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Visualize and understand the structure and funcion of the brain

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age-related cognitive differences modifiable by experimental conditions 

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age-related cognitive differences modifiable by experimental conditions 

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Comparison with older adults in fMRI studies.

Similar peak BOLD responses between young and older adults.

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BOLD response magnitude may be reduced in older adults in some brain regions.

Use of studies to compare age differences in brain activity.

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Activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) 

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Activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) 

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Integrity decreases in older adults compared to younger adults.

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PASA phenomenon: Posterior-anterior shift with aging.

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More activity in the PFC during memory tasks compared to younger adults.

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Reduced ventral striatum activity in reward processing.

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Reduced ventral striatum activity in reward processing.

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Older adults recruit more neural resources at low levels of cognitive load than younger adults.

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Factors Influencing Alzheimer's Disease Risk: APOE

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Factors Influencing Alzheimer's Disease Risk: APOE

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Greater bilateral activity in the PFC as a reflection of compensation

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Increased brain activity correlated with better performance

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At high levels of load, the compensatory mechanism is ineffective, resulting in equivalent or lower activation in older adults.

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Reduced dopamine binding potential and synthesis capacity alterations affecting performance and brain activity.

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Reduced dopamine binding potential and synthesis capacity alterations affecting performance and brain activity.

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Active during rest and spontaneous thought.

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Strong ventral striatum responses to rewards

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Strong ventral striatum responses to rewards

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Strong interconnections in young adults, reduced in older adults during tasks and at rest.

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Evaluation of the connectivity of specific brain regions during tasks.

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Weaker modulation of DN activity and connectivity in older adults, correlated with decreased cognitive performance.

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Cognitive neuroscientists focus on assessing integrated brain activity across different regions to define brain networks.

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associated with reductions in neurotransmitter binding potential and receptor density for dopamine and serotonin .

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Higher brain activity in working memory tasks

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Higher brain activity in working memory tasks

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⬆ activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during memory tasks, compensating for reduced activity in visual processing regions

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Greater left PFC activity in working memory tasks for Val allele carriers.

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Greater left PFC activity in working memory tasks for Val allele carriers.

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Increased activity in the PFC and occipital cortex is associated with better facial recognition and visual attention.

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Increased activity in dorsal PFC and parietal regions correlated with better inhibition of prepotent responses.

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⬆ bilateral activity in the PFC compared to unilateral activity in younger adults suggests a compensatory mechanism.

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Influences age-related changes in brain function, impacting cognitive vulnerability.

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Explanations of the compensatory activity

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Explanations of the compensatory activity

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Potentially enhances memory-related brain activation in cognitively intact older adults at genetic risk, highlighting complex interactions between genetics and lifestyle in cognitive aging.

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The incidence of diseases like Alzheimer's Disease (AD) increases with age , making the impact of AD risk factors on healthy older adults an important area of interest.

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Key regions for learning about rewards and guiding behavior.

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Increased dopamine synthesis capacity potentially compensating for receptor density reduction.

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Increased dopamine synthesis capacity potentially compensating for receptor density reduction.

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Reduction and cortical thinning, particularly in the frontal lobes .

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A cognitive bias in which individuals with low ability, expertise, or experience in a particular domain overestimate their own competence or knowledge, while those with higher ability often underestimate their competence.

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Greater functional connectivity between FFA and dorsal attention regions, better memory for faces with predictive cues.

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CRUNCH (Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis)

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CRUNCH (Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis)

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Indicative of cognitive decline in aging.

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Change in resource engagement timing, less effectiveness or accessibility in proactive strategies with age.

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Loss of selectivity in brain responses in older adults.

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Manipulation of Attention and Expectations in Working Memory

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Manipulation of Attention and Expectations in Working Memory

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Less distinctive and more diffuse brain activity

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Impact on the ability to discriminate between similar and different stimuli.

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specific activation patterns according to stimulus or task.

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more generalized activation in areas like the visual cortex and prefrontal cortex.

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Reduced ability to learn and retrive verbal and non-verbal material

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Affected higher-level executive funcions

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⬆ susceptibility to interference during cognitive tasks

⬇ processing speed

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Semantic memory remains intact.

Preserved emotional regulation.

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fMRI shows age-related differences in task-related brain activity.

Brain activity can be reduced (cognitive deficits) or increased (compensation).

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Age-related differences in BOLD signal.

Alterations in cerebral vasculature influencing the signal.

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Greater functional connectivity between FFA and dorsal attention regions, better memory for faces with predictive cues.

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result in information processing that often arises as mental shortcuts for making complex decisions.

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Mental processes involved in the acquisition of knowledge and understanding.

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Brain Networks and funcional connectivity

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Brain Networks and funcional connectivity

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Reduced hippocampal-parietotemporal connectivity in older adults.

Increased parahippocampal-frontal connectivity as compensation.