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"...a steady process of the transfer of the results of the labor of one social group to benefit another" (Young 37).

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With which social categories does exploitation work?

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With which social categories does exploitation work?

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I'd personally argue that exploitation can work for any social category mainly thanks to social media, but the main three that exploitation fits are Race, Gender, and Class.

Race - This also ties into class and citizenship as well, but anyone who is not white is usually exploited for anything and everything that they do to create. Their manual labor and their creative ideas are often used and stolen from white folks and rebranded as their own original products or content, and then they're the ones who get the money and fame rather than the hard working people of color that produced them in the first place. Anyone who is not white is forced to assimilate or else they have an even lower chance of finding employment, and even when they do, it's already assumed that they will perform very poorly because they are seen as inferior to the white man. Immigrants usually get the lowest paying, least desirable, and most dangerous jobs, and they are told to be grateful for it anyways. They get severely hurt and barely paid anything so that their bosses can squeeze even more out of their underpaid and undervalued labor.

Gender - The main way I can think of that the category of gender plays a role in exploitation is with childcare and domestic work. Women as partners, daughters, and mothers are expected to do a lot more of the work around the house, both with chores and with taking care of others, and a lot of these tasks require planning things out and keeping track of everything before things get out of control, which is a huge mental load that men don't take into account at all. Another aspect for this that I can think of is specifically sexual. Women's bodies are inherently seen as sexual and are sexualized at all ages, and often because they get paid a lot less for doing the same work as their male counterparts, they often have to resort to other ways of getting their basic necessities or at least for more fair pay, and that can be sexual actions or "favors." Blowing their bosses for a raise, working as prostitutes or strippers because men will pay a lot just to get a hard on, and the women often get abused in these environments as well. The first example is a form of sexual abuse (sex as a means to get something else that's desired or needed).

Other - The reason that I say that all social categories can technically fit exploitation is because of social media. A big example here: one way that large companies make themselves seem more relatable or more "ethical" is by having a diverse representation of employees. A person in a wheelchair, a black woman, a gay man, a person with a hijab, anything that is visual for promotional material that is solely to show "hey, we have diversity, so we're one of the good ones, give us your money." Or, another example in the same light, "inspiration porn," which is taking a disabled person and telling your version of their story to make other abled body people feel "inspired" and "hopeful" all just to make themselves feel good rather than give a damn about the disabled person themself. They're seen more as a feel good prop than an actual person.

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How is this relevant to me and my community?

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How is this relevant to me and my community?

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I'm a white man who hasn't had to work for much just yet, but this does still affect me. I did recently get a job as a cashier for a grocery store making $19.84 and hour, which is nowhere near enough to pay for my monthly rent, though I don't have to worry about that yet thanks to my mom giving me the money I need for all my necessities.

This does effect my community a lot more. A lot of my friends come from poorer families, (they're mainly Filipino or White), so they've always had to work harder than me and have strived for more than I ever have. Almost all of them still live with their families though, just because even renting an apartment is way too much for any of them to afford.

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What is one example of a method to challenge exploitation?

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What is one example of a method to challenge exploitation?

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One method that I've seen to challenge exploitation that doesn't really work for everyone is to change what you put your money into. We need to use our money for our necessities, but we can control who we give it to. Only buying from companies who are not exploitative will show that you want more of them and less of the other companies. One thing that I've learned and seen first hand is that there's a lot of areas around the U.S. and the world that do not have this option. In the Bay Area, while we do still have a lot of major corporations' locations around here, we also have a lot of small businesses. When my partner first moved here from Colorado Springs, she was surprised to see so many shops and restaurants she hadn't heard of before due to them only existing in that specific area. All she knew were big name brands, nothing local or small. This option of only giving your money to more "ethical" brands and companies is only available to those with the money and time to do so. The most affordable option is often the one that was made with blood.

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The expelling of people whose labor capitalism does not or will not use because their labor is considered worthless or useless.

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With which social categories does marginalization work?

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With which social categories does marginalization work?

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Marginalization works with Race, Gender, Class, Ability, Citizenship, Body, and Religion. I'll mainly be focusing on Ability.

Ability - Disabled people make up roughly 20% of the US population. It's also one of the only social categories that ANYONE can become a part of at any time. All it takes is one accident. Despite this, they are shunned from society. Most jobs don't want to have to accommodate for disabled people, regardless of how specifically they are disabled, and this is partially because they often have more needs and can't work for long periods of time in comparison to abled bodied people. They aren't even allowed to have a certain amount of money saved in their bank accounts or they won't get any extra money from the government to help them pay for their medical necessities. Because of how exploitation in capitalism works, a good chunk of disabled people cannot work like that, and KNOW that they can't, because how they suffer from it is so blatantly obvious and is in a way that they cannot push through, and capitalists would rather just not see or deal with them at all than let than pay them for what they can do. Some disabled people can't work at all, and they barely get any assistance from it. They are practically invisible in society, because the able-bodied person has been programmed to actively avoid and ignore disability and do everything they can to not become disabled themselves, because that means that they need to become dependent on someone else, and capitalists want their workers to believe it's "every man for himself" and that it's shameful to need help for anything.

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What is one example of a method of challenging marginalization? Explain with real-life example and source

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What is one example of a method of challenging marginalization? Explain with real-life example and source

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Because marginalization is the active exclusion of vulnerable groups, one thing we can do to challenge marginalization is to bring attention to these groups and support them however they want or need.

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How does marginalization connect to exploitation?

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How does marginalization connect to exploitation?

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Marginalization is the determining factor for who isn't worthy enough to be exploited. It also makes the people who aren't being exploited desire to change themselves to that they can be, because our livelihoods rely on the money we make from our exploitation. There is a lot of shame that comes with not being self-reliant or self-sufficient

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A lack of autonomy or control over oneself in a "professional" environment or systemically. The way that the system is set up is intentionally made to make certain people have little to no control over themselves, and are often not taken seriously by the people in charge as a way to keep them from trying to make any change and to keep them obedient.

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The societal belief that one set of cultural norms or ways of living are the absolute norm, and that any other way of life is weird, "exotic," or bad.

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How does powerlessness relate to exploitation and marginalization?

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How does powerlessness relate to exploitation and marginalization?

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Powerlessness is a result of exploitation and marginalization. Either you're good enough to have all your energy and labor extracted, leaving you with nothing else for the rest of your time in the day, or you're useless and get nothing to help you be able to survive. If you have no support, and asking for help is shamed, it's really hard to get the motivation to actually

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With which social categories does powerlessness work?

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With which social categories does powerlessness work?

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I think that powerlessness works especially with Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Ability. I'll expand upon Ability.

Because of the privatization and the monopoly that private health companies and insurance, getting access to what you need to survive is that much harder. While some disabilities are very visible and "obvious," there's a lot of "invisible" disabilities that can't be observed (at least in an obvious way) by other people. This, combine with a general lack of education and medical bias from doctors, can make it really hard for those with chronic conditions or disabilities to be believed in their symptoms or the pain that they feel. Having to go to many different doctors again and again and again just to be told that they're lying or prescribed something that doesn't even work and brushed aside can lead to a feeling of powerlessness. Working can be especially hard for some of these disabled people as well, a lack of accommodations and a general fear and shame from needing to be dependent on another person also leads to powerlessness. It doesn't help that a lot of disabled people struggle to do "simple" tasks that most able bodied people can do without really thinking about, usually small chores or errands. The spiral into shame can lead them to feel worthless, pathetic, and of course, powerless. This is only reinforced heavily by the social conditioning in our society of "pulling yourself up by your bootstraps" and being completely self-reliant or else you're worth nothing.

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Reflection on code-switching as an effective way to challenge (linguistic) powerlessness

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Reflection on code-switching as an effective way to challenge (linguistic) powerlessness

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With which social categories does powerlessness work? Two prominent social categories as an example

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With which social categories does powerlessness work? Two prominent social categories as an example

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After realizing that I (most likely) am Autistic and have ADHD, a lot of traits about myself started to make sense. I previously had just thought everything about me was weird, wrong, stupid, and that I was just destined to be a failure because so much of what seemed easy for others was hard for me. But this mindset doesn't just go away. I have more friends now than 12 year old me could have ever dreamed of, and a part of me is still not used to actually having so many people actually like me? At least on a surface level, that I'm scared of doing or saying something wrong to make them hate me. I don't think much when I actually talk, I'm much to focused on being able to actually respond, but usually afterwards, I regret everything I had said to them. Everything that's different about me because of this, I keep trying to think about what would be seen as "too weird" or "over-sharing" and suppress what would make others view me as strange, because I know that I would be much less respected if I was as open. But, I really can't. I try to think like how a neurotypical would, what their norms would be and what they would see as acceptable, but when it comes to actual conversations, I genuinely don't know how they communicate compared to me and my neurodivergent friends. I always end up doing something wrong and making things awkward.

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What does it mean violence is a social practice beyond being individual victimization?

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What does it mean violence is a social practice beyond being individual victimization?

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Violence against certain social groups is supported and encouraged by the existing social norms and systems that control our very lives, making it harder to feel and be safe in more ways than just physical.

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With which social categories does violence work?

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With which social categories does violence work?

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All of them. Every one of the social categories experience violence because of how our society is structured to treat people the dominant groups view as lesser, weak, strange, and generally "other." We see this with some US states still having "trans panic" and "gay panic" as genuine excuses for murdering people. We saw this during the quarantine period of 2020 with a rise in violence against Asians, saying that it was their fault for causing COVID and hiding behind it as an excuse to hurt them. It also doesn't help that beating your kids is still an acceptable form of punishment or "discipline" for them, and we often view children as lesser people or just not as people at all to begin with. This in turn makes both the adults that are doing the abuse as well as the children who suffer from it to believe that violence is acceptable so long as you believe the other person deserves it, so long as they have done something to have wronged you, or exist in a way that you don't like or understand.

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How would cultural imperialism promote violence as a social practice?

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How would cultural imperialism promote violence as a social practice?