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-a method of data compression that leverages the self-similarity property of fractals to encode images and other data types

-This method can reduce storage

-Fractal compression works by partitioning an image into non-overlapping blocks (range blocks), finding similar larger sections (domain blocks), and applying mathematical transforms (rotation, scaling, translation) to approximate the range blocks.

-When there is repetitive photo they select it and find it so we can delete it

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1. Choose something to research about (from the list provided).

2. Be sure to choose something you DON'T KNOW MUCH about.

3. Research about it and answer the following questions:

Ancient Writing Systems:

Where was it found?

From which historical period is it?

When was it found (if applicable)?

What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)?

How could an alpaca use it?

Give a real-life example of this (location, information about it)

AI Photo Enhancement (example: denoising)

What is it? What does it mean?

How can this technology be useful?

How does it work?

Give one real-life example of this technology being used.

How could an alpaca use it?

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AI photo enhancement refers to the use of artificial intelligence techniques to improve the quality of images. Noise can be caused by various factors, such as low light conditions, camera sensor imperfections, or compression artifacts. It can: Improving image quality, Enhancing details, Preserving historical images. Denoising algorithms often use deep learning models, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), to learn patterns and features in noisy images. The model can then identify and remove noise while preserving the essential details of the image. An alpaca can look at it.

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Ancient Writing Systems and Artifacts

Petroglyphs

Cuneiform

Nsibidi

Quipus

Dispilio Tablet

Oracle Bones

Cylcons

Geoglyphs

Runestones

Image Processing and Machine Learning Terms (AI PHOTO ENHANCEMENT)

Upscaling (super-resolution)

Denoising

Fractal Compression

Convolutional Neural Network

Dataset

Backpropagation

Training

Image Classification

Object Detection

Semantic Segmentation

Magic Editor (Google Pixel 8)

Japanese Art and Repair Techniques

Kintsugi

Yobitsugi

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Where was it found?

Semantic segmentation, as a concept and technique, was not "found" in a specific location. It is a field of research and development within computer vision, which has evolved over time with contributions from researchers around the world.

From which historical period is it?

While the foundational concepts of image processing and computer vision date back several decades, semantic segmentation as a specific task gained significant attention in the late 2000s and early 2010s, primarily due to advancements in deep learning and convolutional neural networks (CNNs).

When was it found (if applicable)?

There isn't a specific "founding date" for semantic segmentation. It's a field that has been continuously developed and refined over time, with significant breakthroughs occurring in recent years.

What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)?

Semantic segmentation has become crucial for a wide range of applications, including:

Autonomous vehicles: Understanding the surrounding environment, identifying objects like roads, pedestrians, and other vehicles.

Medical image analysis: Segmenting organs, tumors, and other anatomical structures for diagnosis and treatment.

Robotics: Enabling robots to perceive and interact with their environment.

Remote sensing: Analyzing satellite imagery to identify land cover types, such as forests, urban areas, and water bodies.

How could an alpaca use it?

While an alpaca might not directly benefit from semantic segmentation, it could indirectly be affected by technologies that rely on it. For example, if an alpaca were to graze in a field monitored by a drone equipped with semantic segmentation, the drone could help identify and avoid any potential hazards.

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Oracle Bones

Invented and where: Shang Dynasty in ancient China in 1600 - 1046 BCE

When was it used: Fourteenth to eleventh century BCE

How much times was Oracle Bones rediscovered: 160,000 times

Continued by: Zhou Dynasty

Original name: Jia Gu Wen - translation = shell and bone script

What is it: Neolithic symbols of China

Oracle bones were pieces of oxen bone or turtle shell used by the civilization of the Shang Dynasty in ancient China around 1600-1046 BCE. The bones were used for divination, which is an occultic ritual inquiring of the supernatural realm for guidance or answers to questions

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Goldmark City, Phú Diễn, Bac Tu Liem, Ha Noi, Vietnam

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How many alpaca backpacks can an alpaca pack if an alpaca can pack an alpaca backpack?

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Nsibidi: Nsibiri; Nchibiddi; Nchibiddy

A system of symbols or proto-writing developed by the Ekpe secret society

Traversed the southeastern part of Nigeria.

They are classified as pictograms, though there have been suggestions that some are logograms or syllabograms.

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Where was it found? Nsibidi was primarily found in the Cross River region, an area that spans parts of present-day southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon.

From which historical period is it? Nsibidi is believed to date back to as early as 400 CE, but its exact age is not fully determined. Oral traditions suggest that it could have been used for much longer, possibly dating to earlier periods before recorded history.

When was it found (if applicable)? European explorers first encountered Nsibidi in the 19th century, although it had been in use for centuries prior by local communities.

What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)? Nsibidi is historically significant as it is one of the oldest known writing systems in Africa. It was used for various purposes, such as communication, secret societies (like the Ekpe and the Leopard societies), and cultural rituals. Its existence challenges the misconception that African societies were illiterate before colonial contact.

How could an alpaca use it? Alpacas are animals, so they wouldn't have the cognitive abilities to use Nsibidi or any writing system. However, if we're imagining an alpaca in a metaphorical or playful sense, it could carry messages that use Nsibidi symbols, perhaps for trade or symbolic communication within a fantastical context.

Give a real-life example of this (location, information about it): A modern example of Nsibidi in use is seen within secret societies like the Ekpe society, which continues to practice this system during cultural ceremonies. In Calabar, Nigeria, there are historical and cultural centers that preserve Nsibidi symbols as part of the local heritage. You can also find Nsibidi symbols engraved in the artifacts and architecture from this region.

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What Petroglyphs?

a carving or inscription on a rock.

Where can we found it?

found in all parts of the globe except Antarctica

Which historical period?

are dated to approximately the Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary (roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago).

Why is it important?

Because its a powerful cultural symbols that reflect the complex societies and religions of the surrounding tribes

Alphacas can eat it

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Petroglyphs are found almost everywhere in the world, except for Antartica

Petroglyphs date primarily from the Paleolithic to the Medieval period.

Petroglyphs were found 10,000 to 12,000 years ago

Petroglyphs are important for understanding ancient cultures, history, artistic expression, and archaeological insights.

An alpaca can simply create it by using sharp tools to carve into the rock to create drawings

Real life example of petroglyphs are Kakadu National Park

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Where was it found?

Found in almost everywhere except for Antartica

From which historical period is it?

As early as the transition period from the Pleistocene to the Holocene, about 12,000 years ago

When was it found (if applicable)?

Roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago

How could an alpaca use it?

Incising/engraving (lines are cut into the rock with a sharp tool); pecking (hammering and chipping away at the rock surface) and scraping.

Real-life example: Rock Eagle Effigy Mound in Georgia.

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Where were they found?

Oracle-bone inscriptions were first found in Yin Ruins in Anyang City, Henan Province, China.

From what historical time period were Oracle bones in?

Shang Dynasty in ancient China around 1600-1046 BCE.

When were Oracle bones found?

In 1908.

What is the historical significance of Oracle bones?

Oracle bones are priceless because they record the questions and answers people had about their lives, and especially the questions and activities of the lord and king they worshipped at the time.

How could an Alpaca use an Oracle bone?

The alpaca could record the activities of its alpaca leader of the group?

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Where it was found: Runestones are primarily found in Sweden.

Historical period: Runestones are from the Viking Age, specifically between the 8th and 11th centuries. They reflect the Viking culture, its writing system (the runic alphabet), and Norse mythology.

When was it found (if applicable): Runestones have been discovered at various times, often during the 19th century and later, as archaeological methods improved. Some of the more famous runestones, like the Rök Runestone in Sweden, were found earlier, but has significant attention to their preservation and translation developed in the modern era.

What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)?: Runestones are historically significant because they offer insights into Viking language, culture, social structures, and religious beliefs. They often commemorate individuals, with inscriptions revealing details about their lives, status, and accomplishments. Many runestones were also erected in honor of trade voyages, battles, or notable events. Additionally, they represent one of the last widespread uses of the runic alphabet before the adoption of Latin script.

How can an alpaca use it: Imagine an alpaca stumbling upon a runestone during its Viking-era trek. This alpaca, clearly an explorer, gazes at the ancient inscriptions and thinks, "Finally! Directions to the best grasslands!"

A real life example: A famous example of a runestone is the Rök Runestone, found in Östergötland, Sweden. This runestone is one of the largest and features one of the longest runic inscriptions ever found. It was erected in the 9th century and is believed to commemorate the son of a local chieftain, though recent studies suggest it might also contain mythological references and poetic stanzas. The Rök Runestone holds a place of great importance in the study of Old Norse language and literature.

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1. Upscaling: a process of enlarging something without any loss in image quality.

2. this makes the image presentable in larger formats. For example, TV, film from years ago can come back looking more modern and better.

3. The pixels will get smaller and smaller to get more clear images.

4. images have been upscaled to display on HDTVs and screens for years in a presentable format.

5. photographer alpaca wants to get paid more so he upscales the photo he takes ( very sigma)

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What's cuneiform?

ancient writing - wedge shaped

Where is it found?

developed by the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500 BCE. - Southern Iraq

Alphaca can stare

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It is originated in Australia (West)

Although the oldest rock we can find today is 20 000 BC, it is dated by scientist back to the Early Stone Age to Bronze Age(50000BC - 3000BC)

An Alpaca can use this to communicate with others or keep track of how many other alpacas they killed and ate :O

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Where was it found?

It was found in Atacama Desert of northern Chile

From which historical period it is ?Today it is believed that the geoglyphs were created by the Nasca people, whose culture developed in Peru sometime between 1-700 C.E. The river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nasca and the Ica Valley in the southern region of Peru, where they were able to farm, despite the desert environment—one of the driest regions in the world.

When was it found?

Since the 1970s, numerous geoglyphs have been discovered on deforested land in the Amazon rainforest, Brazil, leading to claims about Pre-Columbian civilaztion. Ondemar Dias is the first person discovering the geoglyphs in 1977 and Alceu Ranzi with furthering their discovery after flying over Acre.

What is the historical signification of this?

Geoglyphs are ancient works of art that were made from moving or arranging stones or earth on a landscape to create figural or abstract art.

Example

Geoglyphs are large designs or motifs created on the ground. Examples of famous geoglyphs around the world include:

Nazca Lines in Peru

Blythe Intaglios in the USA

Pintados in the Atacama Desert of Chile

Effigy Mounds in the USA

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-)Where was it found?the Dispilio Tablet was found near the calm waters of Lake Kastoria in Greece, where ancient people lived.

-)From which historical period is it?

It are from the Neolithic period, about 5200 BC, when people started to settle down and farm.

-)When was it found (if applicable)?

It was discovered in 1993, bringing us closer to a very old time......

-)What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)?

This tablet may be one of the first forms of writing, showing how early humans communicated and recorded their lives.

-)How could an alpaca use it?

An alpaca can’t actually use the tablet, but you can imagine it walking around and leaving tracks, just like the tablet holds stories of people.

-)Give a real-life example (location, information about it):

the Dispilio settlement is an archaeological site that shows how Neolithic people lived. The tablet is now displayed in the Archaeological Museum of Dispilio.

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Colorizing historical photos is basically adding color into the black-white photos in the EARLY 20TH CENTURY. One of the restorer is Stuart Humphryes, he restore a potrait of artist Claude Monet in 1921 with his colorful garden. He also restore a lots of pictures from World War 1. Some individuals think that this capturing the daily lives, work and play of people from different cultural backgrounds with color so its make the experience enhanced but others think that this is not accurate and affect the integrity of the photos so the prefer its in black-white condition

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Wheree? In Anyang, China (Henan Province).

Historical period? Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE).

When discovered? Late 19th century.

Anyy historical significance? They are the earliest examples of Chinese writing, used for divination, giving insights into Shang governance, religion, and the development of Chinese script.

How could an alpaca use it? Hypothetically, an alpaca could use the bones to divine better grazing areas!

Example location? Yinxu!, the ruins of the Shang capital

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What is Nsibidi?

is a system of symbols or proto-writing developed by the Ekpe secret society that traversed the southeastern part of Nigeria.

Where is it found?

Southern Nigeria

Time period?

ranging between 400 and 1400 CE in the Calabar area of Cross River State.

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found: mostly in the Shang city, Yinxu

historical period: shang/yin dynasty, 1600BCE to 1046BCE

significance: divination ceremonies, as ancient china diviners would interpret the questions carved on the bones/ turtle shells to see the person's ancestors's message. then its finished by writing an answer to their question directly on the bone

how an alpaca can use it: carve the questions using their hooves? :)

real life example: pieces of bones or turtle shells. questions were carved on them, then subjected to intense heat through a metal rod until its cracked by thermal extension

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Where was it found?

Hieroglyphic texts are found normally in temples, tombs or pyramids of Egypt.

From which historical period is it?

Hieroglyphics are found in 3500 BCE - 3200 BCE.

When was it found?

Hieroglyphics were found in 3500 BCE to today.

How can an alpaca use it?

An alpaca can use it by reading it from the bottom, as normal for egyptians but sometimes starting on the left side and sometimes on the right.

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DALL·E 2024-10-05 14.20.16 - An alpaca standing in a dense, green forest, staring at a massive, ancient stone slab covered in hieroglyphic carvings. The alpaca looks curious, with

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Oracle Bones were primarily found in Anyang, China

They date back to the Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE).

Oracle Bones were discovered in the late 19th Century

They provide ways of early Chinese writing and divination practices

An alpaca can study the ways of practicing this that the Chinese used, also learning the old Chinese alphabet

Real-life example: Ancient military campaigns of the Shang Dynasty.

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where was it found-southeastern region of modern Nigeria

From which historical period is it-400 to 1400 CE

When was it found-roughly the 5th to 15th centuries

What is the historical significance of this-It is the oldest form of writing in Africa

How could an alpaca use it- maybe to ask for more food from human or to say to human: "Stop staring at me, i know I'm beautiful!"

Give a real-life example of this-Nsibidi is an ancient system of graphic communication indigenous to the Ejagham peoples of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon in the Cross River region.

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What is it?

an ancient Inca device for recording information, consisting of variously colored threads knotted in different ways

Where is it from?

the central Andes Mountains of South America

Why is it important?

The Inca Civilization used quipu as their main way to communicate and keep records.

Historical period?

about 2500 BCE in ancient South America to the historical Incan Empire

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Geoglyphs are primarily found in the Nazca Desert in Peru.

They date back to around 500 BCE to 500 CE.

Geoglyphs were found in the 1920s

They reflect the beliefs and practices of the Nazca culture.

An alpaca can use this for information into ancient civilizations and their environmental interactions.

One famous geoglyph is the Nazca Lines’ hummingbird, which showcases the intricate designs made by the Nazca people.

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What is Quipus?

A quipus is an ancient Inca's innvention for recording information, made by various colored threads knotted in different ways. The color, knots, and distance tells the Incas what the information to identify the type of object or the characteristics of the population being recorded.

Where was it found?

It was mostly found in Peru where many cultures that live in the central Andes Mountains of South America, especially Incas.

What is the historical significance of this (why is it important)?

The Inca Civilization used quipu as their main way to communicate and keep records. Quipu could communicate a message based on the fiber, color, and spin of a string. Information was also conveyed by the way strings were tied together.

How could an alpaca use it?

An alpaca would need help to understand the communication but it could use the quipus to track food. It could keep track of where the best grazing spots are, with different knots representing areas with abundant grass or water sources. It could also use it too check the weather and seasons, that knots might indicate the arrival of rainy seasons or times of migration, perhaps tied into instinctual behaviors.

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What is it?

is a wooden tablet bearing inscribed markings, unearthed during George Hourmouziadis's excavations of Dispilio in Greece

Time period?

around 5.200 BC

Why was it important?

Dispilio tablet suggests an early form of communication

Where is it?

modern village of Dispilio on Lake Kastoria in Kastoria, Western Macedonia, Greece

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What it is? What does it means?

Denoising is an advanced technique used to decrease spots and change color in images while minimizing the loss of quality

How can this technology be useful?

Denoising provides users with immediate visual feedback, so they can see and interact with graphics and designs. This allows them to experiment with turning variables like light, materials, viewing angle and shadows.

How does it work?

Denoising is the process of removing noise from imagery. It is becoming more common in the field of image processing and computer vision. Image denoising uses advanced algorithms to remove noise from graphics and renders, making a huge difference to the quality of images

Example

You can use cmddenoise to determine the optimal number of intervals to denoise and denoise the signal. In this example, use the 'db3' wavelet and decompose the data down to level 3. [SIGDEN,~,thrParams,~,BestNbOfInt] = cmddenoise(x, 'db3',3); Display the number of intervals and the sample values that delimit the intervals.

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Fractal compression makes pictures smaller but keeps them clear.

It helps people store and share important info about us more easily.

It finds and uses repeating patterns to shrink data without losing details.

It’s used in digital photos, so farmers can keep many pictures of their alpacas.

An alpaca can simply put in a prompt in an AI (example: Dall-e) and add in fractal compression than it will be fulfilled!

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Where was it found

Asia

Africa

North/South America

Europe

Austria

(Not Antarctica)

Which historical period was it found in:

Neolithic and late Upper Paleolithic boundary (roughly 10,000 to 12,000 years ago)

Why is this writing system important

Petroglyphs are powerful cultural symbols that reflect the complex societies.

An alpaca can use it to communicate with surrounding alpaca tribes.