by Brian Mulroney)-> Que demanded distinct character of its society +veto rights (on constitutional ammendments) + financial compensation (for opting out fed programs)-> premiers agreed, signed and validated (except manitoba/new foundland)-> so Que felt the rest od CAN didnt recognize them as a nation -> new party Bloc Quebecois (lucien Bouchard) for soveriegnty.

Meech lake accord failed-> Allaire report+Belanger-Campeau Commison recommended another Referendum.-> Charlottetown Accord (Mulroneys next attempt)-> added Indg right to self govern+elected senate+abolish fed power to cancel provinal laws.

Resulted in Canada wide Referendum->1992 Canada + Quebec voted NO.

Failed Accord strengthened Que Soverienity-> 2nd Referendum on sovereignty 1995 (lucien Bouchard bloc quebecois added to yes side) -> NO got 50.6% and YES got 49.4%

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Aging population in Que-> phenomenon occurs when increasing average life expectancy -> b/c advances in medicine+health awarness +decrease in birth rate. -> aging population retires-> jobs open in labour market -> Que Govt implemented Family Policy (subsidizing day care/ financial assitance)-> no. births increased a little.

-> govt need increas population so younger peeps can fill jobs -> and pay taxes for old people care -> low birth rates= increase populatoin throug immigrants. -> Que tried creating ethno-cultural belonging for the french immigrants ( nad bunch of french intergration programs for the non-frenchies)

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Neoliberalism: economic/ political ideology aimed to reduce role of the state while promoting buisness profit and free competition. (less state role= less social program funding)ex. social assistance/family allowance.-> ( developed 1980s) response to state interventionism -> many thougth it casued oil crisises in 1970s ( for un fair political attempt to capture wealth)

-in Que they adopted some neoliberalist policies (privating public servie programs/subcontractors for private+public sector build projects)-> but still most interventionist govt in North America

State neutrality: neutral state shows no preference for anyone.

2000: secularlization of Minsitry of Education

2005: End religous education +intro to ethics and religous culture courses (manditory in 2008)

2007: Bouchard Taylor Commission-> Reasonable accomadation

2019: Bill 21-> prohibit display of reliogus symbosl by public sector workers with aurthority positions(teachers, police..)

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ACTS:

Act of Union 1840

British North American Act 1867

Manitoba Act 1870

Trade Unions Act 1872

Indian Act 1876

Naval Service Act 1910

Wars Measures Act 1914

Military Service Act 1917

War Measures Act 1939

Labour Relations Act 1944

EVENTS:

Economic Crisis 1873

PERIODS:

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Act of Union

1837-38 rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada -> Lord Durham sent to observes and see problem-> problem: french and english too divided (ethnic tension)

Durham suggested

-Union of Upper and Lower CAN ( Act of union 1840-> Province of Canada)

-Responsible government (rejected by UK)

-Assimilation with more brit immigration (Legislative union where both sides get 42/42 repersentatives -> Lower CAN have more people so not proportionally repersented for assimilation purposes)

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Catholic Church (french canadians)

Ultramontanism: affirm pope supremecy over states authority-> Aim: prescence in all aspects of society.

Under Ignace Bourget-> established mens and women religous orders in Que-> Newspapers, magazines, lists that prohibited certain stuff like books -> also trying to influence votes in elections.

Anticlericalists: opposed Ultramontanes (liberal minded) -> adovacting for the seperation of church and state. -> institute Canadien de Montreal (library anticlericalists gathered to debate freedome and expressive ideas) -> 1858 Bishop Bourget condemed the institute (threatening exocommunication)

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Irish Potato Famine

2 Million Irish forced to go to North America-> quaratined on Grosse-ile-> many malnourished, crowded in unsanitary ships (susceptible to diseases) like cholera, typhus...

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Responsible Government

UK said no to responsible government so that maybe form an ethnic line-> but Lafontaine-Baldwin alliance (Alliance of Reformers) Lower+Upper together fighting for responsible governemnt. 1842-51

That means executive/legislative council appointed by Govenor andhad the power to veto.

In 1848 UK finally agreed for responsible government-> Now executive council appointed by legislative Assmebly.

Political problems: Double majority where both sides need a majority vote -> Reformers broke = conservatives and Liberals.

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Indigenous Affairs

Many immigrants-> gorwing settlers colonizing around Indigenous territory

Indigenous territory impediment on colonizing-> govt wanted to impose sedentary life on them-> evangelize/assimilate Indg.

Indian Reserves 1853 created-> numbered treaties transferring land to govt in exchange for medical and food aid, other goods and equitment . (John A Macdonald -> used starvation to get the Indg off the land)

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Reciprocity treaty

Uk favored its colonies by giving them lower cusotm duties-> CAN benefited ( timber and wheat exports) -> But UK decided to change to Free Trade with all partners 1846 (no more prefferential tariffs)

Prov of Canada lost its main export -> suffered-> Uk on behalf of CAN made a 10 year agreement with the US(in economic boom neededing more raw materials)= Reciprocity Treaty 1854-1865 -> Helped CAN economicaly prosper and be less economically dependant on UK.

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British North America Act

Due to the civil war, US and UK had more tension-> US decided NOT to renew the Reciprocity Treaty -> 1866 CAN losing main export market again.

Solution: Political union between the British Maritimes( Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, PEI) and Province of Canada. -> creating vast domestic market.

1864 political deadlock( no political party could get the double majority) + Economic problems ( Need for new market/construction and finance of Intercolonial Railway/ Fear of American invasion.)

Solution: George Brown+John A Macdonald+George-Etienne Cartier formed a coalition government. 1864

1) Charlotte town Conference: Convince the Maritimes to join -> central power

2) Quebec Conference: Iron out details

3) London Conference 1866: Finalize

1867 BNA Act (Ontario, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Quebec) first 4 provinces

-> PEI+Newfoundland didnt join yet.

BNA act outlined 2 levels of govt: Federal (central) and Prvincial government.

Canadian federalism: centralized-> most power to federal goverment allowing them to to refuse any provincial legislation[ power of disallowance]-> Honore mercier opposed this and defended provincial autonomy -> 1887 interprovincial conference to ban no more disallowance.

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Migration

Rural areas (Quebec) -> high birth rates-> scarcity of agricultural lands -> agriculture becoming more mechanized (less laborouers needed) -> rural exodus (urban areas for work)

Rural exodus/depopulation:

- Move to city : work in new facotories)

-Emigrate to US: More job oppurtunities

-Move to Quebec regions: areas not settled in yet.

Many to Ontario+ Prairies-> Majority to US (cotton Mills) whole families to US for better lives -> Catholic Clergy +Quebec govt encouraged Unsettled regions in Que-> But land poor quality and climate harsh for plants=winter in timber industry to survive.

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North Western Territory

CAN bougth Ruperts Land from Hudson Bay company ( prevent US from invading it) -> needing the land for new immigrants

1869(before purchasing) Candadian government began divide land into townships-> Metis and indigenous felt under attack becasue no one consulted them for this land-> Louis Reil Rallied the Red river resistance -> took fort gary under seige (demanded recognition of territory, linguistics and religon)-> Canadian govt decided to pass Manitoba Act (recognizing land title, bilingual and religon respected in mani schools)

CAN govt didnt follow the act and kept settling on the land-> 1885 2nd Resistance led By Riel (crushed by Fed Govt)-> Hanged in 1885 for high treason

1890 Mani Schools eliminated funding fro french-Catholic schools.

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Indian Act

Indigenous people treated like minors-> not allowed to own property or vote.

Goal: Eradicate culture/ territorial rights , assimilate into canadian Soceity. -> Forcing enfranchisment: giving up indian Status [ Indg women married to non-Indg+ Indg women earning Uni degree/join army)

Indian Agents: managed reserves-> poer to issue or deny passes in order to leave the reserves.

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National Policy

Economic crisis 1873 (in europe cause dominion of Canada period of Depression) -> John A Macdonald during electorial campaign inro National Policy (revive industrial development of CAN)

1). Tariffs: Custom Duties on outside products-> to encourage local products +increase govt revenue.

2). Candadian Pacific Transcontinental Railway: 1880 CPR company established railway from Montreal to british Columbia.(Macdonald had to subsidize to not bankrupt)

3).Colonization of Western Canada: lure new immigrants to Canada to develop fertile Prairies. ( More people=more consumer=larger domestic market)

National Policy successfuly stimulated Canadian Industry decreasing American competition.

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Role of women

Women expected to be mothers and wives. -> 1866 Civil code of Lower Canada: legal incapacity of married women( treated like children)-> not allowed to inherit money or cant be sole guardian of her children.

Many young unmarried women (very little educaiton) domestic labour 1860s-70s-> b/c of industralization increase of women in factory jobs.-> they supported husbands wages (husband insufficent wages) -> Family wage era. [money went to husbands]

Religous orders: Ignace Bourget(montreal bishop)1840-76 -> women religous orders grew-> social role in teaching/ hospital care/ chritable work. (orphanages, soup kitchens, nurseries, asylums care for sick...)

First Phase of Industrialization

industrial captilalism: capitalist driven to gain profit.

Enturpretures (wealthy merchants) -> hired many people and paid them little. -> workforce became more mechanized [increasing productivity]-> workers treated the same (badly)

trade increase -> need in more transportation infrastructure-> eg: canals, railways-> faster trasnpo of goods. (lachine canal 1820s, grand trunk railway 1850s, victoria bridge, intercolonial railway 1867, transcontinental railway 1885)

Industrial development: large workforce (of men, women, children) , low wages, expansion of transportation networks.

Industrial development concentrated in the cities (like MTL b/c main financial sector)

Manufactoring industry: consumer goods, shoes, textiles, clothing and food. ( mainly produced for CAN domestic market) -> b/c new infrastructure/creation of new provinces.

Living and Working Conditions

Industrialization brougth change to work-> before apprentices woudl learn from the master craftsman -> now workers do simple repetitive tasks.-> hence paid very little = division of labour

Industrializtion-> urbanization =increase in urban population-> factories around railways and ports brought people from rural to urban. [rural exodus]

working class neighborhoods grew -> many families living together (small, expensive, unsanitary, no running water)-> High population+Lack of municipal services=epidemics(public health problems) -> apart from these, there were upscale anglo buisnes bourgouises neighborhoods.

Living conditions: low wages ( more profit for owners=less for workers), 60-70 hour weeks, fast paced work, unsafe environment, poorly lit/heated, treated harshly by employers. (men not enough wages so women and children worked too)

Trade Unions: pushed to the limit by terrible conditions-> unions illegal until 1872 Trade Unions Act-> Union demands ( less hours, no child labor, higher wages) done by workers strikes

Forestry

lower canada main export, sawmills in rural Quebec -> end of 19th century pulp and paper mills built near waterways-> major boom of industry

farming progressed due to imporved production techniques -> Que govt supported modernization agriculture by opening up agricultural organizations/ schools and model farms -> iron replaced wood -> more efficent machinery.

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Canadas place in the Brit Empire

Wilfred Laurier liberal party in office 1896

Conflicting ideologies:

-British Imperalism [believed Brit empire shoudl treat its territories as thier colonies rather than independent countries ]

-French canadian nationalism [Quebec based movement by Henri Bourassa, vision to close divide of french and english(essentially not wanna get assimilated)]-> bourassa not fan of immigrants/jews

Boer War 1899-1902 (south Africa): Brit empire wanted to prevent Dutch Boers declaring independence-> Brit empire asked for former colonies to help strenghten imperial ties. -> imperialists supported idea-> Canadian/french nationalist agasint it. -> PM laurier comprimised sending 1000 volunteers ( imperialist happy there are people helping, Nationalists happy that they made the choice not B.E)

Naval Serive Act 1910: worsened the political ideologies division -> Imperialist wanted larger navy to support Britain -> French-canadian nationlists didnt want navy cause they knew it would be used to support Britain. -> Canadian-nationalist wanted one to establish independent military.

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Statute of westminister

CAN used financial/ millitary support provided to Brit during Boer war and WW1 to testify their ability to manange own foreign policy. -> first hald 20th century PMs fought for Canadas autonomy -> WW1 fed govt negotiated to have an embassy in US capital(incharge of own international affairs) / signing Treaty of Versaille (end of WW1) / Founding members of League of Nations

1926 london called commonwealth dominion[former UK colonies] meeting -> Balfour Report (decalring dominons are autonomous/equal status/ common allegience under the crown)

1931 British Parliment passed Statute of Westminster (recognizing legislative independence of brit Dominions )-> Brit imperialist lost and slowly fade.

Hvw Brit Parliment still had right to canadian constitution 1982

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Labour movement

industrialization +urbanization -> increse working-class population-> so unions like (knights of labour/ American Federation Of Labour) set up in CAN-> But couldnt maintain infleunce in Que bc Catholic Church fougth against them.

Canadian Cathlic Confederation of Labour (CCCL) 1921 to imporve workers conditions and limit american influence. (1960 became confederation des syndicats nationaux)

1920s Workers faced difficult conditions (low salaries, long hours, abuse, lack of job security, unsanitary..) -> more worker strikes -> empolyers upper hand bc they fire strikers and hire strike-breakers(scabs) = ineffective strike-> strikes ended in violence

1944 Que govt Labour Relations Act : workers gained significant legal strength (intro in WW2 bc govt didnt want any manufactorign delays)

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Clerico -Nationalism

came from french-canadian nationalism-> evolved into something diff

Clerico-nationalism: directed by Catholic church-> guided french canadians to chruch values-> away from communist. (nationalism free from politcs and economics-> MORE cultural/religon... Basically to protect french canadian in Anglo society)

Orsnge order ( anti-catholic/ anti-franco religous fraternal for 1/3 of anglos.

Catholic trade unions: catholic chrich tried to influecne working world -> Ecole scoiale populaire 1911 ( improve working class conditions and steer away fro communism.

Magazine Action Francaise: (lionel Groulx) promoted agriculture as best way for french-Cans to achieve econmic independance.

Liberal Era

led by wilfred laurier 1896-1911: dramatic revival of canadian economy + immigration to the Prairies, Alberta, Saskatchewan -> second transcon railway.

1896 they lured immigrants from Eastern Europe (Ukraine, hungary, poland) to Canada through targetted campaign ads (especially farmers, casue they used to the conditions)

1905: Govt screened applicants by ethnicity -> Chinese Immigration Act (head tax on chinese immigrants) -> 1906 Immigration Act (banning epileptics, mentally ill, criminals, prostitutes, poor...) -> Act allowed govt to deport and refuse anyone they wanted.

xenophobia [dislike of or prejudice against people from other countries] spread-> Cans feared losing their jobs/ though immigrants too slow to integrate. -> anti-immigration protest 1907, ended with vandalism on asians.

Indigenous: French-catholic Indg discriminated outside Que-> french catholic teachibng banned in Manitoba schools -> isolated in federal reserves (malnutrition, lack medical care, no rigths or culture recognition..)

Indian Act modified 1920 to make residential school manditory.

Womens Struggle

WW1 large no. women joined workforce replacing the men in war. -> even when war ended women still worked ( factroies, social work, teaching) ->yet still underpaid -> founding feminist associations

-Marie Lacoste Gerin-Lajoie: founded Federation Nationale Saint-jean baptist 1907 -> fighting for access to edu in french.

-1908 first college for women->Ecole d'ensignement superuer.

-Lea Roback : 1937 led 5000 fem worker strike to protest long workweeks, salaries, sexual harrassment-> achieved recongition, less hours and increased wages.

Legal recognition: 1902 Lajoie wrote treatise on everday life explainng married women gave up most of their rights(own salary, husband permission, no back account, cant own passport)

1964 women finally recognized capacity and no longer treated as minors.

Women achieved right to vote federally 1918

right to vote in quebec 1940 (suffragettes keep fighting)

religous leaders/intellects/catholic church thought suffrage threaten traditional values.

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Second Phase Industrialization

Driven by exploitation of natural resources and electricty. -> Mining industries (bult near areas rich in natural resources) copper, silver, gold, asbestos-> helped automative, chemical, electrical industries.

New technologies improved agriculture -> mass production in factories became increasingly more efficient.

WW1 1914-1918: Industrial war -> warring parties not only based on strength but industrial production/ new technologies.(machine gun, airplanes, tanks..)-> war stimualted canadian economy b/c major food supplier and small arms and shells to ( Uk and france)=War industry

Men went off to fight-> women took their place in factories (paid significantly less than men)-> major factor in rise of feminist movement. -> day nurseries set up around country to help women work outside home -> 1918 Canadianwomen federal right to vote.

Anglo buisness communities invested in MTL, TOR new industries ( franco investor rare)-> CAN natural resources caught attention of US buisness-> CAN have cheap labour and clsoe to US -> American entreprenuers invested aswell-> causing entire country to rely on foreign investments. -> Ports grew, infrastructures expanded -> labour movement also pressure govt better working conditions

Urbanization

Industrialization many factories built in Urban areas-> many peeps to go from rural to urban for jobs -> surge in population =urbanization

Cities couldnt accomadate so many people -> infrastructure porblems -> overcrowded homes/poor ventilation/lack of health services/ epidemics/ garbage/ bad water quality

1901 Public Heslth Act: gave cities low cost housing/ sewers and aqueducts/ municipal garbage collection. -> Public clinics , vaccinations, water and milk purification.

these massive influxes forced cities to build new infrastructure (meet changing needs) -> imporve hygene/ more roads

eventually urban sprawl led to zoning for easier more organized divison.

Improve quality of life: public services -> firefighting station, electric street lights (safer neigborhoods), recreational centres, movie theatres, parks...

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First World War

Nationalism-> scramble for african colonies and resources (Uk, germany, austrian hungarina empire, European nations) went to war -> dominon of UK =CAN part of war too.

War measures Act 1914: allowed fed govt (PM Borden) govern by decree and not democratic parlimentary process.

Voluntary recruiment high with Anglos but not frenchys -> used propoganda to make em join.

Canadian soldiers thought would be fasr-> dragged on b/c dug out trenches make it easier to defend than conquer. -> to finance long war-> CAN sold victory bonds ( Can citizen lend money to govt and they get repaid later with interest)-> also introduced income tax 1917.

Battle of Vimy Ridge 1917: Most significant for Cans b/c they took control of german area that France nor Britain couls seige.-> became canadian national pride.

CANs participation helped PM borden assert demand for autonomy

Conscription Crisis

CAN first enterd WW1 Fed govr said military recruiment voluntary -> but 1916 needed more peeps especially frenhc-canadians -> PM borden wanting to show UK CAN is a partner not a colony-> Military Service Act 1917 (opposed by frenchy/ supported by anglo) -> Law imposed conscription[required enlisment] throughout country on 20-45 unmarried men .

conscription divided country: French/ non-anglo immigrants opposed( betrayal by govt, blood tax) -> Francoeur Motion (Quebec stong opp) wanted to withraw from CAN confederation -> riots

Military service Act-> kinda useless -> many excemptions granted -> frenchys alienated -> bitterly dividing the country on french<-> English lines.

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The Great Depression 1929-39

1920s Canadian economy was good -> end of WW1 large number of immigrants-> flourishing domestic market -> creating overproduction-> credit more readily available (cosume more thank could afford)-> stock market speculation ( speculative bubble of blind faith in capitalist system)

Stock Market Crash 1929: massive sell off bc peeps saw prices decline=bad signs? -> crisis stoped consumer activity -> US imports drop-> raw materials demand plummeted-> Canadian companies bankrupt-> many unemployed/salaries droped-> disease/malnutrition/peeps flocking to cities (for jobs or charities) -> chruch run organizations/ charities overwhelmed.

Solution: Govt gave assitance-> social Assistance Programs

relief vouchers to exchange for food

"return to land policy" more colonization fo regions[land was unsuitable]

Fed+Prov+Munic govt collab -> Public works prjects-> generate jobs

The Bank of Canada: country's first central bank 1935-> regulate nations monetary policy and fincancial system.

severighty of Great depression brougth forth states responisbily of well bing of citzens-> Govt needing to take more control over church run stuff-> welfare state [protect social and econmic well being] and govt intervention.

even with efforts by Govt -> WW2 revived the economy and ended Great Depression.

Capitalism

Before GD economist believed in Economic Liberalism [Govt shouldnt try to regulate economy-> market is self regulating] ; demand decreases-> employees decreasde-> price decreases-> more buying-> rise in employment again

Keynesianism (by John Maynard Keynes) : priviate sector unabel to ensure full employment to populatoin then state need to lower txes and invest in job creation (or even creating deficits to revive economy)

-state investment -> increase consumption-> stimulate production+revenue.

GD effected whole western world-> peeps started questioning if capitalism was best economic ideology.-> Alternate ideologies

Communism: aim to create society without class division(like workers and employers) sharing profit equally across society [ left wing ideology -> equality social solidarity]

Fascism: Agressive form of patriotism,nationalist ideology (blamed jews for econmic problems)-> Militarized/idealized leader like hitler-> In Quebec Adrien Arcand was leader [Right wing ideology]

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World War 2

Germany held repsonsible for WW1-> collapsing under weight of reparations for allied powers-> instability+great depression+presusure=fuel rise of political ideologies in europe. -> Hitler began annexing adjacent countries (breaking treaty of versailles)

1939 Germany invaded poland-> France/UK declared war on Germany (So did CAN)

Germany/ Japan/Italy (Axis power)

UK/US/CAN...

1930 Mackenzie King Lib Govt imposed War Measure Act (objective of mobilizing CANs resources to win the war -> suspension of civil liberties-> rationing(rubber, sugar, meat, butter, gasoline)-> Propoganda+censorship-> Victory Bonds + income tax increase.

Conscription

war first started-> enlistment was voluntary-> conscription threat loomed over Quebecers-> 1944 adoption of conscription:

Quebec Nationalism(no imperialism)

Govt CAN inital promise to not

Difficult for Franco to adapt to anglo military life.

1942 PM King hold plebiscite to release from commitment to no consrciption -> french -canadian anti-conscription movement ( defence league of Canada) -> imposed oversea conscription to compensate heavy casualties -> Canadian army

Consrcipted soldiers-> germany surrendered 1945-> still worsened tension between franco and Anglo