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The Roman Catholic Church had little to no competition in religious thought and action for centuries. Protestant Christianity believes that the Pope should not be in control of how the Bible is interpreted. The parts of the Protestant Christianity was Baptist, Calvinist, and Lutheran.

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King Henry supported the Catholic Church and was the “Defender of Faith." He wanted to have a son but his wife did not and asked for a divorce. The Church refused to agree to a divorce because of the Act Of Supremacy. This lead to him declaring Henry head of the Church of England. King Henry also seized & divided land and wealth of the Catholic Church in England.

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Charles V was the Holy Roman Emperor of the Reformation. He was a young man and he was politicly weak. He governed a huge realm during Luther’s protest and he also started the spread of Protestantism which made it difficult for him to control his empire.

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He was a German Monk and was appalled by the corrupt. He made the sales of indulgences so people could buy their way into heaven. His main goal was to reform, not to break from the church.

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On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther posted the 95 theses to church doors. This is considered the beginning of the protestant Reformation. He believed all humans are equal before god and the Bible is the ultimate authority, not pope.

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Martin Luther hid at Wartburg Castle in Germany for ten months after being declared an outlaw in 1521. He was hiding to avoid being arrested and killed. While he was hiding, he translated The New Testament from Greek to German, which has never been done before. He also started the Lutheran Church, which was the first Protestant Faith.

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John Calvin was a French priest and lawyer and he institutes on the
Christian Religion. He believed that Salvation gained through faith alone and that God alone decides whether an individual has achieved eternal life. He also believed in the Bible as the only source of religious truth.

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Calvinism is the foundation for additional protestants faiths like, Baptist, Anabaptist, Puritan, Presbyterian ,and Congregationalist. John Calvin established his first community in Geneva Switzerland. After he established that, monasteries were dissolved, mass was abolished, and Papal authority renounced.

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The expansion of the Protestant Reformation

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The expansion of the Protestant Reformation

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John Calvin's ideas were an expansion of the protestant reformation. It started in 1517, began in Germany with Luther, and eventually expanded into France with Calvin.

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Merchant wealth challenged usury, which is the practice of lending money at interest. Popes lived extravagant lifestyles focused on power and artistic patronage, which is financial support given to a cause or an organization. The Church was based in Rome, so Italian domination was likely to happen.

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During the Reformation, Queen Elizabeth revived the Protestant influence and brought religious tolerance for dissenters. She was in charge of the Anglican Church and commissioned the 39 articles.

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John Wycliffe was a English philosopher and an early reformer. He wrote that scripture alone should be the
standard of Christian belief and practice. He wanted Christians to be able to read the Bible for themselves so he made the first translation of the Bible into English.

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Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused a lot of conflict. Indulgences are the pardon for sins committed during a persons lifetime. This was an advantage to the wealthy, but the poor could not afford it.

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During the Reformation, the Bible was translated by Martin Luther. He translated it so that many languages would be able to read it and not just the pope. This allowed people to interpret the Bible in how and what they believed in.

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During the Reformation, the expansion and improvement of the printing press started up. The printing press allowed the Bible to be more accessible and can be printed in many other languages. More books would be published since they were not being written by hand anymore.

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Many important people helped to maintain the Reformation after Henry. Edward VI: Maintains the Protestant Influence, Mary I: Restores Catholic Church & Papal Authority, and Elizabeth I: Reestablishes Protestant Influence. The Anglican Church converted into the Catholic and Church of England.

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Ever since the Reformation allowed King Henry to get a divorce with his wife, he became head of the church. Over time, he also gained lots of wealth and land.