# data[].attributes.body
Formal Definition: The psychological approach that suggests that the keys to understanding development are observable behavior and external stimuli.

In own words: People and things respond in different ways than others do depending on the specific environment.

# data[].attributes.body
An example of the cognitive perspective is using your memory to remember information for a test.

# data[].attributes.body
Development of sense of self, motivation for social/interpersonal

relationships

# data[].attributes.body
The founder of the behavioral perspective is B.E. Skinner and Watson. Skinner researched conditioning techniques and created the theory of operant conditioning. Watson believed phobias were learned, and he also proposed behaviorism.

# data[].attributes.body
Formal Definition : the “third force” psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.

Informal Definition : Humanistic psychology focuses on the free will everyone has and everyone’s potential.

# data[].attributes.body
Formal: Cognitive psychology, which focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information, became a major force in the 1960s.

Own words: Focusing on the perception of learning, memory, thought processes, and problem solving.

# data[].attributes.body
Focus on the unconscious mind and how it affects social relationships

# data[].attributes.body
Based upon the work of Sigmund Freud

# data[].attributes.body
Operant Conditioning: This was used to show how voluntary behavior is learned. Behavioral responses that are followed by pleasurable consequences will be strengthened.

Reinforced: Behaviors are shaped by their consequences—good or bad.

# data[].attributes.body
Based upon the work of Sigmund Freud, who was the first person to propose the unconscious mind theory. He believed it was the unconscious mind that was the source of mental disorder.

# data[].attributes.body
The founders are George Miller, James Anderson, and Ulric Neisser. George Miller researched short-term memory and the quantity of information that can be held in your memory. James Anderson researched neural networks and the instrumental aspects of cognitive science. Examples: decision making, speech perception, and models os vision. Ulric Neisser wrote the first book about cognitive psychology and challenged behaviorist theory.

# data[].attributes.body
Some strengths of this is that it can develop predictable outcomes that can be used for studies. Another strength is that it is easier to study due to it being only with observable behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
Unconscious mind: a supposed hidden part of the mind in which urges and desires are repressed

Early experiences: a large part of the psychodynamic perspective where it is believed early/childhood experiences are influenced by the unconscious mind

# data[].attributes.body
The psychodynamic perspective has a large focus on the inner workings of unconscious behavior.

Considered it be a highly personal perspective.

# data[].attributes.body
Some limitations with the behavioral perspective is that it does not care about the mental process, or what is behind the decisions.

# data[].attributes.body
Scaffolding: The process of when someone else helps them by asking leading questions and providing examples of concepts

Centration: Focusing only on one feature of some object rather than taking all features into consideration.

# data[].attributes.body
Formal Definition: Perspective that focuses on the influence of social interactions, society, and culture on an individual’s thinking and behavior; in psychopathology, approach that examines the impact of social interactions, community, and culture on a person’s thinking, behavior, and emotions.

In my own words: It is a perspective that deals with how people respond to their environment when they come into contact with others or their community around.

# data[].attributes.body
Since the psychodynamic perspective is such a personal view, it can be too narrow of a view to get full understanding of behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
Lev Vygotsky was the founder of the sociocultural perspective, and he believed that we are all influenced by people in our lives. He introduced the concept of the Zone of Proximal Development. The concept shows the difference to what a child can do when alone versus when with support.

# data[].attributes.body
Some strengths is that it can create a more mature thought process, become more aware of negative and positive thinking, and improves the ability to detect a solution to a problem.

# data[].attributes.body
Founding Fathers : Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers

person - centered psychotherapy : focuses on growth and self - actualization

unconditional positive regard : learning with acceptance and being understanding

Positive regard : adore and respect from important people in someone’s life

Abraham Maslow

“Hierarchy of Needs” includes human needs and social needs

# data[].attributes.body
Strengths : the role of the individual and personality is important to the Humanistic psychology. Humanistic perspective has paved the way for therapy focused on self growth and self development.

# data[].attributes.body
Weaknesses : Humanistic perspective ignores the negative parts of human nature and problems.

# data[].attributes.body
An example of the behavioral perspective is when a mother conditions her child to keep his/her hand away from a stove. If the mother punishes the child for getting near or the stove, then the child is likely to stay away.

# data[].attributes.body
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs : How values and priorities are organized. Hierarchy of needs has five tiers, needs are on the lower tiers (food, water, oxygen, ect.) and are needed to reach self-actualization.

# data[].attributes.body
Suppressed trauma from childhood abuse negatively influences the behavior of an individual into adulthood.

# data[].attributes.body
The biological bases for universal mental characteristics that are shared by all humans.

# data[].attributes.body
Some weaknesses is that is only focuses on your own thought process, can’t be directly observed, and ignores other behaviors.

# data[].attributes.body
Instinct/behavior common to most/all people.

# data[].attributes.body
Cultural Psychology: The study of cultural norms, values, and expectations.

Social Psychology: The study of groups, social roles, and rules of social actions and relationships.

Cross-cultural research: The contrasts and comparisons of a behavior or issue are studied in at least two or more cultures.

Diffusion of Responsibility: The tendency to feel that someone else is responsible for taking action when others are present.

# data[].attributes.body
Biological perspective is a scientific method and has biological research on behavior. The biological approach looks at genes and chemical processes to clarify behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
Biological perspective ignores influences of factors that could affect behavior. Some of the factors include experiences, emotions, and environmental factors.

# data[].attributes.body
Fight, flight, or freeze are responses to fear and which reaction someone picks is based on their biology. This is an example of biological perspective.

# data[].attributes.body
Charles Darwin focused on genetics and evolution in society. How natural selection gives way for people to grow and change. Some traits are passed down so that the next generation is better.

Theory of Evolution : if an environment changes, traits that help survival a part of that environment will change.

Natural Selection : organisms that adapt to their environment have more offspring to share genetic traits with.

On the Origins of Species (1859) : introduces the theory of evolution and natural selection

# data[].attributes.body
Neurons : nerve cells sending messages to let you eat, talk, think, walk ect.

Neurotransmitters : chemicals letting neurons communicate in the body through chemical synaptic transmission.

Brain : senses and controls body movement and behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
Formal Definition: Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior and learning.

Informal Definition : Biological perspective focuses on how genetics, traits, the nervous system and hormones affect behavior.

# data[].attributes.body
Free will : The ability to choose

Self-actualization : The achievement of one’s full potential

Self-concept : Based on someone's perspective of their real self and ideal self ; and when similar, people are calm; but when their real self and ideal self do not match, people can have anxiety.

# data[].attributes.body
It explains how relationships affect how people act, which takes into account two different psychology concepts, social and cultural, showing the complexity of it. Another strength of it is it takes into account many people, which enables people to get a greater study on more people than just one.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the major founders of the evolutionary perspective is David Buss, who approaches social psychological topics—such as social reputation and social prestige—through an evolutionary lens.

Charles Darwin was also one of the founders.

# data[].attributes.body
One of the major strengths for the evolutionary perspective is that behavior due to evolution often avoids danger. Someone who is afraid of heights will avoid large heights due to the fact that heights can lead to injury or death.

# data[].attributes.body
Individuals can experience fear or hesitation due to evolutionary behavior even if they are completely safe. Some people are afraid to go onto planes because they have a fear of heights, even though statistically planes are safe.

# data[].attributes.body
A person exhibits fear, anxiety, or hesitation when near snakes. This is because evolution gave humans the fear of snakes because they can be dangerous to be around.

# data[].attributes.body
A weakness of the sociocultural approach is that many different locations have different cultures, making it hard to use data on one location with another. This leads into another point that different cultures have different genetics, which makes it hard for this approach to pick up on.

# data[].attributes.body
An example of this approach is when a person is with their family versus their friends. When they are with their family, the person may be more respectful and speak in a moral formal tone. However, when a person is with their friends their tone probably becomes more informal, and they are more rambunctious.

# data[].attributes.body
Universal characteristics - evolutionary characteristics are common to many or most people as a result of human evolution

Genes - genes are responsible for passing upon inherited characteristics such as fears