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Jan. 12 1876-Nov. 22 1916

One of the first American authors to make a large fortune and become very popular internationally

Passionate advocate of worker's rights, animal welfare, and socialism

Lived in California

His real Dad disowned him, then his mom tried to commit suicide, then she got remarried

An oyster pirate in his youth, stealing oysters in the San Francisco harbor

At 21, he sailed to Alaska to participate in the Klondike Gold Rush, but it worsened his health a lot

He went on to write "The Call of the Wild", "To Build a Fire", and "White Fang", all very famous short stories about this time period

His writing was typically hastily written, and is of varying quality

Most famous works involve humankind's inability to overcome nature, or the appeal of the wilderness

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_London

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-London

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Lived from 1929-2008

Grew up in Louisiana and joined the Army at age 18

Used his veteran experience to help pay for college at the University of Oslo (in Norway)

Won first prize in the Writer's Digest Short Story Contest at age 29

Married Inger Marie that same year and had two sons and a daughter

Created one of the first Black-owned advertising companies in NYC

Famous-ish stories include "Duel with the Clock," "Mother Dear and Daddy," and the novel If We Must Die

Has his own website! (juniusedwards.com) (it's blocked)

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Paid Notice: Deaths
<br> EDWARDS, JUNIUS

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EDWARDS--Junius, 78, died peacefully at home in New York City on March 22, 2008. He is survived by his beloved wife of 50 years, Inger Marie, his two sons, Eric and Tony, his daughter Ellen, four grandchildren, and one greatgrandchild. Born in 1929 in Alexandria, Louisiana, Junius Edwards joined the Army at 18, served for nine years in Korea and Japan, and worked in the Judge Advocate General Corps and the Army Counter Intelligence Corps. After his honorable discharge he went to study at the University of Oslo, Norway using his GI Bill, where he continued to pursue his passion for writing. In 1958 he won first prize in the Writer’s Digest Short Story Contest for ″Liars Don’t Qualify″ and in 1959, he received a Eugene F. Saxton Fellowship for creative writing. His published work also includes short stories ″Duel with the Clock,″ ″Mother Dear and Daddy,″ and the novel ″If We Must Die″. His writing primarily focused on racial and personal problems faced by the African-American soldier and African-Americans living in the South. During the 1960s in New York, Junius Edwards worked as a copywriter for various advertising agencies such as Ogilvy & Mather, Ted Bates Inc., and Norman, Craig, & Kummel. He went on to establish Junius Edwards Inc., one of the first blackowned advertising agencies in New York City with clients that included Carver Federal Savings Bank, Faberge, Liggett & Myers, and The Greater New York Savings Bank. He later worked as a consultant and Special Fellow for United Nations Unitar, while also expanding into several entrepreneurial endeavors in the health, travel, publishing, and airline industries. We, your adoring family, thank you for being a wonderful and inspiring man, a great father, and loving husband.We love you Papa. Messages of condolence can be sent to JJEdwards@aol.com

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Kristin Hunter was born in 1931 and died in 2008. She was an African-American short story writer who created works about Black life, the gender divide in the United States, and the human experience. Most of her books are in the form of realistic fiction. Her most well-known books are God Bless the Child, Kinfolks, and Do Unto Others. She has won multiple awards for her literary works and dedicated her life to teaching and writing for the future generations.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristin_Hunter

https://pabook.libraries.psu.edu/literary-cultural-heritage-map-pa/bios/Hunter__Kristin#:~:text=Her%20writing%20mainly%20focused%20on,at%20the%20age%20of%2077.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kristin-Hunter-Lattany

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Ernest Miller Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899, and he died on July 2, 1961. He was born in Illinois and he died in Idaho. He was a novelist, short story writer, and journalist. He said that his writing was influenced by his mother teaching him how to play the cello at a young age. He had 4 wives and 3 children. His writing has influenced many late 20th century writers. He fought in multiple wars. Towards the end of his life he went a little mad and he eventually committed suicide. Hemingway was first a journalist, so his writing uses skilled narrative that often remarked on war. His writing style was typically from other languages, and usually from Spanish literature. Hemingway used the iceberg theory, which is that the facts are on the surface, and all the structure and symbolism operates out of sight. Most of his sentences had a simple structure, allowing all types of readers to enjoy his writing. Hemingway tried to accurately portray emotion, leading to him sometimes being accused of suppressing the emotions of his characters. Three of his most famous short stories are The Snows of Kilimanjaro, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, and Hills Like White Elephants.

-Claire Gladden

Sources:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway#Selected_works

https://interestingliterature.com/2021/12/best-ernest-hemingway-short-stories/

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Kate Chopin was a writer of about 100 short stories and two published novels. She lived from 1850 to 1904. While she was alive her stories were very controversial, getting bad reviews from critics and being banned from local libraries. After her death, her works became much more widely known, for their insight on women’s lives in that time period, as well as her elegant and graceful language. Her stories focused on sensitive and intelligent women. A few of her famous short stories include “The Storm,” “The Story of an Hour,” “Désirée’s Baby,” “A Pair of Silk Stockings,” and many more.

Talya Ziya

Source: https://www.katechopin.org/

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Shirley Jackson was an author of many mystery/horror short stories and novels. She lived from December 14, 1916, to August 8, 1965 and was born in San Francisco, California. Over her 49 years she wrote 6 Novels, over 200 short stories, and 2 memoirs. She met her future husband, Stanley Edgar Hyman at Syracuse University in New York. After graduating, the two moved to New York City and contributed to "The New Yorker". Eventually, she moved to Vermont where she had 3 of her 4 children and eventually died of a heart condition in 1965.

Most Famous Stories/Novels:

"The Lottery", "The Haunting of Hill House", and "We Have Always Lived in the Castle"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jackson#:~:text=Jackson's%20most%20famous%20story%2C%20%22The,master%20of%20the%20horror%20tale.

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Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, and died on June 5, 2012. He is best known for his novel Fahrenheit 451, as well as a lot of his short stories like The Martian Chronicles, The Illustrated Man, and The October Country. Many of his books have been adapted into TV Shows and comic books. Ray Bradbury started writing at the early age of 12, and published his first short story at 18.

Sources:

Britannica

Wikipedia

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O. Henry was born September 11th, 1862, in Greensboro, NC. He died June 5, 1910, in New York

O Henry's real name was William Sydney Porter, and he was only known as O. Henry for eight years.

Henry wrote short stories that were often funny, with a surprise ending or a tearful smile.

Irony, metaphors, and exaggeration were common throughout the works of O. Henry.

"The Gift of Magi" and "The trimmed lamp" are some of his most famous stories.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/O-Henry

https://library.austintexas.gov/ahc/o-henry-biography

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Ernest Hemingway was an American short-story writer and novelist. He was born July 21, 1899 in Cicero (now in Oak Park), Illinois. He died on July 2, 1961 in Ketchum, Idaho. A notable feature of Hemingway's writing was its extreme masculinity. The language he used in his writing was simple, direct, and concise.

Some of his noteworthy novels are The Sun Also Rises, The Old Man and the Sea, and A Moveable Feast. Some of his best short stories are The Snows of Kilimanjaro, The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber, and Hills Like White Elephants.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ernest-Hemingway

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1082796.pdf

https://interestingliterature.com/2021/12/best-ernest-hemingway-short-stories/

https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/g44589541/ernest-hemingway-books

By Cameron

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Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. was an American short story writer and poet. He was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, in 1938 and died in Port Angeles, Washington, in 1988. Carver's writing technique is characterized by what is often called "dirty realism". He is most known for his short story collections such as "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" and "Cathedral". He is regarded as one of the most prominent American short story writers in history.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raymond-Carver

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Mark Twain is the pseudonym for writer Samuel Clemens. Clemens was born on November 30‚ 1835 in Florida‚ Missouri. He died on April 21, 1910 (age 74 years) in Redding, CT, from angina pectoris. Mark Twain’s characters use language that you would use everyday, like in normal conversation. He also uses vivid imagery and features humor and social criticism as a plot, frequently. Some of his most well known literary pieces are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

https://marktwainhouse.org/about/mark-twain/biography/#:~:text=Samuel%20Clemens%20was%20born%20on,banks%20of%20the%20Mississippi%20River.

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/04/22/mark-twain-dies/26326378-bf1f-489c-a457-dae7c50e3e7c/

https://www.twinkl.com/teaching-wiki/mark-twains-writing-style#:~:text=Mark%20Twain's%20writing%20style%20is,of%20travel%20and%20fictional%20narratives.

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Langston Hughes was an activist, writer, and poet who lived from 1901 to 1967. He was famous for being a central figure of the Harlem Renaissance and for his poems, the most famous of which include "I, Too", "Harlem", and "Dreams". He wrote a type of poetry called jazz poetry. He also published "The Ways of White Folks", a collection of short stories. His writing explores themes of racism, music, hope, pride in his heritage, suffering, and more.

Sources:

https://medium.com/zach-strayer/the-interconnecting-themes-of-langston-hughes-works-499662223992

https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/langston-hughes-poems

https://americanliterature.com/author/langston-hughes

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Amy Tan, the second child of Chinese immigrants, was born in Oakland, California on February 19, 1952. She was best known from her novel "The Joy Luck Club" but she also wrote short story collections. The main characteristic of her writing was the conflict that Chinese Americans faced when they are not in connection with their Chinese heritage and are shunned by the American part of their culture.

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Amy Ruth Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American author known for the novel The Joy Luck Club, which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1993 by director Wayne Wang.

Tan has written several other novels, including The Kitchen God's Wife, The Hundred Secret Senses, The Bonesetter's Daughter, Saving Fish from Drowning, and The Valley of Amazement. Tan's latest book is a memoir entitled Where The Past Begins: A Writer's Memoir (2017). In addition to these, Tan has written two children's books: The Moon Lady (1992) and Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat (1994), which was turned into an animated series that aired on PBS. Tan was the next scheduled guest on CNN on September 11, 2001 before regular programming was skirted to cover the terrorist attacks that day.

Tan was born in Oakland, California. She is the second of three children born to Chinese immigrants John and Daisy Tan. Her father was an electrical engineer and Baptist minister who traveled to the United States in order to escape the chaos of the Chinese Civil War. Tan attended Marian A. Peterson High School in Sunnyvale for one year. When she was fifteen years old, her father and older brother Peter both died of brain tumors within six months of each other.

Daisy subsequently moved Amy and her younger brother, John Jr., to Switzerland, where Amy finished high school at the Institut Monte Rosa, Montreux. During this period, Amy learned about her mother's previous marriage to another man in China, of their four children (a son who died as a toddler and three daughters), and how her mother left these children behind in Shanghai. This incident was the basis for Tan's first novel The Joy Luck Club. In 1987, Amy traveled with Daisy to China, where she met her three half-sisters.

Tan had a difficult relationship with her mother. At one point, Daisy held a knife to Amy's throat and threatened to kill her while the two were arguing over Amy's new boyfriend. Her mother wanted Tan to be independent, stressing that Tan needed to make sure she was self-sufficient. Tan later found out that her mother had three abortions while in China. Daisy often threatened to kill herself, saying that she wanted to join her mother (Tan's grandmother, who committed suicide). She attempted suicide but never succeeded. Daisy died in 1999.

Tan and her mother did not speak for six months after Tan dropped out of the Baptist college her mother had selected for her, Linfield College in Oregon, to follow her boyfriend to San Jose City College in California. Tan met him on a blind date and married him in 1974. Tan later received bachelor's and master's degrees in English and linguistics from San José State University. She took doctoral courses in linguistics at University of California, Santa Cruz and University of California, Berkeley.

While in school, Tan worked odd jobs-serving as a switchboard operator, carhop, bartender, and pizza maker-before starting a writing career. As a freelance business writer, she worked on projects for AT&T, IBM, Bank of America, and Pacific Bell, writing under non-Chinese-sounding pseudonyms.

Tan began writing her first novel, The Joy Luck Club, while working as a business writer, and joined a writers' workshop, the Squaw Valley Program, to refine her draft. She submitted a part of the draft novel as a story titled 'Endgame' to the workshop. Author Molly Giles, who was teaching at the workshop, encouraged Tan to send some of her writing to magazines. Stories by Tan, drawn from the manuscript of the Joy Luck Club, were published by both FM Magazine and although a story was rejected by the New Yorker. Working with agent Sandra Dijkstra, Tan published several other parts of the novel as short stories, before it was sent as a draft novel manuscript. She received offers from several major publishing houses, including A.A. Knopf, Vintage, Harper & Row, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Simon and Schuster, and Putnam Books, but declined them all as they offered compensation that she and agent considered to be insufficient. She eventually accepted a second offer from Putnam Books, for $50,000 in December 1987. The Joy Luck Club, consists of eight related stories about the experiences of four Chinese-American mother-daughter pairs.

Tan's second novel, The Kitchen God's Wife, also focuses on the relationship between an immigrant Chinese mother and her American-born daughter. Tan's third novel, The Hundred Secret Senses, was a departure from the first two novels, in focusing on the relationships between sisters, inspired partly by one of the half-siblings Tan sponsored to the United States. Tan's fourth novel, The Bonesetter's Daughter, returns to the theme of an immigrant Chinese woman and her American-born daughter.

Tan was the "lead rhythm dominatrix", backup singer and second tambourine with the Rock Bottom Remainders literary garage band. Before the band retired from touring, it had raised more than a million dollars for literacy programs. Tan appeared as herself in the third episode of Season 12 of The Simpsons, " Insane Clown Poppy."

Tan's work has been adapted into several different forms of media. The Joy Luck Club was adapted into a play in 1993; that same year, director Wayne Wang adapted the book into a film. The Bonesetter's Daughter was adapted into an opera in 2008. Tan's children's book, Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat was adapted into an PBS animated television show, also named Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat.

In May, 2021, the documentary, Amy Tan: Unintended Memoir was released, first on PBS, and later on Netflix.

Tan has received criticism from some for her depiction of Chinese culture. Sau-ling Cynthia Wong, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, wrote that Tan's novels "appear to possess the authority of authenticity but are often products of the American-born writer's own heavily mediated understanding of things Chinese". She stated that the popularity of Tan's work can mostly be attributed to Western consumers "who find her work comforting in its reproduction of stereotypical images". Author Frank Chin has said that the storylines of her novels "demonstrate a vested interest in casting Chinese men in the worst possible light". He has accused Tan of "pandering to the popular imagination" of Westerners regarding Chinese people.

Amy Tan has dismissed these criticisms, stating that her works are not intended to be viewed as representative of general Chinese/Asian American experiences.

While Tan was studying at Berkeley, her roommate was murdered and Tan had to identify the body. The incident left her temporarily mute. She said that every year for ten years, on the anniversary of the day she identified the body, she lost her voice.

In 1998, Tan contracted Lyme disease, which went misdiagnosed for a few years. As a result, she suffers complications like epileptic seizures. Tan co-founded LymeAid 4 Kids, which helps uninsured children pay for treatment. She wrote about her life with Lyme disease in The New York Times.

Tan also suffers from depression, for which she takes antidepressants. Part of the reason that Tan chose not to have children was a fear that she would pass on a genetic legacy of mental instability - her maternal grandmother died by suicide, her mother threatened suicide often, and she herself has struggled with suicidal ideation.

Tan resides near San Francisco in Sausalito, California, with her husband Lou DeMattei (whom she married in 1974), in a house they designed "to feel open and airy, like a tree house, but also to be a place where we could live comfortably into old age" with accessibility features.

Short stories

Children's books

Non-fiction

Mid-Life Confidential: The Rock Bottom Remainders Tour America With Three Chords and an Attitude (with Dave Barry, Stephen King, Tabitha King, Barbara Kingsolver) (1994)

Mother (with Maya Angelou, Mary Higgins Clark) (1996)

The Best American Short Stories 1999 (Editor, with Katrina Kenison) (1999)

The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2003, ISBN 9780399150746)

Hard Listening, co-authored in July 2013, an interactive ebook about her participation in a writer/musician band, the Rock Bottom Remainders. Published by Coliloquy, LLC.

Where the Past Begins: A Writer's Memoir, (HarperCollins Publishers, 2017, ISBN 9780062319296 )

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Amy Ruth Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American author known for the novel The Joy Luck Club, which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1993 by director Wayne Wang.

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- Born Nov. 30, 1835, died Apr. 21, 1910

- Known for his wit, humor, and mastery of language

- Famous short stories include A Dog's Tale, Eve's Diary, and Cannibalism in the Cars

- Mark Twain was his pen name, and his real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens

Source:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain

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-Born March 18th, 1932

-Died January 27th, 2009

- Themes of writing: Religion, sex, America, and death

-Style of writing: Prose style, rich, unusual, and archiac vocabulary

-Most famous short stories: The Happiest I've Been and A&P

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fm.facebook.com%2Fp%2FJohn-Updike-Society-100064751231465%2F&psig=AOvVaw3vB0Oa4Dv82gIwdGVOZe80&ust=1731174120022000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAMQjB1qFwoTCKis-6SkzYkDFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2014%2Fmay%2F07%2Ftop-10-john-updike-short-stories&psig=AOvVaw1yWcBnEjjb3rW7jWq8ydrq&ust=1731173833243000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAYQrpoMahcKEwiAkPycpc2JAxUAAAAAHQAAAAAQBA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike#:~:text=The%20principal%20themes%20in%20Updike's,said%2C%20%22I%20like%20middles.

https://www.macdowell.org/artists/john-updike#:~:text=Updike's%20highly%20distinctive%20prose%20style,squarely%20in%20the%20realist%20tradition.

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By: Susannah Ghitelman

Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park Illinois on July 21st 1899. He passed away in Idaho on July 2nd 1961.

He was the second of SIX children!!

He was known as a journalist, novelist, and mainly - a short story writer. He wrote in an economical, understated style of writing which influenced a lot of future writing.

Hemingway was also greatly recognized as outspoken and for his blunt lifestyle/public image.

Ernest's most famous short stories include: Big Two-Hearted River, Hills Like White Elephants, and The Old Man and the Sea.

Sources:

Picture: https://simplycharly.com/read/blog/10-underrated-works-of-ernest-hemingway-you-should-read/

Information: https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/hemingway/biographical/

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1950/05/13/how-do-you-like-it-now-gentlemen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway

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Created by Jaden Jenks Johnson

Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. is an american short story writer and poet. He was born May 25, 1938 in Clatskanie, Oregon, and grew up reading novels by Mickey Spillane and publications like Sports Afield and Outdoor Life. Carver published his first collection of stories- Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?- in 1976. Later, in 1981, his breakout collection- What We Talk About When We Talk About Love -was published to immediate critical acclaim, cementing Carver as a significant figure in the writing world. However, he is best known for his short story Cathedral (published 1983), which is widely regarded as his masterpiece. Carver is credited for the revival of the American short story form; his work is described as "minimalism" and "dirty realism", portraying mainly

working-class characters in what has been called "an almost spartan fashion".

Sources:

A Look at the Short Stories of Raymond Carver

The Renaissance Garden Guy

https://renaissancegardenguy.com › a-look-at-the-short-...

Raymond Carver

Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Raymond_Carver

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Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (May 25, 1938 - August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet. He is considered to be amongst America's greatest writers.

Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (born Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.

Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.

After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957. Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later. Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress.

Carver moved to Paradise, California with his family to be close to his mother-in-law. He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College, and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career. In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared. More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner. "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me.

Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent Ph.D. alumnus of the Iowa program) at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California. He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B.A. in general studies in 1963. During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale.

With his B- average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963-1964 academic year. Homesick for California and unable to fully acclimatize to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M.A. degree or 60 for the M.F.A. degree. Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester. According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M.F.A. from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae. Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977. After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974.

In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital. He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift. He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz. Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance.

1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College. He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father. Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job at Science Research Associates (a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California), where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970.

Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree. During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock.

After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B. Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California.

Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972-1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge. The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California. He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder.

During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol. By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking. In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing. With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position. The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years.

His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976. The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year.

The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of Maryann's and Raymond's marriage.

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont., in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge. That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party. "That's when the serious drinking began. It broke my heart and hurt the children. It changed everything."

"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive. I had to drop out of the Ph.D. program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes". Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her. Friends urged her to leave Raymond.

"But I couldn't. I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul. I thought I could outlast the drinking. I'd do anything it took. I loved Ray, first, last and always."

Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge. In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life. "It was like a contretemps. He tried to call me to talk about where we were. I missed the calls. He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving." So he wrote a letter instead.

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced. Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing. I had to get on with my own life. But I never fell out of love with him."

After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous. While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking.

In November 1977 Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas. Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him." Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona. In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department. He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue. In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone. In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced.

In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada.

On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50. In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington. The inscription on his tombstone reads:

LATE FRAGMENT
And did you get what
you wanted from this life, even so?
I did.
And what did you want?
To call myself beloved, to feel myself
beloved on the earth.

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed.

As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate.

Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best. Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From". John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century. For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence. Carver won five O. Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988).

In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library. A block away is the building where Carver was born.

In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety. The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006. The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live. I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems."

Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s. Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006).

In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography". Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka.

His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death. The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel. Only one piece of this work has survived - the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please.

Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish. On October 1, 2009 the book, entitled , was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume.

The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is an reading series program which annually brings 12-14 prominent writers to SU campus. It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences.

Carver's career was dedicated to short stories and poetry. He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years). Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting." This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work. His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life.

Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:

Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter.

"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says. "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all. He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things."

Carver's editor at , Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction - where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen. Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him. During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire.

Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips. With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people-often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people.

In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell.

Near Klamath (1968)

Winter Insomnia (1970)

At Night The Salmon Move (1976)

Fires (1983)

Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)

Ultramarine (1986)

A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)

Gravy (Unknown year)

In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)

All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Dostoevsky (1985, with Tess Gallagher)

directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem

Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"

Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name

directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"

Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"

Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline. The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin. The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment." In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Amir, Ayala (2010). The Visual Poetics of Raymond Carver. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-3922-6

Carver, Maryann Burk (2006). What It Used to Be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33258-0.

Halpert, Sam (1995). Raymond Carver: An Oral Biography. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-502-3.

McGrath, Charles (October 28, 2007). "I, Editor Author". The New York Times. Week in Review.

Miceli, Barbara. "Rivers, Memories and Reflections in Raymond Carver's Where Water Comes Together with Other Water" in Comparative American Studies'' (2021), pp. 1-9.

Runyon, Randolph Paul (1994). Reading Raymond Carver. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2631-2.

Sklenicka, Carol (Nov 2009). Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-6245-3.

Stull, William L.; Carroll, Maureen P., eds. (1993). Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver. Capra Press. ISBN 0-88496-370-5.

Raymond Carver Papers at The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library

Gies, Martha. "Raymond Carver". The Oregon Encyclopedia.

Gura, David (January 7, 2008). "Rights Battle Brews over Un-Edited Carver Stories". All Things Considered.

Hansen, Ron (December 13, 2009). "Ron Hansen reviews the biography and short stories of Raymond Carver". The Washington Post. A review of Raymond Carver A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and of Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll

Haslam, Dave (1985). "An indepth interview". Carver talks about his father, his early writing, his characters, and the "dark humour" in some of his stories.

Hird, Laura. "Review of the posthumously published Tell it All". Tell it All. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Provides numerous links to Carver sites on the web and links to his work

Ho, Oliver (August 4, 2009). "Manga and Minimalism: The Shared Visions of Yoshihiro Tatsumi and Raymond Carver". Pop Matters.

International Raymond Carver Society. "Home page". IRCS website.

International Raymond Carver Society. "Welcome: The Raymond Carver Review". Kent State University.

King, Stephen (November 22, 2009). "Raymond Carver's Life and Stories". The New York Times. A review of Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll

Koehne, David (1978). "Echoes of Our Own Lives: An interview with Raymond Carver". Archived from the original on 2005-11-30.

Polsgrove, Carol (2009). "A Conversation on Raymond Carver". Historian Carol Polsgrove interviews Carver biographer Carol Sklenicka

Simpson, Mona Simpson & Buzbee, Lewis (Summer 1983). "Raymond Carver, The Art of Fiction No. 76". Paris Review. Summer 1983 (88).

Smith, Dell. "Dell Smith's experiences adapting Carver's story "Why Don't You Dance" into a student film in mid-'80s". Beyond the Margins.

Wood, Gaby (27 September 2009). "Raymond Carver: the kindest cut". The Observer.

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Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (May 25, 1938 - August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet. He is considered to be amongst America's greatest writers. Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (born Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver.

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Born: September 11, 1862 in Greensboro, NC

Died: June 5, 1910 in NYC, US

Themes in his writing: Deception, mistaken identity, effects of coincidence, unchangeable nature of fate, etc.

Had lots of irony, metaphors, and exaggeration in his stories making them fun to read.

Wrote short stories, poetry, and also non-fiction

Famous works: Gift of the Magi, Cabbages and Kings, Ransom of the Red Chief, and The Cop and the Anthem.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry

https://www.atlantis-press.com/article/25867465.pdf

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Toni Cade Bambara, b. 1939 d. 1995, wrote a number of short stories, in collections including collections Gorilla, My Love and The Seabirds Are Still Alive. Her stories were about "black women’s relationships and self-love". Many of her stories were influenced by her time in New York, where she met Communists, Garveyites, Muslims and Pan-Africanists. She published her first short story, Sweet Town, at the age of 20, while attending Queen's College. Some of her most famous include Raymond's Run, about a runner's relationship with her disabled brother and The Lesson, a commentary on society at the time. She died of colon cancer in 1995.

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Born: July 21, 1899, Oak Park, IL

Died: July 2, 1961 (age 61 years), Ketchum, ID

Ernest Miller Hemingway is an American writer with 7 published novels. Well known for his fictional novels, short stories, and his journalism.

He also made the "Six Word Stories" (We did this in class) which inspired the Six Word Memoirs organization.

Some interesting facts about him are:

He survived 2 plane crashes one day apart.

He wrote 4 books for his four wives.

He set a world record of catching seven marlins in a day (1938).

The Old Man and the Sea (1952) is regarded as Hemingway's best book. It is about an old Cuban man and his struggle to catch a marlin (Yes, it was inspired by fact #3).

His main writing style is very straight forward with very descriptive writing. He also writes with very short sentences which are either dialogue or descriptive language. His endings are pretty short and regular. Some of his short stories also jump around in time a lot, which I saw in A Very Short Story. I also read A Canary for One which I think was pretty simple but had a deeper meaning like the Canary in the cage represented the prevention of the American Lady's daughter from finding love. And the fact that the American Lady was a bit deaf so she couldn't hear her daughters begging.

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Junius Edwards was a short story writer who was born in 1929 and died in 2008. He started writing in the 50s and 60s. Edwards authored "Liars Don't Qualify" and "Duel with the Clock",.

Junius Edwards wrote about "... racial, psychological, and personal problems on the African American soldier" from the perspective of black men.

Sources

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095743388

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junius_Edwards

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Shirley Jackson produced more than 200 short stories over the course of her 49 year life that stretched from 1916-1965. She went to university in Syracuse where she got intrigued in the literary scene, she ended up meeting her husband in college (they would end up having 4 kids [1]) and they moved to New York City. [2] She was known for horror and first gained fame after a short story of hers (The Lottery) was featured in the New Yorker due to her being a local writer. In her short stories she used mainly foreshadowing and irony to convey her story. [3] Some of her notable stories include Charles, The Possibility of Evil, The Lovely House, Like Mother Use to Make and Lousia, Please Come Home. [4] At the end of her writing career she moved to Vermont and settled down with her husband. [2]

1. https://literarymama.com/articles/departments/2022/01/an-unforgettable-literary-mama-a-profile-of-shirley-jackson

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Jackson

3. https://literarydevices.net/shirley-jackson/

4. https://interestingliterature.com/2023/03/best-shirley-jackson-short-stories/

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Raymond Carver was born on May 25, 1938, in Oregon. He was a short story and poetry author who wrote “briefly and intensely”. His stories often reflected on parts of his own life and blue-collar experiences. He was married twice, the first fell out due to alcoholism after Ray fell in love with an editor of Montana state University during a fishing trip. He died on august 2, 1988, due to lung cancer from smoking and abusing substances. Ray has two children, Christine and Vance. He never had writing as a full time career so he jumped around between jobs like a delivery man, janitor and others.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver

-Liadan Ewing

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Toni Cade Bambara was an American short story writer born March 25th of 1939 in Harlem, New York. She died at the age of 56, December 9th of 1995, in Philadelphia. Her writing typically featured places in the Southern country and the cities of the North. Her stories are known for being written with “Black street dialect” and “colorful language” (Britannica). Her works depict the culture and struggles of the African-American community in the 20th century. Along with being an author, she was also a civil rights activist, teacher, and filmmaker who collaborated on many television series. She played an active role in the Black rights movements and Women’s rights movements, advocating for equality and justness. Her first short story, published the same year in which she earned her BA in English and Theater Arts from Queens College, was called “Sweet Town”. Her first very own collection of short stories was titled, “Gorilla, My Love.” And she is most well known for her novel, “The Salt Eaters”, and her short story, “The Lesson”.

- Haley Heacock

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toni-Cade-Bambara

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bambara-toni-cade-1939-1995/

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Kate Chopin (Pronounced Shopen not Choppin)

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Kate Chopin (Pronounced Shopen not Choppin)

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1850-1904 female short story writer. most well known for her collections of short stories Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night In Acadie (1897) Her work is most notably morbid, vulgar, and disagreeable. Her work appeared in magazines, the likes of Vouge and Atlantic Monthly. She seemed to be forgotten after her passing but was rediscovered by scholars in the 50s

Source

https://www.katechopin.org/

Author Cash Harvath

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By the Editors of KateChopin.org
Kate Chopin (1850-1904) is an American writer best known for her stories about the inner lives of sensitive, daring women. Her novel The Awakening and her short stories are read today in countries around the world, and she is widely recognized as one of America's essential authors.

Her short stories were well received in the 1890s and were published by some of America's most prestigious magazines- Vogue, the Atlantic Monthly, Harper's Young People, the Youth's Companion, and the Century. A few stories were syndicated by the American Press Association. Many of her stories also appeared in her two published collections, Bayou Folk (1894) and A Night in Acadie (1897), both of which received good reviews from critics across the country who praised them for their graceful descriptions of the lives of Creoles, Acadians, African-Americans, and other people in Louisiana. Twenty-six of her stories are children's stories-those published in or intended for children's or family magazines-the Youth's Companion and others. By the late 1890s Kate Chopin was well known among American readers of magazine fiction.

Her early novel At Fault (1890) was not much noticed, but The Awakening (1899) was widely condemned. Critics called it morbid, vulgar, and disagreeable. Chopin's work was mostly forgotten after her death, but, beginning in the 1950s, scholars rediscovered it and praised it for its truthful depictions of women's lives. ( continue)

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Kate Chopin: The Awakening, The Storm, stories, biography

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By the Editors of KateChopin.org Kate Chopin (1850-1904) is an American writer best known for her stories about the inner lives of sensitive, daring women. Her novel The Awakening and her short stories are read today in countries around the world, and she is widely recognized as one of America's essential authors.

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William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) was born on a plantation in Greensboro, North Carolina on September 11, 1862.

His writing was vivid and he wass good at using irony, paronomasia, metaphor, metonymy and exaggeration to make his stories "full of fun."

He was also DIDDY.

In 1887, Porter eloped with seventeen year old Athol Estes, (he was 25) an Austin native, who was impressed with both his singing and drawing abilities.

And, of course, his most elegant mustache.

Will and Athol had two children, an infant son who died in 1888 and Margaret Worth Porter, born in 1889. Shortly after, Athol's health began to deteriorate from tuberculosis.

Further disappointments ensued when discrepancies in his accounting at the bank amounted to over $4000, demanding his resignation.

In his desperate situation, he impulsively planned to wait out the statute of limitations in Central America, but he abandoned this plan when he got word that his wife was about to die.

He returned to Austin to care for her and to await his trial. Shortly after his wife's death in 1897, William Porter was convicted of embezzlement and sentenced to five years in the federal penitentiary in Columbus, Ohio and he never returned to Texas.

While in prison, Will Porter adopted the pen name O. Henry and began his career as a short story writer. His work was prolific but began to decline, along with his health, after 1907. O. Henry died in New York City in 1910, prior to his forty-eighth birthday.

He was most famous for his works;

"The Gift of the Magi"

"The Duplicity of Hargraves"

"The Ransom of Red Chief"

SOURCES: https://library.austintexas.gov/ahc/o-henry-biography

https://interestingliterature.com/2021/12/best-o-henry-short-stories/

https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/iconfem-16/25867465#:~:text=Henry%20was%20a%20well%2Dknown,the%20story%20full%20of%20fun.

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Amy Tan is an American author born in 1952. She is still alive today. She is best know for her stories about her life, including the Chinese American immigration experience and recounting the story of her suicidal mother and grandmother. Her early life was very sad, with her grandmother committing suicide, her dad and brother dying, and her mom being suicidal. Her best known story is "Fish Cheeks", which tells the story of her as a 14 year old girl when her crush is invited to Christmas dinner but is creeped out by her family's different culture.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/dbloom/2021/02/02/the-unexpected-loss-amid-amy-tan-unintended-memoir-premiere-at-sundance/#:~:text=Tan's%20father%20and%20older%20brother,previous%2C%20abusive%20marriage%20in%20China.https://study.com/academy/lesson/fish-cheeks-summary-analysis.html#:~:text=%22Fish%20Cheeks%22%20by%20Amy%20Tan%20is%20a%20coming%2Dof,prepared%20with%20traditional%20Chinese%20dishes.

https://www.britannica.com/art/Chinese-literature

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The Unexpected Loss Amid ‘Amy Tan: Unintended Memoir’ Premiere At Sundance

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The Sundance premiere today of James Redford’s documentary ‘Amy Tan: Unintended Memoir’ is a bittersweet one: Redford died less than four months before the film debuted at the indie showcase his father founded.

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Sandra Cisneros is an American poet and author of multiple short stories. She was born in Chicago in 1954 to Mexican parents, and her first work of poetry was published in 1980. Her best known works include The House on Mango Street, the memoir A House of My Own: Stories from My Life, and the short story collection Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. Her writing is known for its themes relating to Mexican American culture and social issues, especially in Chicago. Overall, Sandra Cisneros is widely known as a prolific writer and a pioneer of Mexican American literature.

source:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros

Written by Alex Wright

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John Updike was a writer of novels, short stories, and poetry, and was born March 18, 1932 in Pennsylvania and died January 27, 2009 in Massachusetts. He was and is known for his craftsmanship and realistic depiction of "an American, Protestant, small-town, middle-class" life, as well as his highly distinctive prose writing style that features rich and unusual vocabulary which is heard from an authoritative voice that describes the world in an extravagant yet realistic way. His most famous books are his Rabbit series (Rabbit, Run; Rabbit Redux; Rabbit Is Rich; Rabbit at Rest; and the novella Rabbit Remembered), and he received many honors and awards which include the National Book Award, American Book Award, National Arts Club Medal of Honor, and more. He is remembered to this day and many of his novels are read by adults and children around the world.

Citing: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike

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Jamaica Kincaid was born on May 25, 1949. Her birth name is Elaine Richardson. She is well known for "Wingless" and "Girl". Kincaid's works stand out "because her tone is often perceived as angry".

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Kincaid

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Kristin Elaine Hunter was born on September 12, 1931 and passed away on November 14 of 2008 was an African-American writer from Pennsylvania. A fun fact is that she sometimes wrote under the name Kristin Hunter Lattany. She briefly worked as a teacher, and her stories relate to her experience being an African-American in the united states. She has writen many pieces that include God Bless The Child, and Kinfolks.

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Jack London was born in 1876 in California. His father left and he took the last name of his stepfather. He dropped out of school to try and make money, but eventually ended up in jail. After all that, he studied at public libraries and took a 4-year high school course in only 1 year. He went to a university, but then dropped out to go look for gold. He failed. He decided to try writing for money. Finally, he found his calling in this and wrote 50 works in just 17 years. One short story of his was "To Build a Fire" which was published again in his short story collection Lost Face. His novel The Call of the Wild is more well-known and is a good example of his writing about the wilderness and adventure, which is a theme in several of his works. He also wrote multiple auto-biographies.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-London

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Jack London, American novelist and short-story writer whose best-known works—among them The Call of the Wild (1903) and White Fang (1906)—depict elemental struggles for survival. During the 20th century he was one of the most extensively translated of American authors.

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Alice Walker is an author, poet and activist. She was born in 1944 and is still alive today. She mainly writes about the African American life and culture. One of her key features is her style of writing, which sounds and feels very rhythmic and poetic. The first thing she wrote was a poem. The themes she writes about hold a lot of weight, and bring attention to important issues. Alice Walker's most famous short stories are The Flowers, Roselily, Everyday Use, and The Child Who Favored Daughter.

Sources:

https://www.shortstoryguide.com/alice-walker-short-stories/

https://nmaahc.si.edu/alice-walker

https://alicewalkerwritingstyle.wordpress.com/#:~:text=The%20first%20distinctive%20element%20of,her%20career%20as%20a%20poet.

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Aug 22, 1920 - Jun 5, 2012

Imaginative stories that inspire awareness, nostalgia and a pondering of the human existence

His stories are incredibly descriptive with vivid imagery as well as using many similes and metaphors

Loved horror films and books by L. Frank Baum at an early age

Moved to Los Angeles when he was 14, joined the Science Fiction League at 17

At 18 he published his first short story, Hollerbochen’s Dilemma

Weird Tales published most of Bradbury’s early works

Wrote The Veldt, A Sound of Thunder, The Pedestrian, The Long Rain and All Summer in a Day

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Bradbury#:~:text=Ray%20Bradbury%20is%20an%20American,the%20hazards%20of%20runaway%20technology.

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Ray Bradbury was born in 1910 in Waukegan, Illinois. From a young age, he loved horror films and the stories of L. Frank Baum and Edgar Rice Burroughs, and the first science fiction magazine, Amazing Stories. Soon after an extraordinary experience at a carnival, he began to write full-time. He is known for his short stories and novels that blend a poetic style with "awareness for runaway technology", "nostalgia for childhood", and "social criticism." He wrote his first short story, "Hollerbochen’s Dilemma," in 1938. Some of his most notable stories are ‘'Fahrenheit 451' (1953), A Sound of Thunder’ (1952), ‘The Pedestrian’ (1951), and ‘All Summer in a Day’ (1954).

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Bradbury

https://interestingliterature.com/2022/09/best-ray-bradbury-stories/

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Mark Twain was born in 1835 and died in 1910. He was born in Florida, Missouri, (yes florida is a real town in missouri) and his actual name is Samuel Clemens. He was the sixth child of his parents and his father worked 4 jobs yet still struggled to feed his family. His father ended up dying in 1847. At 21 years old, he learned to piolit steamboats, and became liscenced after 2 years of training. "Mark Twain" was steamboat slang for 12 feet of water. Soon after becoming employed, the civil war broke out and he became interested in writing. He became a well known storyteller in the west after he moved there. He wrote books using "imaginitive storytelling" and a lot of language and slang. Humour was also a defining detail of his stories. One of his famous short stories, Jim Smiley and His Jumping Frog, became popular and gave Mark a break from poverty for a bit. His next famous story was "The Innocents Abroad", which he wrote while on a 5-month sea cruise. Another famous short story is "The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg". He died on April 21, 1910.

Sources:

https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/99139.The_Best_Short_Stories_of_Mark_Twain

https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/mark-twain

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O._Henry

O' Henry was a famous American writer known for his short stories. He was born on September 11, 1862 in Greensboro NC and lived until he was 47 years old. He was born into a middle class family of 3 sons, being the middle. He was only 3 yrs. old when his mother and brother died of tuberculosis. He worked at his uncle's pharmacy after finishing school and became a licensed pharmacist at the age of 19. In March of 1882 he moved onto a Texas ranch, while later moving again and settling in Austin, where he met his first wife. While he maintained his job as a drafter, he started developing characters for his short stories. he was later charged for embezzlement and started serving a five year sentence in 1889. "While imprisoned, Porter published 14 stories under various pseudonyms, one being O. Henry." stated in Wikipedia. He was mostly known for writing non-fiction and poetry. Some of his pieces being: "The Gift of Magi", "The Ransom of Red Chief", "The Duplicity of Hargraves", as well as his novel named "Cabbages and Kings". He was great at using irony, paronomasia, metaphor, metonymy, and exaggeration in his vivid writing style.

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needs additional citations for verification .improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

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Raymond Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon on May 25 1938 and died on August 2, 1988. Raymond Carver wrote carefully crafted and highly realistic short stories which made his writing unique. Some of his well known stories are Cathedral, Neighbors, Where I'm calling from.

Sources

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/raymond-carver

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Shirley Jackson was born in San Francisco, California on December 14, 1916, and died on August 8, 1965 in North Bennington, Vermont. North Bennington is where she settled with her husband Stanley Edgar Hyman, a literary critic, and her four children.

Her works have a variety of tones, ranging from lighthearted humor to pessimistic and gloomy, though she is most famous for the latter. She wrote 6 novels and over 200 short stories. Her most famous story, The Lottery, gained fame quickly due to its controversial nature, followed by other noteworthy novels like The Haunting of Hill House and We Have Always Lived in the Castle.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Lottery

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Born on April 12th 1952 in Fresno, California, Gary Soto is a Mexican-American poet & novelist who is most known for his short story ¨Chato's Kitchen. He has received a prodigious number of awards for his contribution to Human/Civil Rights, & the literature world as a whole. His writing style was heavily influenced by his childhood of living in San Joaquin Valley & his inspiration for becoming a writer, esteemed poet Gabriel García Márquez.

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https://garysoto.com

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Soto

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Julia Alvarez is an Dominican-American New Formalist poet, novelist, and essayist. She was born March 27, 1950 in New York and is currently 74. Her writing mainly are focused on topics such as immigration, assimilation, and identity. Her most famous short stories are "aha moment" portraying one fateful flight taken while on a book tour and "Names/nombres" where she recalls her family's early years as Dominican immigrants in America.

Sources:

https://www.juliaalvarez.com/

Conversations with Authors - Julia Alvarez | Book Passage

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Alvarez#:~:text=Many%20of%20Alvarez's%20works%20are,immigration%2C%20assimilation%2C%20and%20identity.

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Jamaica Kincaid (Originally named Elaine Potter Richardson) is 75 years old and is alive and well to this day. She is an American Short Story writer who writes many mother and daughter stories most famously "Girl" and "WingLess".

-Noah

Sources:

https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/05/books/jamaica-kincaid-isnt-writing-about-her-life-she-says.html

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1979/01/29/wingless

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Mark Twain was born on November 30, 1835 in Florida, Missouri. After a long life of 75 years, he wrote a long list of novels and short stories.

Some of his most popular short stories include A Dog's Tale of 1903, Eve's Diary of 1905, and The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County of 1865.

Mark Twain was the sixth of seven children, and spent the majority of his childhood in Hannibal, MO. His father died at the age of eleven. He educated himself and eventually became a pilot.

Mark Twain's writing style is characterised by humour, strong narrative and expressive descriptions.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Twain#Marriage_and_children

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Alice Walker was born in 1944 and is eighty years old today. She wrote many influential novels, stories, and poems that were most prominent in the surge of African American women’s literature post-1970s. Walker published a number of novels, as well as collections of poetry, essays, and short stories. Her most famous work is The Color Purple, which won her the Pulitzer prize in 1983, The Color Purple. However, she had many other significant works, including “Everyday Use”, a story with a theme of one’s relationship with their heritage and how it should be preserved. Walker features similar themes of harmony and conflict in African American culture in many of her works.

By Lily Neff

https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/alice-walker-b-1944/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Walker#Writing_career

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everyday_Use

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Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, and social activist. In 1982, she became the first Afrо-American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which she was awarded for her novel The Color Purple. Over the span of her career, Walker has published seventeen novels and short story collections, twelve non-fiction works, and collections of essays and poetry.

Walker, born in rural Georgia, overcame challenges such as childhood injury and segregation to become a valedictorian and eventually graduate from Sarah Lawrence College. She began her writing career with her first book of poetry, Once, and later wrote novels, including her best-known work, The Color Purple. As an activist, Walker participated in the Civil Rights Movement, advocated for women of color through the term " womanism," and has been involved in animal advocacy and pacifism. Additionally, she has taken a strong stance on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, supporting the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions campaign against Israel.

Walker has faced multiple accusations of antisemitism due to her praise for British conspiracy theorist David Icke and his works, which contain antisemitic conspiracy theories, along with criticisms of her own writings.

Alice Malsenior Walker was born in Eatonton, Georgia, a rural farming town, to Willie Lee Walker and Minnie Tallulah Grant. Both of Walker's parents were sharecroppers, though her mother also worked as a seamstress to earn extra money. Walker, the youngest of eight children, was first enrolled in school when she was just four years old at East Putnam Consolidated.

As an eight-year-old, Walker sustained an injury to her right eye after one of her brothers fired a BB gun. Since her family did not have access to a car, Walker could not receive immediate medical attention, causing her to become permanently blind in that eye. It was after the injury to her eye that Walker began to take up reading and writing. The scar tissue was removed when Walker was 14, but a mark still remains. It is described in her essay "Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self".

As the schools in Eatonton were segregated, Walker attended the only high school available to black students: Butler Baker High School. There, she went on to become valedictorian, and enrolled in Spelman College in 1961 after being granted a full scholarship by the state of Georgia for having the highest academic achievements of her class. She found two of her professors, Howard Zinn and Staughton Lynd, to be great mentors during her time at Spelman, but both were transferred two years later. Walker was offered another scholarship, this time from Sarah Lawrence College in Yonkers, New York, and after the firing of her Spelman professor, Howard Zinn, Walker accepted the offer. Walker became pregnant at the start of her senior year and had an abortion; this experience, as well as the bout of suicidal thoughts that followed, inspired much of the poetry found in Once, Walker's first collection of poetry. Walker graduated from Sarah Lawrence College in 1965.

Walker wrote the poems that would culminate in her first book of poetry, entitled Once, while she was a student in East Africa and during her senior year at Sarah Lawrence College. Walker would slip her poetry under the office door of her professor and mentor, Muriel Rukeyser, when she was a student at Sarah Lawrence. Rukeyser then showed the poems to her literary agent. Once was published four years later by Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Following graduation, Walker briefly worked for the New York City Department of Welfare, before returning to the South. She took a job working for the Legal Defense Fund of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in Jackson, Mississippi. Walker also worked as a consultant in black history to the Friends of the Children of Mississippi Head Start program. She later returned to writing as writer-in-residence at Jackson State University (1968-69) and Tougaloo College (1970-71). In addition to her work at Tougaloo College, Walker published her first novel, The Third Life of Grange Copeland, in 1970. The novel explores the life of Grange Copeland, an abusive, irresponsible sharecropper, husband and father.

In the fall of 1972, Walker taught a course in Black Women's Writers at the University of Massachusetts Boston.

In 1973, before becoming editor of Magazine, Walker and literary scholar Charlotte D. Hunt discovered an unmarked grave they believed to be that of Zora Neale Hurston in Ft. Pierce, Florida. Walker had it marked with a gray marker stating ZORA NEALE HURSTON / A GENIUS OF THE SOUTH / NOVELIST FOLKLORIST / ANTHROPOLOGIST / 1901-1960. The line "a genius of the south" is from Jean Toomer's poem Georgia Dusk, which appears in his book . Hurston was actually born in 1891, not 1901.

Walker's 1975 article " In Search of Zora Neale Hurston", published in Ms. Magazine and later retitled "Looking for Zora", helped revive interest in the work of this Afro-American writer and anthropologist.

In 1976, Walker's second novel, was published. Meridian is a novel about activist workers in the South, during the civil rights movement, with events that closely parallel some of Walker's own experiences. In 1982, she published what has become her best-known work, The Color Purple. The novel follows a young, troubled black woman who is not just fighting her way through a racist white culture, she is also fighting her way through a patriarchal black culture. The book became a bestseller, and it was subsequently adapted into a critically acclaimed 1985 movie which was directed by Steven Spielberg, starring Oprah Winfrey and Whoopi Goldberg, as well as a 2005 Broadway musical totaling 910 performances.

Walker has written several other novels, including The Temple of My Familiar (1989) and Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) (which featured several characters and descendants of characters from The Color Purple). She has published a number of collections of short stories, poetry, and other writings. Her work is focused on the struggles of black people, particularly women, and their lives in a racist, sexist, and violent society.

In 2000, Walker released a collection of short fiction, based on her own life, called The Way Forward Is With a Broken Heart, exploring love and race relations. In this book, Walker details her interracial relationship with Melvyn Rosenman Leventhal, a civil rights attorney who was also working in Mississippi. The couple married on March 17, 1967, in New York City, since interracial marriage was then illegal in the South, and divorced in 1976. They had a daughter, Rebecca, together in 1969. Rebecca Walker, Alice Walker's only child, is an American novelist, editor, artist, and activist. The Third Wave Foundation, an activist fund, was co-founded by Rebecca and Shannon Liss-Riordan. Her godmother is Alice Walker's mentor and co-founder of Ms. Magazine, Gloria Steinem.

In 2007, Walker donated her papers, consisting of 122 boxes of manuscripts and archive material, to Emory University's Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library. In addition to drafts of novels such as The Color Purple, unpublished poems and manuscripts, and correspondence with editors, the collection includes extensive correspondence with family members, friends and colleagues, early treatment of the film script for The Color Purple, syllabi from courses she taught, and fan mail. The collection also contains a scrapbook of poetry compiled when Walker was 15, entitled "Poems of a Childhood Poetess".

In 2013, Alice Walker published two new books, one of them entitled The Cushion in the Road: Meditation and Wandering as the Whole World Awakens to Being in Harm's Way. The other was a book of poems entitled The World Will Follow Joy Turning Madness into Flowers (New Poems).

Alice Walker (left) and Gloria Steinem on the Fall 2009 cover of Ms. magazine

Walker met Martin Luther King Jr. when she was a student at Spelman College in the early 1960s. She credits King for her decision to return to the American South as an activist in the Civil Rights Movement. She took part in the 1963 March on Washington with hundreds of thousands of people. Later, she volunteered to register black voters in Georgia and Mississippi.

On March 8, 2003, International Women's Day, on the eve of the Iraq War, Walker was arrested with 26 others, including fellow authors Maxine Hong Kingston and Terry Tempest Williams, at a protest outside the White House, for crossing a police line during an anti-war rally. Walker wrote about the experience in her essay "We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For".

Walker's specific brand of feminism included advocacy on behalf of women of color. In 1983, Walker coined the term in her collection In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens, to mean "a black feminist or feminist of color". The term was made to unite women of color and the feminist movement at "the intersection of race, class, and gender oppression". Walker states that "'Womanism' gives us a word of our own". because it is a discourse of Black women and the issues they confront in society. Womanism as a movement came into fruition in 1985 at the American Academy of Religion and the Society of Biblical Literature to address Black women's concerns from their own intellectual, physical, and spiritual perspectives."

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

Walker is a judge member of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine, and she also supports the Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel.

In January 2009, Walker was one of over fifty signatories of a letter protesting against the Toronto International Film Festival's "City to City" spotlight on Israeli filmmakers, and condemning Israel as an " apartheid regime". Two months later, Walker and sixty other female activists from the anti-war group Code Pink traveled to Gaza in response to the Gaza War. Their purpose was to deliver aid, meet with NGOs and residents, and persuade Israel and Egypt to open their borders with Gaza. She planned to visit Gaza again in December 2009 to participate in the Gaza Freedom March. On June 23, 2011, she announced plans to participate in an aid flotilla to Gaza that attempted to break Israel's naval blockade.

In May 2013, Walker posted an open letter to singer Alicia Keys, asking her to cancel a planned concert in Tel Aviv. "I believe we are mutually respectful of each other's path and work," Walker wrote. "It would grieve me to know you are putting yourself in danger (soul danger) by performing in an apartheid country that is being boycotted by many global conscious artists." Keys rejected the plea. Walker has refused to allow The Color Purple to be translated and published in Hebrew, saying that she finds that "Israel is guilty of apartheid and persecution of the Palestinian people, both inside Israel and also in the Occupied Territories" and noting that she had refused to allow Steven Spielberg's film adaptation of her novel to be shown in South Africa until the system of apartheid was dismantled.

In June 2013, Walker and others appeared in a video expressing their support for Chelsea Manning, an American soldier who was imprisoned for releasing classified information. In recent years she has spoken out repeatedly in support of Julian Assange.

Walker has expressed that animal advocacy is one of her central concerns. Her fiction has increasingly embraced animal ethics over the past four decades, as she works to include animals as both active participants in her novels and as symbols for what she has called "consciousness." Her earliest fiction represents nonhuman animals inasmuch as they are part of human life - namely as farmed animals, food sources, and absent referents for animalized epithets directed at humans, and her fiction increasingly incorporates the animal experience. She has advocated for greater consciousness in human beings and their relationships with animals, stating: "Encouraging others to love nature, to respect other human beings and animals, to adore this earth, is part of my work in this world."

Walker has been a longtime sponsor of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. In early 2015, she wrote: "So I think of any movement for peace and justice as something that is about stabilizing our inner spirit so that we can go on and bring into the world a vision that is much more humane than the one we have dominant today."

In 2023 Walker publicly defended J.K. Rowling from criticisms of her views regarding trans people and shared that her own views matched Rowling's. She wrote on her website: "I consider J.K. Rowling perfectly within her rights as a human being of obvious caring for humanity to express her views about whatever is of concern to her. As she has done." Walker was criticized on social media for taking this position with many referring to her as a TERF.

Since 2012, Walker has expressed appreciation for the works of the British conspiracy theorist David Icke. On BBC Radio 4's Desert Island Discs, she said that Icke's book Human Race Get Off Your Knees: The Lion Sleeps No More, which contains antisemitic conspiracy theories, would be the book she would take to a desert island. The book promotes the theory that the Earth is ruled by shapeshifting reptilian humanoids and "Rothschild Zionists". Jonathan Kay of the National Post described this book (and Icke's other books) as "hateful, hallucinogenic nonsense". Kay wrote that Walker's public praise for Icke's book was "stunningly offensive" and that by taking it seriously, she was disqualifying herself "from the mainstream marketplace of ideas". In 2013, the Anti-Defamation League called anti-Zionist essays in Walker's book The Cushion in the Road "replete with fervently anti-Jewish ideas" and it also stated that Walker was "unabashedly infected with anti-Semitism".

On her blog in 2017, Walker published a poem which she titled "It Is Our (Frightful) Duty to Study The Talmud", recommending that the reader should start with YouTube to learn about the allegedly shocking aspects of the Talmud, describing it as "poison". The poem contained antisemitic tropes and arguments. In it, she also "describes her reaction when a Jewish friend", later stated to be her ex-husband, accused her "of appearing to be antisemitic".

In 2018, an interviewer from The New York Times Book Review asked Walker "What books are on your nightstand?" She listed Icke's And the Truth Shall Set You Free, a book promoting an antisemitic conspiracy theory which draws on The Protocols of the Elders of Zion and questions the Holocaust. Walker said: "In Icke's books there is the whole of existence, on this planet and several others, to think about. A curious person's dream come true." The publication of the interview in the "By the Book" weekly column generated significant criticism of Walker and the New York Times Book Review. The Review was criticized for publishing the interview as well as for failing to contextualize And the Truth Shall Set You Free as an antisemitic work. Walker defended her admiration for Icke and his book, saying: "I do not believe he is anti-Semitic or anti-Jewish". Walker argued that any "attempt to smear David Icke, and by association, me, is really an effort to dampen the effect of our speaking out in support of the people of Palestine". Following the controversy Roxane Gay argued that "Alice Walker has been anti-Semitic for years". The NYT released a statement that the contents of the interview "do not imply an endorsement by Times editors".

In 2019, Ayanna Pressley disavowed antisemitism after an uproar ensued following her tweeting of an Alice Walker quote. She tweeted "I fully condemn and denounce anti-Semitism, prejudice and bigotry in all their forms - and the hateful actions they embolden" and said she had been unaware of Walker's statements on the issue.

In 2020, after learning about Walker's support of anti-Semitism, the host of the New York Times podcast Sugar Calling described herself as "mortified" for having hosted Walker on her show and she also said: "If I'd known, I wouldn't have asked Alice Walker to be on the show."

In April 2022, Gayle King of CBS News was criticized for interviewing Walker without challenging her anti-Semitic writings. After the interview, King released a statement, saying: "These are not only legitimate questions, they are mandatory questions. I certainly would have asked her about the criticisms, if I had been aware of them before the interview with Ms. Walker."

In 2022, Walker was disinvited from the Bay Area Book Festival due to what the organizers referred to as her "endorsement of anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist David Icke". An invitation for Walker to speak at San Diego Community College District was upheld despite opposition from community groups with the organizers citing their belief in free speech. Walker dismissed the criticism as "a ploy to shut down my webpage blog: alicewalkersgarden.com."

In 1965, Walker met Melvyn Rosenman Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer. They were married on March 17, 1967, in New York City. Later that year, the couple relocated to Jackson, Mississippi, becoming the first legally married interracial couple in Mississippi since miscegenation laws were introduced in the state. They were harassed and threatened by whites, including the Ku Klux Klan.[page needed ] The couple had a daughter, Rebecca, in 1969. Walker and her husband divorced in 1976.

In the late 1970s, Walker moved to northern California. In 1984, she and fellow writer Robert L. Allen co-founded Wild Tree Press, a feminist publishing company in Anderson Valley, California. Walker legally added "Tallulah Kate" to her name in 1994 to honor her mother, Minnie Tallulah Grant, and paternal grandmother, Tallulah. Minnie Tallulah Grant's grandmother, Tallulah, was Cherokee.

Walker has claimed she was in a romantic relationship with singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman in the mid-1990s: "It was delicious and lovely and wonderful and I totally enjoyed it and I was completely in love with her but it was not anybody's business but ours." Chapman has not publicly commented on the existence of a relationship and maintains a strict separation between her private and public life.

Walker's spirituality has influenced some of her best-known novels, including The Color Purple. She has written of her interest in Transcendental Meditation. Walker's exploration of religion in much of her writing draws on a literary tradition that includes writers like Zora Neale Hurston.

Walker has never denied that there are some autobiographical dimensions to her stories. When "Advancing Luna-and Ida B. Wells" was first published in Ms. magazine, Walker included a disclaimer that "Luna and Freddie Pye are composite characters, and their names are made up. This is a fictionalized account suggested by a number of real events". John O' Brien's 1973 interview with Walker offers further details.

Beauty in Truth (2013) is a documentary film about Walker directed by Pratibha Parmar. Phalia (Portrait of Alice Walker) (1989) is a photograph by Maud Sulter from her Zabat series originally produced for the Rochdale Art Gallery in England.

Once (1968)

Revolutionary Petunias and Other Poems (1973)

Good Night, Willie Lee, I'll See You in the Morning (1979)

Horses Make a Landscape Look More Beautiful (1985)

Her Blue Body Everything We Know: Earthling Poems (1991)

Absolute Trust in the Goodness of the Earth (2003)

A Poem Traveled Down My Arm: Poems And Drawings (2003)

Collected Poems (2005)

The World Will Follow Joy (2013)

Hard Times Require Furious Dancing: New Poems (2010)

Taking the Arrow Out of the Heart (2018)

In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens: Womanist Prose (1983)

Living by the Word: Selected Writings, 1973-1987 (1988)

Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women (with Pratibha Parmar, 1993)

The Same River Twice: Honoring the Difficult (1996)

Anything We Love Can Be Saved: A Writer's Activism (1997)

Sent By Earth: A Message from the Grandmother Spirit, After the Bombing of the World Trade Center and Pentagon (2001)

We Are the Ones We Have Been Waiting For: Inner Light in a Time of Darkness (2006)

Pema Chödrön and Alice Walker in Conversation: On the Meaning of Suffering and the Mystery of Joy (2005)

Overcoming Speechlessness: A Poet Encounters the Horror in Rwanda, Eastern Congo, and Palestine/Israel (2010)

The Chicken Chronicles: Sitting with the Angels Who Have Returned with My Memories: Glorious, Rufus, Gertrude Stein, Splendor, Hortensia, Agnes of God, the Gladyses, & Babe, A Memoir (2011)

The Cushion in the Road: Meditation and Wandering as the Whole World Awakens to Being in Harm's Way (2013)

"Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self" (1983)

1. ^ Rose, Mike (February 9, 2023). "Today's famous birthdays list for February 9, 2023 includes celebrities Michael B. Jordan, Tom Hiddleston". Cleveland.com.

2. "National Book Awards - 1983". National Book Foundation. Retrieved March 15, 2012. (With essays by Anna Clark and Tarayi Jones from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.)

3. Moore, Geneva Cobb, and Andrew Billingsley. ^ Maternal Metaphors of Power in African American Women's Literature: From Phillis Wheatley to Toni Morrison. University of South Carolina Press, 2017, OCLC 974947406.

4. ^ The Officers of the Alice Walker Literary Society. "About Alice Walker". Alice Walker Literary Society.

5. ^ World Authors 1995-2000, 2003. Biography Reference Bank database. Retrieved April 10, 2009.

6. ^ [1] Interview with Barbara Smith, May 7-8, 2003, p. 50. Retrieved July 19, 2017

7. Deborah G. Plant (2007). Zora Neale Hurston: A Biography of the Spirit. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57-. ISBN 978-0-275-98751-0.

8. ^ Hurston, Lucy Anne (2004). Speak, So You Can Speak Again: The Life of Zora Neale Hurston. New York: Doubleday. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-385-49375-8.

9. ^ "Analyzing Characterization and Point of View in Alice Walker's Short Fiction". Archived May 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

10. Rosenbloom, Stephanie (March 18, 2007). "Alice Walker - Rebecca Walker - Feminist - Feminist Movement - Children". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331.

11. ^ Justice, Elaine (December 18, 2007). "Alice Walker Places Her Archive at Emory" (Press release). Emory University.

12. ^ Walker Interview transcript and audio file on "Inner Light in A time of darkness", Democracy Now! Retrieved February 10, 2010.

13. ^ "Pulitzer-Winning Writer Alice Walker & Civil Rights Leader Bob Moses Reflect on an Obama Presidency", Democracy Now! video on the African-American vote, January 20, 2009. Retrieved February 10, 2010.

14. ^ "Global Women Launch Campaign to End Iraq War" (Press release). CodePink: Women for Peace. January 5, 2006. Archived from the original on April 9, 2010.

15. Deeper shades of purple : womanism in religion and society. Floyd-Thomas, Stacey M., 1969-. New York: New York University Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0814727522. OCLC 64688636.

16. Wilma Mankiller and others, "Womanism". ^ The Reader's Companion to U.S. Women's History. December 1, 1998. SIRS Issue Researcher. Indian Hills Library, Oakland, NJ. January 9, 2013, p. 1.

17. ^ Gaza Freedom March Archived September 3, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 2010.

18. ^ Itzkoff, Dave (June 19, 2012). "In Protest, Walker Won't Allow Hebrew Translation of 'The Color Purple'". ArtsBeat.

19. ^ Chomsky, Noam; Alice Walker (September 9, 2020). "Julian Assange is not on trial for his personality - but here's how the US government made you focus on it". Independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on September 9, 2020.

20. ^ Harrison, Mary Hanson (January 20, 2015). "From the President's Corner". WILPF. Archived from the original on December 17, 2021.

21. O'Brien, Liam (May 19, 2013). "Prize-winning author Alice Walker gives support to David Icke on Desert Island Discs". The Independent on Sunday. London. Archived from the original on May 20, 2013.

22. ^ Stanley-Becker, Isaac (December 18, 2018). "The New York Times assailed for Alice Walker interview endorsing 'anti-Semitic' conspiracy theorist". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286.

23. ^ Alter, Alexandra (December 21, 2018). "Alice Walker, Answering Backlash, Praises Anti-Semitic Author as 'Brave'". The New York Times.

24. ^ Schaub, Michael (December 18, 2018). "Author Alice Walker under fire for endorsing book by 'anti-Semitic conspiracy theorist'". Los Angeles Times.

25. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (January 14, 2019). "Dem rep apologizes for quoting Alice Walker: 'I was unaware of the author's past statements'". thehill.com. The Hill.

26. ^ Decker, Natasha (April 17, 2022). "Gayle King Under Fire For Not Grilling Alice Walker About Anti-Semitism In Recent Interview". www.yahoo.com. Archived from the original on May 5, 2022.

27. ^ "Inner Light in a Time of Darkness: A Conversation with Author and Poet Alice Walker". Democracy Now!. November 17, 2006. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007.

28. ^ Lackey, Charlie (Spring 2002). "Soul Talk: The New Spirituality of African American Women". MultiCultural Review. 11: 86 - via Women's Studies International.

29. ^ Reed, Wendy; Horne, Jennifer (2012). Circling Faith: Southern women on spirituality. University of Alabama Press. p. 185. ISBN 9780817317676.

30. ^ Freeman, Alma (Spring 1985). "Zora Neale Hurston and Alice Walker: A Spiritual Kinship". Sage. 103: 37-40 - via Literature Resource Center.

31. ^ The Art of Feminism by Lucinda Gosling, Hilary Robinson, Amy Tobin, Helena Reckitt, Xabier Arakistain, and Maria Balshaw (December 25, 2018), Chronicle Books LLC.

32. ^ "Fiction". Past winners and finalists by category. The Pulitzer Prizes. Retrieved March 17, 2012.

Alice Walker's official website

Alice Walker: Beauty in Truth - full video of biography film at PBS.org

Profile at the Poetry Foundation

Profile at Poets.org

Appearances on C-SPAN

Alice Walker on Charlie Rose

Alice Walker collected news and commentary at The Guardian

Alice Walker collected news and commentary at The New York Times

New Georgia Encyclopedia Archived July 24, 2013, at the Wayback Machine

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Alice Walker papers, circa 1930-2014 (MSS 1061)

Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University: Letters to John Ferrone, 1976-1990 (MSS 1104)

Kalliope, Archives, Wilson Sharon, 1984, Alice Walker, 6(2), 37-42

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Alice Malsenior Tallulah-Kate Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American novelist, short story writer, poet, and social activist. In 1982, she became the first Afrо-American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, which she was awarded for her novel The Color Purple .

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1938-1998

Pulitzer Prize Recipient

Raymond Carver was an American poet and writer who was quite famous for his collections of short stories he published in the 70's and 80's. His works explores the struggles and experiences of the American working and lower middle class. He often embraces an idea of minimalism in his story, although he personally denied it. His works are also quite intense and he uses language quite well especially considering the shortness of his story.

His 3 most famous works are:

Will You Please Be Quiet, Please

What We Talk About When We Talk About Love

Cathedral

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver

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Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (May 25, 1938 - August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet. He is considered to be amongst America's greatest writers.

Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (born Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver. His father, a sawmill worker from Arkansas, was a fisherman and a heavy drinker. Carver's mother worked on and off as a waitress and a retail clerk. His brother, James Franklin Carver, was born in 1943.

Carver was educated at local schools in Yakima. In his spare time, he read mostly novels by Mickey Spillane or publications such as Sports Afield and Outdoor Life, and hunted and fished with friends and family.

After graduating from Yakima High School in 1956, Carver worked with his father at a sawmill in California. In June 1957, at age 19, he married 16-year-old Maryann Burk, who had just graduated from a private Episcopal school for girls. Their daughter, Christine La Rae, was born in December 1957. Their second child, a boy named Vance Lindsay, was born a year later. Carver worked as a delivery man, janitor, library assistant, and sawmill laborer, while Maryann worked as an administrative assistant, high school English teacher, salesperson, and waitress.

Carver moved to Paradise, California with his family to be close to his mother-in-law. He became interested in writing while attending Chico State College, and enrolled in a creative writing course taught by the novelist John Gardner, then a recent doctoral graduate of the Iowa Writers' Workshop, who became a mentor and had a major influence on Carver's life and career. In 1961, Carver's first published story, "The Furious Seasons", appeared. More florid than his later work, the story strongly bore the influence of William Faulkner. "Furious Seasons" was later used as a title for a collection of stories published by Capra Press, and is part of the collection, No Heroics, Please and Call If You Need Me.

Carver continued his studies under the short story writer Richard Cortez Day (like Gardner, a recent Ph.D. alumnus of the Iowa program) at Humboldt State College in Arcata, California. He chose not to take the foreign language courses required by the English program and received a B.A. in general studies in 1963. During this period he was first published and served as editor for Toyon, the college's literary magazine, in which he published several of his own pieces under his own name as well as the pseudonym John Vale.

With his B- average, exacerbated by his penchant to forsake coursework for literary endeavors, ballasted by a sterling recommendation from Day, Carver was accepted into the Iowa Writers' Workshop on a $1,000 fellowship for the 1963-1964 academic year. Homesick for California and unable to fully acclimatize to the program's upper middle class milieu, he only completed 12 credits out of the 30 required for a M.A. degree or 60 for the M.F.A. degree. Although program director Paul Engle awarded him a fellowship for a second year of study after Maryann Carver personally interceded and compared her husband's plight to Tennessee Williams' deleterious experience in the program three decades earlier, Carver decided to leave the University of Iowa at the end of the semester. According to biographer Carol Sklenicka, Carver falsely claimed to have received an M.F.A. from Iowa in 1966 on later curricula vitae. Maryann, who postponed completing her education to support her husband's educational and literary endeavors, eventually graduated from San Jose State College in 1970 and taught English at Los Altos High School until 1977. After completing graduate work at Stanford, she briefly enrolled in the University of California, Santa Barbara's English doctoral program when Carver taught at the institution as a visiting lecturer in 1974.

In the mid-1960s, Carver and his family resided in Sacramento, California, where he briefly worked at a bookstore before taking a position as a night custodian at Mercy Hospital. He did all of the janitorial work in the first hour and then wrote through the rest of his shift. He audited classes at what was then Sacramento State College, including workshops with poet Dennis Schmitz. Carver and Schmitz soon became friends, and Carver wrote and published his first book of poems, Near Klamath, under Schmitz's guidance.

1967 was a landmark year for Carver with the appearance of "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?" in Martha Foley's annual Best American Short Stories anthology and the impending publication of Near Klamath by the English Club of Sacramento State College. He briefly enrolled in the library science graduate program at the University of Iowa that summer but returned to California following the death of his father. Shortly thereafter, the Carvers relocated to Palo Alto, California, so he could take his first white-collar job at Science Research Associates (a subsidiary of IBM in nearby Menlo Park, California), where he worked intermittently as a textbook editor and public relations director through 1970.

Following a 1968 sojourn to Israel, the Carvers relocated to San Jose, California; as Maryann finished her undergraduate degree, he continued his graduate studies in library science at San Jose State through the end of 1969 before failing once again to take a degree. During this period, he established vital literary connections with Gordon Lish, who worked across the street from Carver as director of linguistic research at Behavioral Research Laboratories, and the poet/publisher George Hitchcock.

After the publication of "Neighbors" in the June 1971 issue of at the instigation of Lish (by now ensconced as the magazine's fiction editor), Carver began to teach at the University of California, Santa Cruz at the behest of provost James B. Hall, an Iowa alumnus and early mentor to Ken Kesey at the University of Oregon, commuting from his new home in Sunnyvale, California.

Having endured a succession of failed applications to the Stegner Fellowship, Carver was admitted to the prestigious non-degree Stanford University graduate creative writing program for the 1972-1973 term, where he cultivated friendships with Kesey-era luminaries Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman in addition to contemporaneous fellows Chuck Kinder, Max Crawford, and William Kittredge. The $4,000 stipend enabled the Carvers to buy a house in Cupertino, California. He also took on another teaching job at the University of California, Berkeley that year and briefly rented a pied-à-terre in the city; this development was precipitated by his initiation of an extramarital affair with Diane Cecily, a University of Montana administrator and mutual friend of Kittredge who would subsequently marry Kinder.

During his years of working at miscellaneous jobs, rearing children, and trying to write, Carver started abusing alcohol. By his own admission, he gave up writing and took to full-time drinking. In the fall semester of 1973, Carver was a visiting lecturer in the Iowa Writers' Workshop with John Cheever, but Carver stated that they did less teaching than drinking and almost no writing. With the assistance of Kinder and Kittredge, he attempted to simultaneously commute to Berkeley and maintain his lectureship at Santa Cruz; after missing all but a handful of classes due to the inherent logistical hurdles of this arrangement and various alcohol-related illnesses, Hall gently enjoined Carver to resign his position. The next year, after leaving Iowa City, Carver went to a treatment center to attempt to overcome his alcoholism, but continued drinking for another three years.

His first short story collection, Will You Please Be Quiet, Please?, was published in 1976. The collection itself was shortlisted for the National Book Award, though it sold fewer than 5,000 copies that year.

The following excerpt from Scott Driscoll's review of Maryann Burk Carver's 2006 memoir describes the decline of Maryann's and Raymond's marriage.

The fall began with Ray's trip to Missoula, Mont., in '72 to fish with friend and literary helpmate Bill Kittredge. That summer Ray fell in love with Diane Cecily, an editor at the University of Montana, whom he met at Kittredge's birthday party. "That's when the serious drinking began. It broke my heart and hurt the children. It changed everything."

"By fall of '74", writes Carver, "he was more dead than alive. I had to drop out of the Ph.D. program so I could get him cleaned up and drive him to his classes". Over the next several years, Maryann's husband physically abused her. Friends urged her to leave Raymond.

"But I couldn't. I really wanted to hang in there for the long haul. I thought I could outlast the drinking. I'd do anything it took. I loved Ray, first, last and always."

Carver describes, without a trace of rancor, what finally put her over the edge. In the fall of '78, with a new teaching position at the University of Texas at El Paso, Ray started seeing Tess Gallagher, a writer from Port Angeles, who would become his muse and wife near the end of his life. "It was like a contretemps. He tried to call me to talk about where we were. I missed the calls. He knew he was about to invite Tess to Thanksgiving." So he wrote a letter instead.

"I thought, I've gone through all those years fighting to keep it all balanced. Here it was, coming at me again, the same thing. I had to get on with my own life. But I never fell out of love with him."

After being hospitalized three times between June 1976 and February or March 1977, Carver began his "second life" and stopped drinking on June 2, 1977, with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous. While he continued to regularly smoke marijuana and later experimented with cocaine at the behest of Jay McInerney during a 1980 visit to New York City, Carver believed he would have died of alcoholism at the age of 40 had he not overcome his drinking.

In November 1977 Carver met the poet Tess Gallagher at a writers' conference in Dallas, Texas. Gallagher later remembered feeling "as if my life until then had simply been a rehearsal for meeting him." Beginning in January 1979, Carver and Gallagher lived together in El Paso, Texas, in a borrowed cabin near Port Angeles, Washington, and in Tucson, Arizona. In 1980, the two moved to Syracuse, New York, where Gallagher had been appointed the coordinator of the creative writing program at Syracuse University; Carver taught as a professor in the English department. He and Gallagher jointly purchased a house in Syracuse, at 832 Maryland Avenue. In ensuing years, the house became so popular that the couple had to hang a sign outside that read "Writers At Work" in order to be left alone. In 1982, he and his first wife, Maryann, were divorced.

In 1988, six weeks prior to his death, Carver and Gallagher married in Reno, Nevada.

On August 2, 1988, Carver died in Port Angeles, Washington, from lung cancer at the age of 50. In the same year, he was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. He is buried at Ocean View Cemetery in Port Angeles, Washington. The inscription on his tombstone reads:

LATE FRAGMENT
And did you get what
you wanted from this life, even so?
I did.
And what did you want?
To call myself beloved, to feel myself
beloved on the earth.

His poem "Gravy" is also inscribed.

As Carver's will directed, Tess Gallagher assumed the management of his literary estate.

Carver was nominated for the National Book Award for his first major-press collection, "Will You Please Be Quiet, Please" in 1977 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for his third major-press collection, Cathedral (1984), the volume generally perceived as his best. Included in the latter collection are the award-winning stories "A Small, Good Thing", and "Where I'm Calling From". John Updike selected the latter for inclusion in The Best American Short Stories of the Century. For his part, Carver perceived Cathedral as a watershed in his career for its shift toward a more optimistic and confidently poetic style amid the diminution of Lish's literary influence. Carver won five O. Henry Awards with "Are These Actual Miles" (originally titled "What Is It?") (1972), "Put Yourself in My Shoes" (1974), "Are You A Doctor?" (1975), "A Small, Good Thing" (1983), and "Errand" (1988).

In Carver's birth town of Clatskanie, Oregon, a memorial park and statue are at the corner of Lillich and Nehalem Streets, across from the library. A block away is the building where Carver was born.

In December 2006, Gallagher published an essay in The Sun magazine, titled "Instead of Dying", about alcoholism and Carver's having maintained his sobriety. The essay is an adaptation of a talk she initially delivered at the Welsh Academy's Academi Intoxication Conference in 2006. The first lines read: "Instead of dying from alcohol, Raymond Carver chose to live. I would meet him five months after this choice, so I never knew the Ray who drank, except by report and through the characters and actions of his stories and poems."

Chuck Kinder's Honeymooners: A Cautionary Tale (2001) is a roman à clef about his friendship with Carver in the 1970s. Carver's high school sweetheart and first wife, Maryann Burk Carver, wrote a memoir of her years with Carver, What it Used to be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver (2006).

In 2009, The New York Times Book Review and San Francisco Chronicle named Carol Sklenicka's unauthorized biography, Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life (2009), published by Scribner, one of the Best Ten Books of that year; and the San Francisco Chronicle deemed it: "exhaustively researched and definitive biography". Carver's widow, Tess Gallagher, refused to engage with Sklenicka.

His final (incomplete) collection of seven stories, titled Elephant in Britain (included in "Where I'm Calling From") was composed in the five years before his death. The nature of these stories, especially "Errand", have led to some speculation that Carver was preparing to write a novel. Only one piece of this work has survived - the fragment "The Augustine Notebooks", first printed in No Heroics, Please.

Tess Gallagher fought with Knopf for permission to republish the stories in What We Talk About When We Talk About Love as they were originally written by Carver, as opposed to the heavily edited and altered versions that appeared in 1981 under the editorship of Gordon Lish. On October 1, 2009 the book, entitled , was released in hardback in Great Britain, followed by its publication in the Library of America edition which collected all of Carver's short fiction in a single volume.

The Raymond Carver Reading Series at Syracuse University is an reading series program which annually brings 12-14 prominent writers to SU campus. It is presented by the Creative Writing Program in SU's College of Arts and Sciences.

Carver's career was dedicated to short stories and poetry. He described himself as "inclined toward brevity and intensity" and "hooked on writing short stories" (in the foreword of Where I'm Calling From, a collection published in 1988 and a recipient of an honorable mention in the 2006 New York Times article citing the best works of fiction of the previous 25 years). Another stated reason for his brevity was "that the story [or poem] can be written and read in one sitting." This was not simply a preference but, particularly at the beginning of his career, a practical consideration as he juggled writing with work. His subject matter was often focused on blue-collar experience, and was clearly reflective of his own life.

Characteristics of minimalism are generally seen as one of the hallmarks of Carver's work, although, as reviewer David Wiegand notes:

Carver never thought of himself as a minimalist or in any category, for that matter.

"He rejected categories generally," Sklenicka says. "I don't think he had an abstract mind at all. He just wasn't built that way, which is why he's so good at picking the right details that will stand for many things."

Carver's editor at , Gordon Lish, was instrumental in shaping his prose in this direction - where his earlier tutor John Gardner had advised Carver to use fifteen words instead of twenty-five, Lish instructed Carver to use five in place of fifteen. Objecting to the "surgical amputation and transplantation" of Lish's heavy editing, Carver eventually broke with him. During this time, Carver also submitted poetry to James Dickey, then poetry editor of Esquire.

Carver's style has also been described as dirty realism, which connected him with a group of writers in the 1970s and 1980s that included Richard Ford and Tobias Wolff with both of whom Carver was closely acquainted, as well as others such as Ann Beattie, Frederick Barthelme, and Jayne Anne Phillips. With the exception of Beattie, who wrote about upper-middle-class people, these were writers who focused on sadness and loss in the everyday lives of ordinary people-often lower-middle class or isolated and marginalized people.

In his essay "On Influence", Carver states that, while he was an admirer of Ernest Hemingway's fiction, he never saw him as an influence, citing instead the work of Lawrence Durrell.

Near Klamath (1968)

Winter Insomnia (1970)

At Night The Salmon Move (1976)

Fires (1983)

Where Water Comes Together With Other Water (1985)

Ultramarine (1986)

A New Path To The Waterfall (1989)

Gravy (Unknown year)

In a Marine Light: Selected Poems (1988)

All of Us: The Collected Poems (1996)

Dostoevsky (1985, with Tess Gallagher)

directed by Robert Altman (1993), based on nine Carver short stories and a poem

Everything Goes directed by Andrew Kotatko (2004), starring Hugo Weaving, Abbie Cornish and Sullivan Stapleton based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"

Whoever Was Using This Bed, also directed by Andrew Kotatko (2016), starring Jean-Marc Barr, Radha Mitchell and Jane Birkin, based on Carver's short story of the same name

directed by Ray Lawrence (2006), based on Carver's short story "So Much Water So Close to Home"

Everything Must Go directed by Dan Rush (2010), and starring Will Ferrell, based on Carver's short story "Why Don't You Dance?"

Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu, depicts the mounting of a Broadway production of "What We Talk About When We Talk About Love" as its central storyline. The film's main character, Riggan Thomson, attributes his choice of acting as a profession to a complimentary note he once received from Raymond Carver written on a cocktail napkin. The film also preludes with Carver's poem "Late Fragment." In February 2015, Birdman won four Oscars, including the Academy Award for Best Picture.

Amir, Ayala (2010). The Visual Poetics of Raymond Carver. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-3922-6

Carver, Maryann Burk (2006). What It Used to Be Like: A Portrait of My Marriage to Raymond Carver. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-33258-0.

Halpert, Sam (1995). Raymond Carver: An Oral Biography. University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-502-3.

McGrath, Charles (October 28, 2007). "I, Editor Author". The New York Times. Week in Review.

Miceli, Barbara. "Rivers, Memories and Reflections in Raymond Carver's Where Water Comes Together with Other Water" in Comparative American Studies'' (2021), pp. 1-9.

Runyon, Randolph Paul (1994). Reading Raymond Carver. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2631-2.

Sklenicka, Carol (Nov 2009). Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-6245-3.

Stull, William L.; Carroll, Maureen P., eds. (1993). Remembering Ray: A Composite Biography of Raymond Carver. Capra Press. ISBN 0-88496-370-5.

Raymond Carver Papers at The Ohio State University's Rare Books & Manuscripts Library

Gies, Martha. "Raymond Carver". The Oregon Encyclopedia.

Gura, David (January 7, 2008). "Rights Battle Brews over Un-Edited Carver Stories". All Things Considered.

Hansen, Ron (December 13, 2009). "Ron Hansen reviews the biography and short stories of Raymond Carver". The Washington Post. A review of Raymond Carver A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and of Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll

Haslam, Dave (1985). "An indepth interview". Carver talks about his father, his early writing, his characters, and the "dark humour" in some of his stories.

Hird, Laura. "Review of the posthumously published Tell it All". Tell it All. Archived from the original on 2007-10-26. Provides numerous links to Carver sites on the web and links to his work

Ho, Oliver (August 4, 2009). "Manga and Minimalism: The Shared Visions of Yoshihiro Tatsumi and Raymond Carver". Pop Matters.

International Raymond Carver Society. "Home page". IRCS website.

International Raymond Carver Society. "Welcome: The Raymond Carver Review". Kent State University.

King, Stephen (November 22, 2009). "Raymond Carver's Life and Stories". The New York Times. A review of Raymond Carver: A Writer's Life by Carol Sklenicka and Raymond Carver Collected Stories edited by William L. Stull and Maureen P. Carroll

Koehne, David (1978). "Echoes of Our Own Lives: An interview with Raymond Carver". Archived from the original on 2005-11-30.

Polsgrove, Carol (2009). "A Conversation on Raymond Carver". Historian Carol Polsgrove interviews Carver biographer Carol Sklenicka

Simpson, Mona Simpson & Buzbee, Lewis (Summer 1983). "Raymond Carver, The Art of Fiction No. 76". Paris Review. Summer 1983 (88).

Smith, Dell. "Dell Smith's experiences adapting Carver's story "Why Don't You Dance" into a student film in mid-'80s". Beyond the Margins.

Wood, Gaby (27 September 2009). "Raymond Carver: the kindest cut". The Observer.

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Raymond Clevie Carver Jr. (May 25, 1938 - August 2, 1988) was an American short story writer and poet. He is considered to be amongst America's greatest writers. Carver was born in Clatskanie, Oregon, a mill town on the Columbia River, and grew up in Yakima, Washington, the son of Ella Beatrice (born Casey) and Clevie Raymond Carver.

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Kate Chopin was a female American born short-story writer. She lived from 1850-1940 and wrote nearly 200 short stories in her career. Chopin was very influential during the 20th century because she challenged society's view on the capabilities of married women in her writing. In her writing, common themes were of marriage and divorce. Chopin's writing style was also very unique. She often captured speech patterns and nuances of the 20th century. She was able to make her writing sound authentic through capturing dialects because of her Southern background. However, Chopin was most famous for mastering the Stream of Consciousness writing style, which made her short stories very detailed. One of Kate Chopin's most famous stories was "The Story of an Hour" (1894), which explores the complex emotions of a woman who believes her husband died in a train wreck. Some other notable stories include "The Storm" (1898), "Désirée's Baby" (1893), "A Respectable Women" (1894), and "A Pair of Silk Stockings" (1896).

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Kate Chopin is an American writer, born on February 8th 1850, and passed August 22nd 1904. Her stories mostly center daring women but she also had elements of romanticism, transcendentalism, realism, naturalism, existentialism, and particularly feminism. Her most famous short stories are “The Story of an Hour”, “The Storm”, “Désirée’s Baby”, “A Pair of Silk Stockings”, and “A Respectable Woman”. Throughout her career she also wrote novels and children's stories. https://faculty.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/chopin.html#:~:text=Since%20Chopin's%20works%20contain%20clear,last%20century%20and%20a%20half.

https://www.katechopin.org/

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Jamaica Kincaid is an author who was born on May 25, 1949, in St. John’s, the capital of Antigua and Barbuda. When she was 16, she moved to New York and then went on to study photography at the New York School for Social Research. Her first book was published in 1983. The collection of short stories was titled At the Bottom of the River.  One of her famous stories was Annie John, a novel with seemingly autobiographical characteristics. A Small Place was also a famous story that portrays her struggle with her relationship towards her home country. Her work showed familial relationships and her views and emotions on her country. Kincaid’s writing portrays her feelings of discontent with the past and present of her country and reflects on her own relationships with her family. Her writing is quite poetic, with great amounts of imagery and rhythm.

SOURCES

(https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jamaica-Kincaid)

(https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/jamaica-kincaid)

Image also from britannica

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This article was most recently revised and updated by

Jamaica Kincaid, original name Elaine Potter Richardson, (born May 25, 1949, St. John's, Antigua), Caribbean American writer whose essays, stories, and novels are evocative portrayals of family relationships and her native Antigua.

Kincaid settled in New York City when she left Antigua at age 16. She first worked as an au pair in Manhattan. She later won a photography scholarship in New Hampshire but returned to New York within two years. In 1973 she took the name Jamaica Kincaid (partly because she wished the anonymity for her writing), and the following year she began regularly submitting articles to The New Yorker magazine, where she became a staff writer in 1976. Kincaid's writings for the magazine often chronicled Caribbean culture. Her essays and stories were subsequently published in other magazines as well.

In 1983 Kincaid's first book, At the Bottom of the River, a collection of short stories and reflections, was published. Setting a pattern for her later work, it mixed lyricism and anger. Annie John (1984) and Lucy (1990) were novels but were autobiographical in nature, as were most of Kincaid's subsequent works, with an emphasis on mother-daughter relationships. A Small Place (1988), a three-part essay, continued her depiction of Antigua and her rage at its despoliation. Kincaid's treatment of the themes of family relationships, personhood, and the taint of colonialism reached a fierce pitch in The Autobiography of My Mother (1996) and My Brother (1997), an account of the death from AIDS of Kincaid's younger brother Devon Drew. Her "Talk of the Town" columns for The New Yorker were collected in Talk Stories (2001), and in 2005 she published Among Flowers: A Walk in the Himalaya, an account of a plant-collecting trip she took in the foothills of the Himalayas. The novel See Now Then (2013) chronicles the late-life dissolution of a marriage by way of the jilted wife's acerbic ruminations.

J.E. Luebering, Executive Editorial Director.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

American literature: Multicultural writing

...Agüero Sisters [1997]); the Antigua-born Jamaica Kincaid, author of Annie John (1984), Lucy (1990), the AIDS memoir My Brother (1997), and See Now Then (2013); the Dominican-born Junot Díaz, who won acclaim for Drown (1996), a collection of stories, and whose novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao (2007)...

The New Yorker, American weekly magazine, famous for its varied literary fare and humour. The founder, Harold W. Ross, published the first issue on February 21, 1925, and was the magazine's editor until his death in December 1951. The New Yorker 's initial focus was on New York City's amusements and...

Literature, a body of written works. The name has traditionally been applied to those imaginative works of poetry and prose distinguished by the intentions of their authors and the perceived aesthetic excellence of their execution. Literature may be classified according to a variety of systems,...

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Jamaica Kincaid | Caribbean American author

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Jamaica Kincaid, Caribbean American writer whose essays, stories, and novels are evocative portrayals of family relationships and her native Antigua. Kincaid settled in New York City when she left Antigua at age 16. She first worked as an au pair in Manhattan. She later won a photography

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Born: September 11, 1862 (In Greensboro!!!)

Died: June 5, 1910

Some short stories that he wrote

The Duplicity of Hargraves

The Gift of the Magi

The Ransom of Red Chief

He coined the term "Banana Republic"

He used a lot of irony and metaphors, and his endings were often surprising. His writing was very vivid and seemed real, and he explored the theme of morality a lot, questioning what really is moral, while also maintaining all of the other minute and complex elements of his short stories. Another theme commonly explored by him is love and sacrifice. He also wrote poetry and non-fiction, but he is most well known for his short stories.

- BIX O.P.

Sources:

Wikipedia

Atlantic Press

Manhattan University

IJRAR

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Langston Hughes was a crucial figure in the Harlem renaissance and a very influential writer, playwright, and poet. He was born in Missouri in 1902 and later moved to Harlem in 1922. He spent some of his life in the south writing about racial injustices and some of his life in the Soviet Union taking an interest to communism. His most famous story is Thank you Ma'am. His stories talked about racism, and depicted the joys and hardships of black lives, avoiding negative stereotypes.

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Sandra Cisneros is a Mexican-American short story writer. She was born in 1954 and is still alive today at 69 years old. Cisneros focuses on feminine clichés in her writing, such as sinful seductions, traitorous mother, etc. Her short stories are generally compiled into whole books, such as her 1991 publication "Woman Hollering Creek and Other Short Stories". Her writing style usually features a modest narrator mode, with multiple different points of view.

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John Updike was an American novelist from southern Pennsylvania. Born on March 18th, 1932, he lived to the age of 76 before his death in 2009. He won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction multiple times, being only one of four writers to ever do so. Some of his most notable works include the Rabbit Angstrom volume, consisting of four total novels, “A&P”, and “The Happiest I’ve Ever Been”. His work was heavily shaped by his faith as he was a Christian. He also often wrote in a unique prose-like style.

sources:

https://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/a-and-p/context/#:~:text=Updike's%20work%20was%20shaped%20by,his%20fair%20share%20of%20controversy.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Updike

https://www.macdowell.org/artists/john-updike#:~:text=Updike's%20highly%20distinctive%20prose%20style,squarely%20in%20the%20realist%20tradition.

https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/industry-news/tip-sheet/article/68449-the-10-best-john-updike-books.html

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Langston Hughes was an American author during the 1920s. He was an important figure during the Harlem Renaissance, writing many short stories and poems. Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1, 1901 and died on May 22, 1967.  His writing often colorfully portrayed living as an African American, showing the good and the bad, the joy and the hardship that came with it. His most famous short stories include Thank You M’am and The Ways of White Folks, the latter being a collection of short stories.

- Kingsley Chen

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Alice Walker was born February 19th, 1944 in Eatontown, Georgia. At a very young age she became a fan of writing. As a child, she had an incident that caused her to be blind in her left eye and she was left with white scar tissue. This made her very self-conscious and self-critical. These feelings ended up having much influence on some of her short stories. Her stories have themes rooted mostly in economic hardship, racial terror, and folk wisdom of African American life and culture. For example, one of her collections of short stories, "In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Women", features black women struggling against the low standards and expectations society has set for them, their intelligence, and their virtue. Her second collection emphasizes women's experiences with issues such as rape and abortion. Some specific examples of her fictitious short stories are The Flowers, Roselily, Everyday Use, and The Child Who Favored Daughter.

Sources: https://alicewalkerwritingstyle.wordpress.com/

https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/alice-walker-b-1944/#:~:text=Alice%20Walker%20is%20a%20novelist,National%20Book%20Award%20in%201983.

https://www.shortstoryguide.com/alice-walker-short-stories/

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Ernest Hemingway was an American short-story writer, novelist, and journalist. He was born in Oak Park, Illinois (a suburb of Chicago) on July 21, 1899. After he graduated from high school, he got a job as a reporter at the Kansas City Star. He later enlisted in the Red Cross, serving as an ambulance driver on the Italian front during World War I. Hemingway's debut novel was The Sun Also Rises, which was published in 1926. He later returned to the US and moved to Key West, Florida. He continued to work as a journalist, covering the Spanish Civil War and World War II. He was injured by two plane crashes in 1954, and later committed suicide at his home in Idaho on July 2, 1961. Some of his most famous short stories include Hills Like White Elephants, The Snows of Kilimanjaro, and Cat in the Rain. His stories are very concise, straightforward, and realistic. He also used the "Iceberg Theory", having his characters be pretty simple, but actually having a deeper meaning.

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Jack London was born in San Francisco, California, on January 12, 1876. He died on November 22, 1916.

He was deserted by his father and was raised in Oakland, California. At age 14, he quit school to get away from poverty and to adventure.

He explored San Francisco Bay, traveled to Japan, and saw much of the United States. He was a part of an industrial army run by Charles T. Kelly.

In 1894, London became a militant socialist. He educated himself at public libraries. At age 19, he crammed a four year high school into one and entered the University of California. After a year he quit school to seek a fortune in the Klondike gold rush and returned the next year, still poor, and decided to become a writer.

He completed around 50 books of fiction and non-fiction in 17 years. He also became the highest-paid writer in the United States for some time.

Some of his most famous novels include the Call of the Wild and White fang, along with some others.

Source: Britannica - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-London

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(November 30, 1835 - April 21, 1910)

Mark Twain was a novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri. In addition to being a writer, Twain also worked as a printer and a riverboat captain. He published his first successful story, The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, in 1865, which made him famous all over the United States. Twain is known for various styles, including humor, satire, and travel narratives. His adventure stories, Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn, won him global attention, and are still considered classics of American fiction.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/summary/Mark-Twain

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My author is John Updike (1932 -- 2009). Born in Pennsylvania, Updike went to Harvard, where he met his first wife, Mary Pennnington. He left her 1974, and married his second wife, Martha Bernhard, in 1977. In addition to his well-known Rabbit novels, he had an illustrious short story career. Some of his most famous ones are based on personal experiences- "The Happiest I've Ever Been," revolves around the main character's nostalgia for his university years, and "Separating", is about the divorce of characters representing Updike and his first wife. Overall, John Updike is known for the immense power seen through every one of his sentences. Some consider him among the greatest short story writers of all time.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Updike

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Updike

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/may/07/top-10-john-updike-short-stories

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John Updike, in full John Hoyer Updike, (born March 18, 1932, Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.-died January 27, 2009, Danvers, Massachusetts), American writer of novels, short stories, and poetry, known for his careful craftsmanship and realistic but subtle depiction of "American, Protestant, small-town, middle-class" life.

Updike grew up in Shillington, Pennsylvania, and many of his early stories draw on his youthful experiences there. He graduated from Harvard University in 1954. In 1955 he began an association with The New Yorker magazine, to which he contributed editorials, poetry, stories, and criticism throughout his prolific career. His poetry-intellectual, witty pieces on the absurdities of modern life-was gathered in his first book, The Carpentered Hen and Other Tame Creatures (1958), which was followed by his first novel, The Poorhouse Fair (1958).

About this time, Updike devoted himself to writing fiction full-time, and several works followed. Rabbit, Run (1960), which is considered to be one of his best novels, concerns a former star athlete who is unable to recapture success when bound by marriage and small-town life and flees responsibility. Three subsequent novels, Rabbit Redux (1971), Rabbit Is Rich (1981), and Rabbit at Rest (1990)-the latter two winning Pulitzer Prizes-follow the same character during later periods of his life. Rabbit Remembered (2001) returns to characters from those books in the wake of Rabbit's death. The Centaur (1963) and Of the Farm (1965) are notable among Updike's novels set in Pennsylvania.

Much of Updike's later fiction is set in New England (in Ipswich, Massachusetts), where he lived from the 1960s. Updike continued to explore the issues that confront middle-class America, such as fidelity, religion, and responsibility. The novels Couples (1968) and Marry Me (1976) expose the evolving sexual politics of the time in East Coast suburbia. Updike set Memories of the Ford Administration: A Novel (1992) in the 1970s, infusing the tale of a professor's research on President James Buchanan with observations on sexuality. In the Beauty of the Lilies (1996) draws parallels between religion and popular obsession with cinema, while Gertrude and Claudius (2000) offers conjectures on the early relationship between Hamlet's mother and her brother-in-law. In response to the cultural shifts that occurred in the United States after the September 11 attacks, Updike released Terrorist in 2006.

Updike often expounded upon characters from earlier novels, eliding decades of their lives only to place them in the middle of new adventures. The Witches of Eastwick (1984; filmed 1987), about a coven of witches, was followed by The Widows of Eastwick (2008), which trails the women into old age. Bech: A Book (1970), Bech Is Back (1982), and Bech at Bay (1998) humorously trace the tribulations of a Jewish writer.

Updike's several collections of short stories included The Same Door (1959), Pigeon Feathers (1962), Museums and Women (1972), Problems (1979), Trust Me (1987), and My Father's Tears, and Other Stories (2009), which was published posthumously. A substantial portion of his short fiction oeuvre was published as the two-volume John Updike: The Collected Stories (2013). He also wrote nonfiction and criticism, much of it appearing in The New Yorker. It has been collected in Assorted Prose (1965), Picked-Up Pieces (1975), Hugging the Shore (1983), and Odd Jobs (1991). Essays examining art and its cultural presentation were featured in Just Looking: Essays on Art (1989), Still Looking: Essays on American Art (2005), and Always Looking: Essays on Art (2012). Due Considerations (2007) collects commentary spanning art, sexuality, and literature.

Updike also continued to write poetry, usually light verse. Endpoint, and Other Poems, published posthumously in 2009, collects poetry Updike had written between 2002 and a few weeks before he died; it takes his own death as its primary subject. Selected Poems (2015) broadly surveys his poetic career. Higher Gossip, a collection of commentaries, was released in 2011.

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John Updike, American writer of novels, short stories, and poetry, known for his careful craftsmanship and realistic but subtle depiction of 'American, Protestant, small-town, middle-class' life. His books included Rabbit, Run (1960), Rabbit Is Rich (1981), The Witches of Eastwick (1984), and Rabbit at Rest (1990).

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Ray Bradbury was born on August 22, 1920, in Waukegan, Illinois. As a child, he was an avid reader, and started writing short stories at age 12. After moving around a few times, his family settled near Hollywood, where Ray continued to write.

Ray Bradbury wrote many notable short stories such as The Veldt, Zero Hour, and All Summer in a Day. His stories used many similes and metaphors, and incorporated themes of technology and social critique. His novel Fahrenheit 451 is considered to be his best work, and although he died on June 5, 2012, he is still remembered for his great works of science fiction.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Bradbury

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Bradbury

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Mary Flannery O'Connor was an American writer born in March, 1925 in Savannah, Georgia. She died on August 3, 1964 to lupus, an autoimmune disease. Some of her most famous works are "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" and "Everything That Rises Must Converge". The New Georgia Encyclopedia is quoted saying the key features of her writing are "Economy of form, biting satire, vivid characterizations, and a stern moral vision". O'Connor's stories were often set in the modern South countryside, with her protagonists being middle-aged women with well established views. The stories usually showcase a transformation that the characters undergo to realize the falseness of those same views.

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Sandra Cisneros, born on December 20, 1954, in Chicago, is a renowned Mexican-American author celebrated for exploring themes of cultural identity, gender, and family in works like The House on Mango Street and Woman Hollering Creek and Other Stories. Her writing often portrays the lives of Hispanic women and the challenges of living between two cultures, with a distinctive style that combines poetic language and vivid imagery. Cisneros is known for flawlessly integrating Spanish literature into her English writing, making the book feel more "authentic". A prominent voice in Chicano literature, Cisneros has received numerous awards and continues to influence both Latino and feminist literary landscapes.

Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/sandra-cisneros, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Cisneros

Ian Xue

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Lived Jan 12, 1876 - Nov 22, 1916

Lifetime: He saw depression conditions, was jailed for vagrancy, and in 1894 became a militant socialist.

Key Features of Writing: Vivid yet simple descriptions of natural settings (the focus of his narratives)

Famous Stories: A Thousand Deaths, a Piece of Steak, and To Build a Fire

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Raymond Carver (1938-1988) was an American poet and short story writer. He is most known for his short stories such as his collection titled What We Talk About When We Talk About Love which includes short stories such as "Why Don't You Dance?," "The Third Thing That Killed My Father Off" and "A Serious Talk." His short stories include hallmarks such as being realistic, relatable, minimalistic and highlighting the mundane parts of life.

Sources: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Carver

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What_We_Talk_About_When_We_Talk_About_Love

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(August 22, 1920-June 5, 2012)

Ray Bradbury was born in Waukegan, Illinois. As a child, Ray fell in love with science fiction at an early age. Later in his early teenage years, (In 1934 to be exact) Bradbury’s family moved to Los Angeles. With encouragement from fellow young authors and role models including Henry Kuttner, Edmond Hamilton, and Robert Heinlein, Bradbury published his first short story “Hollerbochen’s Dilemma.” His works quickly caught attention as his highly imaginative and poetic style attracted many readers. His social criticism, and awareness of hazards of runaway technology also made his works unique and stand out from others. Some of his most famous short stories include "There Will Come Soft Rains," "All Summer in a Day," and "A Sound of Thunder." All of these works are unique to Ray Bradbury’s style of science fiction writing, however he also wrote many famous short stories in genres of fantasy, mystery, and horror.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Bradbury

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Sandra Cisneros, a famous poet, short story writer, and novelist, was born on December 20, 1954 in Chicago Illinois, and she was raised in a family where she was the only girl among her six other siblings. She had a younger sister who was born a year after her, but the child unfortunately passed away as a baby. Cisneros created her first poem at the age of ten but didn’t create any more works until she rediscovered her love for poetry and writing in high school. Later, she graduated from Chicago’s Loyola University in 1976 with a Bachelor’s Degree in English and the University of Iowa Writers’ Workshop in 1978 with a Masters Degree in Creative Writing. Just two years after her experience in the writers’ workshop, she published her first book, a story told through poetry titled Bad Boy. The book that skyrocketed her to popularity, though, was the second story she wrote called The House on Mango Street, a coming-of-age story published in 1984 that explored the character Esperanza Cordero and her experiences living in a small Chicago town. The story was a well-written novel and had a unique structure built of vignettes, and it became an extremely popular and critically acclaimed book with over six million copies sold. Afterwards, Cisneros came out with many more stories, and her works are known for discussing topics such as diversity, growth, and family. Throughout her career, she has won numerous awards and made huge achievements. She has not only received the Texas Medal of the Arts and gotten a MacArthur fellowship, but she has also won the National Medal of Arts that was given to her in 2016 by then President Obama. In short, Sandra Cisneros is an incredible author who has made massive accomplishments in her life.

Sources

https://www.fordfoundation.org/about/the-art-of-change-meet-our-fellows/sandra-cisneros/#:~:text=Cisneros%20has%20also%20received%20NEA,by%20President%20Obama%20in%202016

https://www.sandracisneros.com/books

https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/the-read-down/sandra-cisneros-books/

https://www.arts.gov/initiatives/nea-big-read/house-mango-street

https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/sandra-cisneros

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandra-Cisneros

By Hanling

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John Updike was born on March 18th, 1932 in Reading, Pennsylvania. He went to college at Harvard and graduated there in 1954. He had two wives and he had 6 children. Updike died on January 27th, 2009 in Beverly, Massachusetts. He was very well known for his stories that focused on the small-town, middle-class, American life.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Updike

Updike was known for very distinctive prose style of writing that featured a lot of unusual and rich vocabulary the described the world extravagantly while still keeping in the realist tradition.

https://www.newsweek.com/many-stylings-john-updike-78389

One of Updike's most famous short stories is called A&P. It follows the complicated transition from childhood to adulthood through the life of a teenage boy named Sammy.

https://www.sparknotes.com/short-stories/a-and-p/

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Jack London was born January 12, 1876. He was a short story writer and a novelist. His biological father wasn't involved in his life so he was raised by mother and stepfather in Oakland, California. But at age 19 he crammed a four-year high school courses in one year and went to University of California, Berkeley. After one year he left to try to make a living in the Klondike gold rush. Unsuccessful, he decided to become a writer. His first book was "The Son of the Wolf: Tales of the Far North" a series of short stories. He started gaining recognition because of this series. He completed around 50 nonfiction and fiction books in 17 years some being, "The Call of the Wild", and "White Fang". Those two books and some of his other books consistently depict elemental struggles for survival and the appeal of the wilderness. Jack London sadly died November 22, 1916.

Sources:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jack-London

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Gary Soto is an American short story writer, born and raised in Fresno, California. He was born on April 12, 1952 to a middle class family who often struggled to find work. Some of his most famous works include Baseball in April and Other Stories, Living Up the Street, A Summer Life, and Neighborhood Odes. These books are all collections of his most known short stories and can be purchased online or at your local bookstore. Some key features of Soto’s writing are his love for writing about unusual subjects for adolescents and kids such as poverty. Because of his Mexican-American heritage, he tends to highlight aspects of Mexican American life in a present-day fashion.

https://lrhslightningflash.com/5535/hispanic-history-month/the-life-and-works-of-gary-soto/#:~:text=As%20a%20free%20verse%20poet,in%20a%20present%2Dday%20fashion.

https://www.goodreads.com/author/list/30743.Gary_Soto

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Soto

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Junius Edwards, born in Louisiana lived between 1929 and 2008, served in the Korean War in his twenties. He studied in both the University of Oslo and Chicago. His works delt with issues of of race, adressing phycological and personal problems. His most credited short stories are Liars Don't Quantify, and Duel With the Clock, published in 1961 and 1967 respecively. An important theme through many of his works is focusing on the demunization of black people in the , and the constant and sometimes subtle power imbalance oh so common in the south. He wrote up until his death, and one of his last published works was "S'il faut mourir" published in 2003.

https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095743388

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, was a decorated author who wrote many books, poems, and short stories in her lifetime. One of her famous short stories was "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas". The story is about a town that lives in prosperity, but to achieve this a single person must suffer. "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas" cannot bear to see this so they leave. Ursula K. Le Guin often wrote Sci-Fi that made observations on how our society functions.

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William Sydney Porter, known famously by his pen name “O. Henry,” was an American novelist and short story writer in the early 1900s. He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina on September 11th, 1862 and died in New York on June 5th, 48 years later, following struggles with money and alcoholism.

In his early life, O. Henry was a journalist for both the failed Rolling Stones and the Houston Post in 1894. Two years later, O. Henry was charged for embezzlement of bank funds, but his sentence was lightened following his beloved wife’s death. Before prison, he was William Porter. O. Henry was the one to emerge.

In 1902, O. Henry arrived in New York and began to publish many of his currently famous short stories, including Cabbages and Kings, The Gift of the Magi, and Heart of the West. The hallmarks of his style were his clever uses of irony and dramatisation that earned him an award named in his honour.

Source: https://www.britannica.com/biography/O-Henry

(Zaria A-G)

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O. Henry, pseudonym of William Sydney Porter, original name William Sidney Porter, (born September 11, 1862, Greensboro, North Carolina, U.S.-died June 5, 1910, New York, New York), American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the commonplace-in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. His stories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humour, grim or ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name and cost him critical favour when its vogue had passed.

Porter attended a school taught by his aunt, then clerked in his uncle's drugstore. In 1882 he went to Texas, where he worked on a ranch, in a general land office, and later as teller in the First National Bank in Austin. He began writing sketches at about the time of his marriage to Athol Estes in 1887, and in 1894 he started a humorous weekly, The Rolling Stone. When that venture failed, Porter joined the Houston Post as reporter, columnist, and occasional cartoonist.

In February 1896 he was indicted for embezzlement of bank funds. Friends aided his flight to Honduras. News of his wife's fatal illness, however, took him back to Austin, and lenient authorities did not press his case until after her death. When convicted, Porter received the lightest sentence possible, and in 1898 he entered the penitentiary at Columbus, Ohio; his sentence of five years was shortened to three years and three months for good behaviour. As night druggist in the prison hospital, he could write to earn money for support of his daughter Margaret. His stories of adventure in the southwest U.S. and Central America were immediately popular with magazine readers, and when he emerged from prison W.S. Porter had become O. Henry.

In 1902 O. Henry arrived in New York-his "Bagdad on the Subway." From December 1903 to January 1906 he produced a story a week for the New York Sunday World magazine and also wrote for other magazines. His first book, Cabbages and Kings (1904), depicted fantastic characters against exotic Honduran backgrounds. Both The Four Million (1906) and The Trimmed Lamp (1907) explored the lives of the multitude of New York in their daily routines and searchings for romance and adventure, and the former contained the widely popular story " The Gift of the Magi." Heart of the West (1907) presented accurate and fascinating tales of the Texas range.

Then in rapid succession came The Voice of the City (1908), The Gentle Grafter (1908), Roads of Destiny (1909), Options (1909), Strictly Business (1910), and Whirligigs (1910). Whirligigs contains perhaps Porter's funniest story, " The Ransom of Red Chief."

Despite his popularity, O. Henry's final years were marred by ill health, a desperate financial struggle, and alcoholism. A second marriage in 1907 was unhappy. After his death three more collected volumes appeared: Sixes and Sevens (1911), Rolling Stones (1912), and Waifs and Strays (1917). Later seven fugitive stories and poems, O. Henryana (1920), Letters to Lithopolis (1922), and two collections of his early work on the Houston Post, Postscripts (1923) and O. Henry Encore (1939), were published. Foreign translations and adaptations for other art forms, including films and television, attest his universal application and appeal. The O. Henry Prize, given annually to outstanding short stories, was established in his honour in 1919.

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O. Henry | Biography, Books, Achievements, Short Stories, Award, & Facts

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O. Henry, American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the commonplace-in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. His stories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humor, grim or ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name.

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-Flannery O’Connor is best known for writing her short stories but she also wrote two novels and did a bit of review and commentary

-She was born on March 25, 1925 and died on August 3, 1964

-She lived in Savannah, Georgia throughout her childhood

-Her short stories have no specific structure but many share a theme of going through a change, having a realization relating to their identity, or having some ethical or moral challenge

-Since she was raised in the country, her protagonists usually live in the south and are christian

-Her best known works are Wise Blood, The Violent Bear It Away, and A Good Man Is Hard To Find

https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/short-stories-of-flannery-oconnor/#:~:text=them%20as%20evil.-,Themes,emphasis%20on%20sin%20and%20salvation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor

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Julia Alvarez is a writer from New York City, but is currently based in Vermont. Born in 1950, she’s one of the most critically successful Latina writers of her time. She writes poems of childhood memories and being an immigrant living between two different cultures. For the first ten years of her life, she lived in the Dominican Republic but her family fled after they supported an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow dictator Rafael Trujillo. She is best known for her books ‘How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents’ and ‘In the Time of the Butterflies’. So far, she has written six novels, three non-fiction books, three collections of poetry, and eleven books for children and young adults. She is still writing, her most recent book being The Cemetery of Untold Stories which was published in April of this year.

(My post originally didn’t end up getting uploaded though I did try to upload it)

SOURCES:

https://study.com/learn/lesson/in-the-time-of-butterflies-julia-alvarez-themes-analysis.html#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20purpose%20of,the%20authoritarianism%20of%20Rafael%20Trujillo.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Alvarez#:~:text=She%20rose%20to%20prominence%20with,(

1997).

https://www.juliaalvarez.com/

https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/7277.Julia_Alvarez#:~:text=mentored%20writMore-,She%20is%20the%20author%20of%20six%20novels%2C%20three%20books%20of,in%2Dresidence%20at%20Middlebury%20College.

(My post originally didn’t end up getting uploaded though I did try to upload it)

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Amy Tan was born February 19, 1952 and is best known for writing the novel The Joy Luck Club, which was written in 1989. She has won many awards from her contributions to the literary world. She has written multiple short stories, including, but not limited to: Mother Tongue, and Two Kinds. She has also written children's books and is well known in the literary community.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Tan#Short_stories

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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Kristin Hunter Lattany". Encyclopedia Britannica, 10 Nov. 2024, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kristin-Hunter-Lattany. Accessed 12 November 2024.

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Toni Cade Bambara was a black woman born in Harlem, NY, March 25 1939, and died in 1995. She also became a teacher along with her career as a writer. She compiled several "Novels" composed of multiple short stories. She was also an activist for african-american and women's rights. She writes in an “African American” style, and some of her stories include: "The lesson", a story about a young black girl named Sylvia. She used writing as a form of protest against racism and economical inequality.

Sources:

Image:

https://centerforthehumanities.org/product/toni-cade-bambara-realizing-the-dream-of-a-black-university/

Others:

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toni-Cade-Bambara

https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/bambara-toni-cade-1939-1995/

-Sebastien Chang

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Flannery O'connor, born 1925, was a female short story writer who wrote over thirty short stories in her lifetime. Her most notable works include "A good man is hard to find" and "Everything that rises must converge". She also wrote two novels, "Wise blood" and "The violent bear it away". Although she was slightly racist, her darker, more humorous stories are still read today.

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Ernest Hemingway was a novelist and a short story writer who lived from 1899 and 1961. Many of his short stories explored topics like war, loss, and the complexities of being human. He wrote many short stories, including "Hills Like White Elephants", "Cat in the Rain", and many more. He received the Noble Prize for Literature in 1954.

Sources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1954/hemingway/biographical/

https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1082796.pdf

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Amy Tan is a well known American author best recognized for her novel "The Joy Luck Club"

February 19, 1952-

Born in Oakland, California

Had a difficult relationship with her mother, who often threatened to kill herself.

Also wrote "The Kitchen God's Wife"

Has also written many short stories including "Mother Tongue", and "Fish Cheeks"

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Amy Ruth Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American author known for the novel The Joy Luck Club, which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1993 by director Wayne Wang.

Tan has written several other novels, including The Kitchen God's Wife, The Hundred Secret Senses, The Bonesetter's Daughter, Saving Fish from Drowning, and The Valley of Amazement. Tan's latest book is a memoir entitled Where The Past Begins: A Writer's Memoir (2017). In addition to these, Tan has written two children's books: The Moon Lady (1992) and Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat (1994), which was turned into an animated series that aired on PBS. Tan was the next scheduled guest on CNN on September 11, 2001 before regular programming was skirted to cover the terrorist attacks that day.

Tan was born in Oakland, California. She is the second of three children born to Chinese immigrants John and Daisy Tan. Her father was an electrical engineer and Baptist minister who traveled to the United States in order to escape the chaos of the Chinese Civil War. Tan attended Marian A. Peterson High School in Sunnyvale for one year. When she was fifteen years old, her father and older brother Peter both died of brain tumors within six months of each other.

Daisy subsequently moved Amy and her younger brother, John Jr., to Switzerland, where Amy finished high school at the Institut Monte Rosa, Montreux. During this period, Amy learned about her mother's previous marriage to another man in China, of their four children (a son who died as a toddler and three daughters), and how her mother left these children behind in Shanghai. This incident was the basis for Tan's first novel The Joy Luck Club. In 1987, Amy traveled with Daisy to China, where she met her three half-sisters.

Tan had a difficult relationship with her mother. At one point, Daisy held a knife to Amy's throat and threatened to kill her while the two were arguing over Amy's new boyfriend. Her mother wanted Tan to be independent, stressing that Tan needed to make sure she was self-sufficient. Tan later found out that her mother had three abortions while in China. Daisy often threatened to kill herself, saying that she wanted to join her mother (Tan's grandmother, who committed suicide). She attempted suicide but never succeeded. Daisy died in 1999.

Tan and her mother did not speak for six months after Tan dropped out of the Baptist college her mother had selected for her, Linfield College in Oregon, to follow her boyfriend to San Jose City College in California. Tan met him on a blind date and married him in 1974. Tan later received bachelor's and master's degrees in English and linguistics from San José State University. She took doctoral courses in linguistics at University of California, Santa Cruz and University of California, Berkeley.

While in school, Tan worked odd jobs-serving as a switchboard operator, carhop, bartender, and pizza maker-before starting a writing career. As a freelance business writer, she worked on projects for AT&T, IBM, Bank of America, and Pacific Bell, writing under non-Chinese-sounding pseudonyms.

Tan began writing her first novel, The Joy Luck Club, while working as a business writer, and joined a writers' workshop, the Squaw Valley Program, to refine her draft. She submitted a part of the draft novel as a story titled 'Endgame' to the workshop. Author Molly Giles, who was teaching at the workshop, encouraged Tan to send some of her writing to magazines. Stories by Tan, drawn from the manuscript of the Joy Luck Club, were published by both FM Magazine and although a story was rejected by the New Yorker. Working with agent Sandra Dijkstra, Tan published several other parts of the novel as short stories, before it was sent as a draft novel manuscript. She received offers from several major publishing houses, including A.A. Knopf, Vintage, Harper & Row, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, Simon and Schuster, and Putnam Books, but declined them all as they offered compensation that she and agent considered to be insufficient. She eventually accepted a second offer from Putnam Books, for $50,000 in December 1987. The Joy Luck Club, consists of eight related stories about the experiences of four Chinese-American mother-daughter pairs.

Tan's second novel, The Kitchen God's Wife, also focuses on the relationship between an immigrant Chinese mother and her American-born daughter. Tan's third novel, The Hundred Secret Senses, was a departure from the first two novels, in focusing on the relationships between sisters, inspired partly by one of the half-siblings Tan sponsored to the United States. Tan's fourth novel, The Bonesetter's Daughter, returns to the theme of an immigrant Chinese woman and her American-born daughter.

Tan was the "lead rhythm dominatrix", backup singer and second tambourine with the Rock Bottom Remainders literary garage band. Before the band retired from touring, it had raised more than a million dollars for literacy programs. Tan appeared as herself in the third episode of Season 12 of The Simpsons, " Insane Clown Poppy."

Tan's work has been adapted into several different forms of media. The Joy Luck Club was adapted into a play in 1993; that same year, director Wayne Wang adapted the book into a film. The Bonesetter's Daughter was adapted into an opera in 2008. Tan's children's book, Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat was adapted into an PBS animated television show, also named Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat.

In May, 2021, the documentary, Amy Tan: Unintended Memoir was released, first on PBS, and later on Netflix.

Tan has received criticism from some for her depiction of Chinese culture. Sau-ling Cynthia Wong, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, wrote that Tan's novels "appear to possess the authority of authenticity but are often products of the American-born writer's own heavily mediated understanding of things Chinese". She stated that the popularity of Tan's work can mostly be attributed to Western consumers "who find her work comforting in its reproduction of stereotypical images". Author Frank Chin has said that the storylines of her novels "demonstrate a vested interest in casting Chinese men in the worst possible light". He has accused Tan of "pandering to the popular imagination" of Westerners regarding Chinese people.

Amy Tan has dismissed these criticisms, stating that her works are not intended to be viewed as representative of general Chinese/Asian American experiences.

While Tan was studying at Berkeley, her roommate was murdered and Tan had to identify the body. The incident left her temporarily mute. She said that every year for ten years, on the anniversary of the day she identified the body, she lost her voice.

In 1998, Tan contracted Lyme disease, which went misdiagnosed for a few years. As a result, she suffers complications like epileptic seizures. Tan co-founded LymeAid 4 Kids, which helps uninsured children pay for treatment. She wrote about her life with Lyme disease in The New York Times.

Tan also suffers from depression, for which she takes antidepressants. Part of the reason that Tan chose not to have children was a fear that she would pass on a genetic legacy of mental instability - her maternal grandmother died by suicide, her mother threatened suicide often, and she herself has struggled with suicidal ideation.

Tan resides near San Francisco in Sausalito, California, with her husband Lou DeMattei (whom she married in 1974), in a house they designed "to feel open and airy, like a tree house, but also to be a place where we could live comfortably into old age" with accessibility features.

Short stories

Children's books

Non-fiction

Mid-Life Confidential: The Rock Bottom Remainders Tour America With Three Chords and an Attitude (with Dave Barry, Stephen King, Tabitha King, Barbara Kingsolver) (1994)

Mother (with Maya Angelou, Mary Higgins Clark) (1996)

The Best American Short Stories 1999 (Editor, with Katrina Kenison) (1999)

The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings (G. P. Putnam's Sons, 2003, ISBN 9780399150746)

Hard Listening, co-authored in July 2013, an interactive ebook about her participation in a writer/musician band, the Rock Bottom Remainders. Published by Coliloquy, LLC.

Where the Past Begins: A Writer's Memoir, (HarperCollins Publishers, 2017, ISBN 9780062319296 )

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Amy Ruth Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American author known for the novel The Joy Luck Club, which was adapted into a film of the same name in 1993 by director Wayne Wang.