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Modernism is a broad cultural, artistic, and literary movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to rapid industrialization, technological progress, and social change. It is characterized by the rejection of traditional artistic conventions and the questioning of established norms.

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Modernists aimed at reshaping art and literature to describe present-day experiences by challenging the generally accepted perspective of identity, reality, and human nature.

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Rejection of traditional forms and themes in literature.

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New writing style that tries to imitate the flow of the character's inner thoughts and emotions.

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Mind-body dissociation and the questioning of identity

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Mind-body dissociation and the questioning of identity

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Literature had alienation, estrangement, and the gap between the perceived and real selves.

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Popularization of free verse poetry with no regular meter and unconventional metaphors.

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Use of multiple points of view, non-linear narratives, untraditional syntax, and metafiction.

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Influence from Futurism, Dadaism, and Surrealism, which have been tagged onto an avant-garde expression and its insistence on innovation and experimentation.

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Modernism thrived between the first four decades of the 20th century. Falling within the cultural crisis and transformation, modernism was shaped by such factors as:

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Decline of Victorian ideals and traditional values

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Decline of Victorian ideals and traditional values

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During this period, the inflexible structure that characterized morality in the 19th century increasingly lost favor.

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Romanticism and realism as the bases of Modernism.

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Rapid technological and social changes reshaped the human experience and brought with it the complications of modern city life.

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Theories like Darwin's evolution and the emergence of philosophical theories challenged traditional worldviews and absolute truth.

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The horrors of war destroyed faith in progress and human rationality.

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It is important to notice that modernism did not end with literature but spilled over into other disciplines: philosophy, psychology, anthropology, painting, music, sculpture, and architecture.

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The beginning of Modernism was the creation of a generation of radical thinking that reconstituted human perception and knowledge:

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His critique of capitalism inspired the Modernist skepticism towards social structures.

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His ideas about morality, truth, and religion were in tune with the questioning of these subjects.

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His theories on the unconscious mind influenced the employment of stream-of-consciousness and the use of psychological depth in literature.

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Whose studies in mythology and comparative religion inspired Modernist themes of myth and meaning.

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His theory of evolution, which perhaps had the most serious blow to religious and humanist ideals, influences existential themes seen in Modernist literature.

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Ezra Pound: poet and critic who instructed artists to "Make it new!"

T.S. Eliot: a modernist-defining poem, mythical, fragmentary, in a state of cultural despair

James Joyce: established stream-of-consciousness writing in Ulysses

Virginia Woolf: the originator of psychological realism and feminism.

Franz Kafka: writing with existential futility and absurdity on labyrinths of bureaucracy, alienation, and the condition of humanity.

Stéphane Mallarmé: Avant-garde modernist; his symbolist poetry foreshadowed the language use and abstractive techniques that would appear in Modernism.

Hans Hofmann: artist and teacher; assisted in spreading Modernist views throughout the United States.

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Robbinson, B. J. (2022, October 3). 3.1: Modernism and Postmodernism as literary movements. Humanities LibreTexts, University of North Georgia Press. https://human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/British_and_Irish_Literature/British_Literature_II_-_Romantic_Era_to_the_Twentieth_Century_and_Beyond_(Robinson)/03%3A_The_Twentieth_Century_and_Beyond/3.01%3A_Modernism_and_Postmodernism_as_Literary_Movements

Saylor Resources Archive. (s.f.). Modernism. https://resources.saylor.org/wwwresources/archived/site/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Modernism.pdf

Yasin, T. (s.f.). Modernism in literature. Ram Lal Anand College.  https://rlacollege.edu.in/pdf/eng-presentation/PPT%202%20MODERNISM.pdf