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Tourism, Transport and Climate Change: The Carbon Footprint of International Air Traffic on Islands

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Tourism, Transport and Climate Change: The Carbon Footprint of International Air Traffic on Islands

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Due to their heavy reliance on tourism, many tiny island economies produce a large amount of green house gas (GHG) emissions, especially from air travel. One of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, the Canary Islands, is the subject of this research, which also examines possible ways to lessen the carbon footprint of tourism and its effects on climate change. Air travel uses a lot of fossil fuels, which contributes to climate change. Tourism is a major economic engine for many islands. Even though people are becoming more conscious of climate change, the tourist sector hasn't done enough to reduce carbon emissions. Air travel accounted for 3.8% of worldwide emissions in 2017; its effects were further amplified globally by the use of oil, which accounted for 12% of associated emissions and 3% of fossil fuel use.(Pedro D A 2023)

Using a variety of carbon calculators, this study assesses the carbon footprint of tourism in the Canary Islands. According to the research, the considerable air travel accounts for over 50% of the archipelago's total emissions each year, or over 6.4 million tonnes of CO2. Two-thirds of the emissions are attributed to visitors from Germany and the United Kingdom, indicating the need for focused mitigation measures. Numerous tactics might be taken into consideration in order to address the carbon footprint of tourism. Important actions include supporting Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs), increasing aircraft efficiency, enacting energy-saving procedures at airports, streamlining flight paths, funding green aviation technology, and putting carbon offset programmes in place. Furthermore, promoting eco-friendly travel behaviours and investigating carbon pricing schemes are components of an all-encompassing strategy customised to the distinct characteristics of the Canary Islands.(Pedro D A 2023)

According to the report, the majority of visitors are from Europe, particularly the UK and Germany, and they leave a significant carbon imprint. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) calculator is surprisingly less accurate than other calculators, highlighting the necessity for precise instruments. The Canary Islands' entire carbon footprint is greatly impacted by the 6.5 million tonnes of CO2 that are emitted yearly on average from international air travel between 2015 and 2019.(Pedro D A 2023)

This study emphasises how critical it is for the travel and aviation industries to quickly implement sustainable practises in order to reduce the carbon footprint of island destinations such as the Canary Islands. The results highlight the necessity of focused initiatives to lower emissions from important visitor groups and the significance of precise measuring instruments in developing efficient mitigation plans. In conclusion, resolving the Canary Islands' tourism's environmental effect necessitates a multidimensional strategy that takes into account regulatory modifications, technology developments, and changes in consumer behaviour. The Canary Islands have the potential to serve as a model for other island locations that are confronting comparable issues by adopting sustainable practises and reducing the carbon footprint of air travel.(Dubois, G., & Ceron, J. P. (2006)

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1. Mitigation: Mitigation, in the context of climate change, refers to efforts and strategies aimed at reducing or preventing the emission of greenhouse gases and minimizing their impact on the environment. It involves taking actions to alleviate or counteract the effects of climate change.

2. Carbon Footprint: The entire quantity of glasshouse gases, especially carbon dioxide, that a person, group, activity, occasion, or product emits over the course of its existence is known as its "carbon footprint." It is frequently expressed in terms of equal emissions of carbon dioxide.

3. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs): Sustainable Aviation Fuels, or SAFs for short, are substitute fuels for aeroplanes that come from sustainable and renewable resources, including trash or plant-based biofuels. These fuels are designed to lessen the environmental effect of conventional fossil fuels used in aeroplanes and lower the carbon footprint of aviation.

4. Carbon Offset: Reducing glasshouse gas emissions or removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is known as a carbon offset. This is often accomplished by methane collection, renewable energy projects, or reforestation. To offset their own emissions, people or organisations can buy carbon offsets, which helps with the broader effort to reduce emissions.

5. Archipelago: An archipelago is a geographical phrase that refers to a collection of islands that are tightly spaced apart in a body of water and frequently form a unique political or natural entity. One example of an archipelago that is referenced in the book is the Canary Islands.

6. Paradoxical: A remark, circumstance, or outcome that initially appears contradictory or counterintuitive is referred to be paradoxical. The International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) calculator's contradictory results are mentioned in the text, implying that its results are surprisingly lower than those of other carbon footprint calculators.

7. Seasonality: In the context of tourism, seasonality refers to differences in the amount of visitors or tourists at a specific location according to the various seasons of the year. The phrase highlights the Canary Islands' lack of seasonality, pointing to a steady stream of visitors all year round.

8. Influx: The term "influx" describes the steady or enormous influx of people or goods into a location. It is used in the text to characterise the large number of visitors that arrive in the Canary Islands, especially from Germany and the United Kingdom.

(Pedro D A 2023)

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PEDRO DORTA ANTEQUERA et al. Tourism, Transport and Climate Change: The Carbon Footprint of International Air Traffic on Islands. Sustainability, [s. l.], v. 13, n. 4, p. 1, 2021. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=8d29fc92-555e-3bf5-9561-f9ac44b7343c. Acesso em: 2 nov. 2023.

CAVALLARO, F.; IRRANCA GALATI, O.; NOCERA, S. Climate change impacts and tourism mobility: A destination-based approach for coastal areas. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, [s. l.], v. 15, n. 6, p. 456–473, 2021. DOI 10.1080/15568318.2020.1762951. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=67bd76a8-d684-3797-b0db-a02fb6e63b7e. Acesso em: 12 nov. 2023.

Peeters, P. (2007). The impact of tourism on climate change. Policy dialogue on tourism, transport and climate change: Stakeholders meet researchers, 15-04.

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Meaning of Psychotraumatology:

The research and management of psychological trauma are the main objectives of the specialised area of psychology known as psychotraumatology. An emotional and psychological reaction to a traumatic incident or sequence of events that exceeds a person's capacity for adjustment is referred to as psychological trauma. These occurrences frequently endanger a person's life or seriously jeopardise their physical or mental health.

Meaning of Psychopathological:

The study of mental illnesses, including its causes, symptoms, progression, and treatment, is known as psychopathology. It is an area of study within psychiatry and psychology that focuses on aberrant thoughts, feelings, and behaviour in an effort to recognise, categorise, and explain a range of mental health conditions.

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Global Warming and Psychotraumatology of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Deadly Rains and Floods of April 2022 in South Africa

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Global Warming and Psychotraumatology of Natural Disasters: The Case of the Deadly Rains and Floods of April 2022 in South Africa

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The psychotraumatology of natural disasters covers the deep psychological effects that these tragedies have on people and communities. The recent disastrous floods in South Africa's Kwazulu-Natal province serve as an example of this. A sense of vulnerability and powerlessness may arise in the immediate aftermath due to the shock and panic caused by the unexpected and overpowering nature of flooding. Disorientation and instability are caused by forced displacement, which adds another layer. When flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, and hyperarousal accompany the onset of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it becomes a serious problem. The sudden and unexpected nature of the losses makes grieving for lost homes and loved ones more difficult. A sense of communal trauma develops at the community level, uniting people in their pain. Due to the disruption of social and economic stability caused by the loss of infrastructure and livelihoods, economic stress exacerbates mental health issues. Chronic psychological problems are one of the long-term impacts that require ongoing support. In order to prevent future disasters, it becomes critical to promote resilience at the individual and community levels, highlighting the significance of psychological first aid, continuing mental health services, and addressing the underlying causes of climate change.

Unprecedented rains in April 2022 caused major floods in Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa, killing 435 people and leaving many more unaccounted for. Significant social, environmental, and financial losses resulted from the destruction of thousands of homes, roads, bridges, and other vital infrastructure. (Bouchard)

Communities' susceptibility to the forces of nature is brought to light by extreme weather disasters such as floods. These catastrophes have both short-term and long-term effects on people, property, and the environment. Frequently, victims convey tremendous losses by declaring that they have "lost everything" or that their "memories of the past have been destroyed." Recurring psychotraumatogenic effects on victims, regardless of age, are demonstrated by similar catastrophes around the world, such as the storm Alex in France in 2020. Anxiety, depression, existential discomfort, and damaged relationships with others are among the psychological effects, which can be immediate, post-immediate, or long-term. Research shows that changes in the climate, such as more humidity, might aggravate both physical and mental health problems. For example, longer monsoons and rising temperatures in Bangladesh are associated with increased rates of respiratory illnesses and mental disorders. The overall impact highlights the urgent need for proactive actions to address the growing hazards connected with climate change and extreme weather occurrences. Solidarity and compensation mechanisms can help alleviate certain impacts. (ROSIDIN)

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Review of Initiatives and Methodologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions and Climate Change Effects in Ports

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Review of Initiatives and Methodologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions and Climate Change Effects in Ports

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The marine industry has been battling the serious problem of CO2 emissions in ports and the ensuing effects of climate change in recent years. Ports, which are vital centres of commerce and economic growth worldwide, have particular difficulties in controlling their environmental impact. Given the wide range of port activities, different geographic locations, and different regulatory environments call for a concentrated effort to control and lessen the adverse consequences of port operations. These effects, which include soil contamination, noise pollution, air and water pollution, and risks to marine habitats, have all sparked a global "going green" trend in port management.(Shaw et al., 2020)

Among the environmental issues, port-related CO2 emissions—especially those from ocean-going ships—stand out as major drivers of climate change. In response, the international community has launched programmes meant to lessen ports' negative environmental effects and encourage sustainable lifestyles. Accurate measurement and monitoring of CO2 emissions at ports is part of the effort to create efficient reduction plans. The main objectives are to promote global collaboration, push for the adoption of sustainable practises, and establish ports as important contributors to the mitigation of climate change.(Shaw et al., 2020)

The marine industry's transition to environmental responsibility has been characterised by a number of efforts and turning points. International agreements and organisations have been essential to the creation of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 1988. Standards and instruments for monitoring the advancement of climate objectives have been made available by the 1998 introduction of the Glasshouse Gas Protocol and following rules by organisations such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Furthermore, groups like the Gold Standard emission allowance and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) have promoted sustainability reporting and provided incentives for initiatives that support sustainable development and carbon reduction. The global commitment to mitigating the effects of climate change on the marine sector is demonstrated by these actions taken together. (Shaw et al., 2020)

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Numerous issues are brought about by climate change, and these issues have a big influence on the economy, society, ecology, and well-being of people. The following are some of the main obstacles brought on by climate change:

1. Rising Temperatures: Global temperatures are rising, which causes heatwaves to occur more frequently and with greater intensity. This may lead to diseases brought on by the heat, lower agricultural production, and stress on ecosystems. Trips, lodging, and other related tourism-related activities all add to glasshouse gas emissions. A rise in tourism may result in increased energy use and emissions from transportation, which will raise global temperatures. Rising temperatures have an influence on local economies that depend largely on tourism since they might deter people from travelling to particular places.

2. Extreme Weather Events: Hurricanes, droughts, floods, and wildfires are among the severe weather events that are expected to become more often and intense as a result of climate change. These occurrences have the potential to result in fatalities, population displacement, and extensive devastation. The transportation industry is a major source of carbon emissions, mostly from the combustion of fossil fuels in automobiles. Particularly, air travel has a significant carbon burden. The carbon footprint of transportation adds to global warming and aggravates issues related to climate change, such as temperature rise and severe weather.

3. Sea Level Rise: The thermal expansion of saltwater and the melting of glaciers and ice caps are the two main causes of sea level rise. This puts infrastructure, ecosystems, and coastal populations at risk and increases floods and saltwater intrusion. Sea level rise has an immediate effect on coastal tourism. Low-lying coastal locations that are popular tourist sites are vulnerable to erosion and floods. The tourist industry may suffer financial losses as a result of infrastructure damage and the disappearance of natural attractions brought on by sea level rise, endangering the lives of individuals who depend on coastal tourism.

4. Impact on Agriculture: Variations in temperature and precipitation patterns have an impact on the output of agriculture. Food insecurity may result from lower agricultural yields in some areas brought on by floods, droughts, and changes in the growing season. Transport infrastructure may impact agriculture, especially in areas where there is potential in agriculture.

5. Biodiversity Loss: Ecosystems are disrupted and biodiversity is threatened by climate change. There might be a decrease in biodiversity and perhaps the collapse of entire ecosystems as a result of species that find it difficult to adapt or relocate to better environments. Climate change-related natural disasters including hurricanes, floods, and wildfires can result in severe stress and psychological trauma. Affected populations may have anxiety, sadness, and post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of being displaced by these calamities. Social support networks and healthcare systems may be strained as a result.

6. Water Scarcity: Variations in precipitation patterns can cause water scarcity in some areas, which has an impact on ecosystems and human populations. A shortage of water for household, industrial, and agricultural usage can result from droughts and changes in precipitation patterns. Transport infrastructure may be impacted by water shortage, especially in areas where water supplies are limited. Insufficient water for hydropower can affect the amount of energy available for different kinds of transportation.

Variations in precipitation patterns can have an impact on transportation routes and give rise to problems like problems with river navigation and the requirement for infrastructure modifications to lessen interruptions caused by water.

7. Health Impacts: Changes in air quality, greater heat stress, and the development of infectious illnesses are all ways that climate change may make health problems worse. Particularly at danger are populations that are vulnerable. Due to global warming, there is a possibility of new disease and virus which impacts the health of people

8. Displacement and Migration: Communities may be forced to relocate as a result of a combination of catastrophic weather events, rising sea levels, and other climate-related effects. This might lead to both internal and international migration, which would provide social, economic, and political difficulties. Affected populations may have anxiety, sadness, and post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of being displaced by these calamities. Social support networks and healthcare systems may be strained as a result.

9. Economic Disruptions: Infrastructure damage, lower agricultural output, higher healthcare expenses, and the financial strain of responding to and recovering from extreme events are just a few ways that the effects of climate change may upset economies. Extreme weather-related disruptions to the transportation network can have a domino impact on the economy. Damage to highways and airports, for instance, can impede the flow of people and products, affecting commerce and other economic activity.

10. Social and Political Challenges: Tensions in politics and socioeconomic inequality may worsen as a result of climate change. International relations may be strained by disagreements over resources, migratory pressures, and the requirement for adaptation and mitigation measures.

In order to minimise glasshouse gas emissions and adapt to the changing climate, addressing these difficulties will require international collaboration, sustainable practises, and effective laws. Resilience-building and sustainable development initiatives are also essential for reducing the adverse effects of climate change. (NATION, N. et al 2023)

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A comprehensive approach that incorporates sustainable practises and policies is necessary to address the intricate interactions between tourism, transportation, and climate change. It is crucial for the tourist industry to provide eco-friendly projects, such ethical tour operators and low-impact lodging, top priority. Sustainable company certification programmes encourage ecologically friendly decisions, and increased visitor knowledge of their influence on the environment promotes a responsible travel culture. The transportation industry must simultaneously make a shift to more environmentally friendly options, putting money into public transit, offering incentives for electric or hybrid cars, and incorporating non-motorized options like bike lanes. Creating climate-resilient infrastructure, implementing strict construction regulations, and using sustainable energy sources help to further protect the travel and transportation industries from the growing effects of climate change.

An important factor in this paradigm change is education. Travellers who are aware of the effects their decisions have on the environment are better prepared to make sustainable judgements. The significance of lowering carbon footprints is emphasised by extensive education efforts and training programmes for tourist industry personnel. Robust policies and regulations are essential as well. Tight regulations on car emissions and a move to renewable energy sources for transportation are essential elements. Vulnerable ecosystems are also preserved when protected areas and conservation zones are enforced in tourist regions. This transition is driven by innovation and research, which encourage the creation of sustainable technology and cooperative efforts between industries, academic institutions, and environmental organisations.

The cornerstone of sustainable practises is strengthened by a community-centric perspective. Participating in decision-making processes with the local community guarantees that transportation and tourist programmes meet their demands. Initiatives centred around community-based tourism empower locals and more fairly divide economic rewards. These initiatives create a positive interaction between tourism, transportation, and the local populace when combined with community-led conservation initiatives. Stakeholders can build a resilient, responsible, and sustainable future by combining these solutions to negotiate the complex difficulties posed by climate change in the tourist and transportation sectors. (RIEGEL, S.; STOJANOVIC, T.; KUHFUSS, L 2023)

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Bouchard, J. P., Pretorius, T. B., Kramers-Olen, A. L., Padmanabhanunni, A., & Stiegler, N. (2023). Global warming and psychotraumatology of natural disasters: The case of the deadly rains and floods of April 2022 in South Africa. In Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique (Vol. 181, No. 3, pp. 234-239).

ROSIDIN, U.; SUYATNA, A. Teachers and Students Knowledge about Global Warming: A Study in Smoke Disaster Area of Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, [s. l.], v. 12, n. 4,

p. 777–786, 2017. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2f642ebf-3412-3360-bc16-5d0b13f32f3e. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.

CHANG, C.-H.; PASCUA, L. “The Hole in the Sky Causes Global Warming”: A Case Study of Secondary School Students’ Climate Change Alternative Conceptions. Review of International Geographical Education Online, [s. l.], v. 5, n. 3, p. 316–331, 2015. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=57e9adda-baec-3d67-a5a1-c3445ec37864. Acesso em: 9 nov. 2023.

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A useful framework for comprehending the complex interactions between tourism, transportation, and climate change is provided by virtue theory, a subset of ethical philosophy, with an emphasis on the carbon footprint of international air travel on islands. Fundamentally, virtue theory emphasises the value of moral behaviour and encourages the development of virtues. This theory emphasises the importance of promoting ideals like sustainability in the framework of environmental ethics in order to lessen the detrimental ecological consequences of travel. In the domains of tourism and transportation, virtue theory directs people and institutions to adopt ecological principles, promoting decisions that lessen the traveler's total ecological impact. As a key virtue, sustainability promotes actions such as using renewable energy sources and supporting environmentally friendly accommodation. Virtuous theory extends its influence to ethical decision-making beyond these personal choices by encouraging stakeholders to take the larger effects on the environment and local communities into account.

Social qualities like knowledge, justice, compassion, and unity become more important, especially for islands that are susceptible to climate change. By embracing these values, those working in the tourist and transportation sectors may positively impact the health of surrounding communities and ecosystems. Moreover, virtue theory encourages industry-wide programmes that put pressure on stakeholders—including airlines—to pass laws that give sustainability first priority. By addressing the social and environmental issues raised by international aircraft traffic on islands, this all-encompassing strategy encourages people and organisations to act in a more ethical and sustainable manner. Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020)

Turning our attention to the ethics of care, this moral theory highlights the role that empathy and compassionate relationships have in moral decision-making. It emphasises how important it is to recognise and address the needs and feelings of other people, especially when vulnerability and dependence are present. The ethics of caring, which are associated with feminist ethics, are crucial for tackling the problems brought up by natural disasters and climate change. Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020)

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Solution for global warming and natural disasters.

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Solution for global warming and natural disasters.

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A holistic approach is required in light of both global warming and the psychotraumatology of natural disasters, as demonstrated by the terrible rains and floods in South Africa in April 2022. Reduce global warming by using renewable energy sources, carbon capture, and international collaboration. Prepare your town for natural catastrophes by providing early warnings, strong infrastructure, financial support, and community readiness. Give priority to crisis intervention, mental health services, building resilience, raising awareness, and community support. Adapt recovery initiatives in South Africa by using open communication, community involvement, international cooperation, and post-disaster assessments. For a thorough and long-lasting recovery, combine environmental sustainability with mental health. (NUKUSHEVA, A. et al. 2021)

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The ethics of care is a moral and philosophical framework that emphasises the importance of empathy and compassionate relationships in moral decision-making. It was developed as a counter to traditional ethical theories that could emphasise impersonal laws, principles, or consequences, such as utilitarianism and deontology. It is often associated with feminist ethics.

Humanity and the natural environment are said to be closely connected by the Ethics of Care. This strategy calls attention to the moral obligation we have to protect the environment in a way that is comparable to ensuring the safety of those impacted by climate change. This caring idea is especially relevant to island communities since they are more vulnerable to environmental degradation and sea level rise than other communities. Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020)

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Teleological ethics is a theory of morality that assesses the morality of actions by considering their consequences or outcomes. It is also known as consequentialist ethics. This ethical perspective's primary concerns are the intentions or goals of human action and the overall goodness or utility of those outcomes. In accordance with teleological ethics, the moral value of an action is determined by whether or not it results in the intended or ethically prefered result.

Based on the idea that activities should be judged according to their consequences, teleological ethics holds that encouraging eco-friendly travel and cutting carbon emissions are vital for the greater good. Unchecked environmental degradation has detrimental effects on the ecosystem as well as the well-being of current and future generations. Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020)

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1. Intensification of Extreme Weather occurrences: Heavy rain and flooding are examples of extreme weather occurrences that are becoming more frequent and intense due to global warming. Communities are more likely to experience severe natural disasters as a result, which creates difficult problems for preparedness, response, and recovery.

2. Psychological Impact on People and Communities: People and communities can be significantly impacted psychologically by natural catastrophes. Trauma, anxiety, despair, and other mental health problems can arise from the unexpected death of a loved one, the destruction of property, and the dislocation that follows. If these incidents increase in frequency and intensity as a result of climate change, the psychological effects might be especially bad.

(NUKUSHEVA, A. et al., 2021)

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Starting a career in climate change offers a special opportunity to make a major contribution to an urgent global need. One path is to work as a Climate Scientist or Researcher, analysing trends, patterns, and impacts related to climate change. Scholars in this domain work in partnership with academic institutions, governmental bodies, or nonprofit groups to promote scientific knowledge and provide guidance for addressing climate-related issues. Conversely, specialists in renewable energy concentrate on putting sustainable energy initiatives into action, conducting research and designing solutions such as wind and solar power, and making a vital contribution to the transition to cleaner energy sources.

A climate policy analyst is another essential position in the field of climate change. In order to create successful climate policies, people in this role evaluate and analyse laws and policies pertaining to climate change. They collaborate with think tanks, NGOs, and government agencies. In addition, environmental consultants advise companies and groups on how to implement sustainable practises, carry out impact analyses, and recommend mitigating measures. Specialists in climate adaptation are essential in creating plans to support ecosystems and communities in adjusting to the effects of climate change. They work with regional administrations, non-governmental organisations, and global organisations to increase resilience.

Electric vehicles (EVs): Making the switch to electric transportation is essential to reducing climate change, and employment opportunities in the EV sector are growing quickly. Opportunities include production, sales, and the development of infrastructure in addition to research and development of cutting-edge battery technology. While automotive engineers concentrate on creating and constructing electric vehicles, battery scientists and engineers play a crucial role in increasing the efficiency and energy density of batteries. Establishing a network of charging stations is a component of infrastructure development, offering chances in project management, engineering, and construction.

Hydropower: Hydropower continues to be a major force in the renewable energy space, providing a wide range of opportunities in several sectors of the business. Hydroelectric power plants are designed, built, and maintained by hydropower engineers and professionals. The goal of environmental scientists and engineers is to ensure that hydroelectric projects are sustainable and that environmental standards are followed while minimising their ecological effect. Hydropower initiatives are planned and carried out under the supervision of project managers.

A carbon market analyst helps businesses navigate and comply with carbon offset programmes by tracking and analysing carbon markets and emissions trading in the context of economics and environmental markets. Those who have a strong interest in education can pursue careers as environmental educators, working in museums, schools, or environmental organisations to spread knowledge about sustainable practises and climate change. In addition, experts in green building and sustainable design make a contribution by incorporating eco-friendly building techniques and working with developers, architects, and builders to produce sustainable structures. Corporate sustainability managers provide guidance to organisations on how to adopt and execute sustainable business practises, as well as how to track and report on sustainability objectives and environmental performance. Environmental lawyers collaborate with NGOs, governmental organisations, or private businesses to advocate for laws addressing climate change.

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Using the Canary Islands as a prominent case study, this investigation explores the complex interactions between tourism, transportation, and climate change, with an emphasis on the carbon footprint of international air travel on islands. Even with an increasing awareness of climate change on a worldwide scale, the tourist industry—especially air travel—continues to be a major contributor to glasshouse gas emissions. Based on the examination of many carbon calculators, this study shows that air travel accounts for more than half of the emissions from the Canary Islands, exceeding 6.4 million tonnes of CO2 per year. The research highlights the pressing necessity for focused mitigation tactics and suggests several remedies, such as advocating for Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs), improving aircraft efficiency, and introducing environmentally conscious travel practises. Furthermore, the study presents the Canary Islands as a possible role model for other island nations facing comparable difficulties, promoting environmentally friendly behaviours and a coordinated attempt to quickly reduce air travel's carbon footprint.

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In conclusion, a thorough, multifaceted approach is required to address the psychotraumatology of natural catastrophes and lessen the environmental effect of tourism in the Canary Islands. This include modifications to regulations, improvements in technology, and adjustments in consumer behaviour. It is stressed how urgently the tourism and aviation businesses need to adopt sustainable practises. Valuable assistance is offered by ethical theories including teleological ethics, ethics of caring, and virtue theory. International cooperation, sustainable practises, and efficient legislation are needed to address the more general climate change concerns. The main objectives should be to reduce glasshouse gas emissions, promote resilience, and promote sustainable development. A paradigm change requires a move to sustainable tourism, ecologically friendly transportation, and policies, laws, and regulations. Opportunities for careers in climate change provide a variety of jobs that support a sustainable and resilient future. Overall, navigating the complex difficulties of climate change in the contexts of tourism and natural disasters requires a collaborative, multidisciplinary approach along with ethical concerns and awareness.

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(Shaw et al., 2020)

Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020). Normative theories of ethics. Moral issues in business (4th ed., pp. 43–81). Cengage. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/reader.action?docID=6511766&ppg=62

AZARKAMAND, S.; WOOLDRIDGE, C.; DARBRA, R. M. Review of Initiatives and Methodologies to Reduce CO 2 Emissions and Climate Change Effects in Ports. International journal of environmental research and public health, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 11, 2020. DOI

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Shaw, W., Barry, V., & Muntean, D. (2020). Seeing the moral dimension of business. Moral issues in business (4th ed., pp. 4–42). Cengage. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vu/reader.action?docID=6511766&ppg=23

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Carbon footprint

The whole quantity of glasshouse gases, mostly carbon dioxide, that a person, group, activity, occasion, or product releases either directly or indirectly throughout the course of its existence is known as its "carbon footprint." The buildup of glasshouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere as a result of these emissions contributes to climate change and global warming. Carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e), which aggregate the effects of several glasshouse gases based on their ability to cause global warming, are typically used to estimate the carbon footprint.

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NATION, N. et al. How exercises help US communities meet the challenge of climate change: The FEMA National Exercise Division’s innovative exercise tools and resources. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, [s. l.], v. 17, n. 1, p. 16–30, 2023. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=2cad8ad4-8ae3-3102-bc21-85055aae9066. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2023.

RIEGEL, S.; STOJANOVIC, T.; KUHFUSS, L. Nature-based solutions for climate change mitigation: Assessing the Scottish Public’s preferences for saltmarsh carbon storage. Ecological Economics, [s. l.], v. 211, 2023. DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107863. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=56a039ae-5190-36ce-84f8-e3e7d01ca858. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2023.

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NUKUSHEVA, A. et al. Global warming problem faced by the international community: international legal aspect. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law & Economics, [s. l.], v. 21, n. 2, p. 219–233, 2021. DOI 10.1007/s10784-020-09500-9. Disponível em: https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=f3b0b0f8-d8fd-3f4f-abed-dc1d063897c6. Acesso em: 19 nov. 2023.