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Tourette syndrome (TS) is a disorder in the nervous system of involuntary movements and sounds. Symptoms develop from ages 5-10 years old. (CDC, 2023a) Symptoms include motor "tics" where the body moves without control in forms such as blinking, waving arm and shrugging. Vocal "tics" are sounds produced unwillingly, like humming.

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Fortunately, many diagnosed people live a long fulfilling life. Tic symptoms and length of each tic vary in individuals, and, in some cases, daily life in not interfered by the disorder. (CDC, 2023a) Although there is no cure for TS, medication can be prescribed to help control the tics. Individuals with TS often have another mental or behavioral problem, such as ADHD. (CDC, 2023a)

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1 out of every 5 children experience tic-like symptoms in their adolescence, but they may not be permanent. (Burns et. al. 2023) Tourette Syndrome is seen in .6% of the population. (Burns et. al. 2023) Both tics and Tourette Syndrome occur in 1% of the population and this is likely an underrepresentation, as many children go undiagnosed. (Burns et. al. 2023)

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People with TS get strange looks, upsetting comments at school, children laughing at them and overall ignorance towards their disorder. Suppressing their tics, in hopes to not draw attention to themselves, causes worse tics and anxiety. (Tourette Syndrome of America, 2018) "Can you stop doing that?" is a common question that people with TS are asked. (Tourette Syndrome of America, 2018) Without the proper understanding, daily life is uncomfortable.

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TS can impact a child's ability to focus, read, and write. Although children with TS are just as intelligent as other students, more educational assistance is needed. (CDC,2023b)  Understanding TS is critical for ensuring children get proper education and the help they may need.

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There are still questions about the causes of TS, but research shows that gene and environmental factors are associated with TS. (CDC, 2023)

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Mutations in the SLITRK1 gene, which is responsible for making a protein used in the brain. (Tourette Syndrome: Medlineplus genetics, 2023) SLITRK1 gene is involved in nerve cell development, and an inability to make this protein results in loss of communication. (Tourette Syndrome: Medlineplus genetics, 2023) However, it is now thought to be polygenic. (CDC, 2023a)

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It was thought that TS followed a autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance, however it is now thought that TS is a polygenetic disorder. (Tourette Syndrome: Medlineplus genetics, 2023) Environmental factors also play a role, which include pregnancy complications, birthweight and smoking. (CDC, 2023a)

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Burns, M. (2023, August 16). The spectrum of Tourette Syndrome and TIC disorders: A consensus by Scientific Advisors of the Tourette Association of America. Tourette Association of America. https://tourette.org/spectrum-tourette-syndrome-tic-disorders-consensus-scientific-advisors-tourette-association- america/#:~:text=When%20the%20occurrence%20of%20TS,%2C%201%3A160)%20children.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023a, January 25). Learn about Tourette syndrome. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2023, May 3). Information about Tourette syndrome for education professionals.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/educators.html#:~:text=Tourette%20Syndrome%20(TS)%20can%20affect,or%20rejected%20by%20other%20kids.

Tourette Syndrome of America . (2018). Tourette Syndrome is... Retrieved October 7, 2023, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8clZP-PI2Y&t=4s.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). Tourette Syndrome: Medlineplus genetics. MedlinePlus. https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/tourette-syndrome/#synonyms

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Some cases of TS don't need treatment. Comprehensive behavioral intervention for Tics (CBIT) helps patients find alternative motions to help reduce tics. (CDC,2023a) Medication is also used to treat tics and corresponding behavioral disabilities, such as OCD and ADHD. (CDC, 2023a) Haloperidol, Pimozide and apriprazole are medications used. (Tourette Association of America, 2018) However, it is important to note that most children find the side effects of the medication to be challenging, like tiredness and weight gain. (CDC,2023a) In the most severe cases, surgical treatment, such as deep brain stimulation, is used. ( Burns et. al. 2023)

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To be diagnosed for TS a person must have more than one form of tics that persisted longer than a year, before the age of 18. (CDC, 2023a)

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Impairment of Visually guided Associative Learning in Children with TS

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Impairment of Visually guided Associative Learning in Children with TS

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People with TS have problems with the basal ganglia and frontostriatal loops of the brain, which are used in associative learning. This study tested cognitive learning in individuals with TS. The participants were given an acquisition phase, where faces were flashed on a screen with different colored fish. During the test phase, they had to recall the associations made between faces and fish color. TS syndrome patients scored lower when building associations, but their retrieval and generalization of information wasn't statistically different.

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Impairment of visually guided associative learning in children with Tourette syndrome

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The major symptoms of Tourette syndrome are motor and vocal tics, but Tourette syndrome is occasionally associated with cognitive alterations as well. Although Tourette syndrome does not affect the majority of cognitive functions, some of them improve.…